Manuscript_Form_and_Punctuation(英语标点符号用法)

ManuscriptFormandPunctuation I ManuscriptForm 1 Arrangement1 Whenwewriteanessaytobereadbytheteacher weshouldwriteoneveryotherlinesothattherewillberoomforcorrections Itisnecessarytoleaveamarginofabouttwocentimetersatthetopandthebottomofthepage andoneofacentimeterandahalfontherightandleftside 2 Thetitleortopicoftheessayshouldbeplacedinthemiddleofthefirstline Everywordofthetitle includingwordsfollowinghyphensincompoundwords shouldbecapitalized exceptarticles prepositions coordinatingconjunctions and or but nor andfor andtoininfinitives Butifoneofthesewordsisthefirstorlastwordofthetitle itshouldbecapitalized Topicsaregenerallynounphrases nounswiththeirmodifiers thoughotherformsarepossible Nofullstopshouldbeusedattheendofatitle Aquestionmarkisneededifthetopicisadirectquestion butanindirectquestionisnotfollowedbyaquestionmark Thetitleofabookwithinthetopicshouldbeunderlined italicizedinprinting andthetitleofanarticleputbetweenquotationmarks Belowaresomeexamples MyImpressionsofBeijingTheWallBetweenWhereDoAlltheNewWordsComeFrom WhatTraditionsMeantotheChineseAClean Well LightedPlaceDifferentViewsonJaneEyreInterpretationsofRobertFrost s FireandIce 3 Thefirstlineofeveryparagraphshouldbeindented startedafteraspaceoffourorfiveletters 4 Arabicnumeralsaregenerallyusedforpaging Theycanbeputeitherintheupperright handcornerorinthemiddlebelowthelastlineofeverypage 5 Alineisneverbegunwithacomma aperiod asemicolon acolon aquestionmarkoranexclamationmark alineneverendswiththefirsthalfofapairofbracketsorquotationmarks Thehyphenthatshowsawordisdividedisputattheend notatthebeginning ofaline 2 WordDivision Thefollowinghintsmaybehelpfultousinthedivisionofwords One syllablewordsuchascount healthandthoughtcannotbedivided Wordswithtwoormoresyllablescanbedividedaccordingtotheformationofsyllables re peat in sist punc tual san dal de cline trans la tionAstressedclosesyllableusuallytakesaconsonantwithit ded i cate grat i fy la bor a to ry fin ishAconsonantplus leistreatedasasyllable min gle peo ple no ble gig gleAsinglelettercannotbeputattheendoratthebeginningofaline e voke heart y Atwo letterendingshouldnotbeputatthebeginningofaline hand ed hard enDivisionsthatmaymisleadthereadershouldbeavoided re ally lay manWordswithhyphensshouldbedividedonlyatthehyphen broad minded broken heartedTwo syllablewordswithdoubleconsonantsinthemiddleareasaruledividedbetweenthetwoconsonants strug gle lat terDivisionofpropernamesshouldbeavoided Dickens Paris Thelastwordofapageshouldnotbedivided Itshouldbewrittenonthenextpage Divisionofwordsattheendsofseveralconsecutivelinesshouldbeavoided Divisionofwordsisnotalwayseasy Whenwearenotsure weshouldconsultadictionary Insomedictionariessyllabicationisindicatedbyadot asintheexamplesgivenabove inothersbyaspace together summer 3 Capitalization Capitalizedwordsareusedmainlyinthreeplaces propernames keywordsintitles andthefirstwordsofsentences examplesomitted Lookatthefollowingexamplesandpayspecialattentiontotheuseofcapitallettersandpunctuationinquotedwordsandsentences MissJohnsonsaid Whenyouwriteanessay youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage Whenyouwriteanessay shesaid youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage Whenyouwriteanessay youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage theteachersaid MissJohnsonadvisedusto payattentiontobothcontentandlanguage whenwewroteanessay Theseexamplesshow thesubjectandverbofsayingbeforethequotationarefollowedbyacomma acompletesentencewithinquotationmarksaftertheverbofsayingbeginswithacapitalletterandendswithafullstop ifthequotedsentenceisbrokenintotwopartsandputbetweentwopairsofquotationmarks withthesubjectandverbofsayingplacedbetweenthem thefirstpartendswithacomma thesecondpartdoesnotbeginwithacapitalletter unlessthefirstwordisapropername andthewholesentenceendswithafullstop ifthequotedsentenceisputbeforethesubjectandverbofsaying itendswithacomma andtheverbofsayingisfollowedbyafullstop ifthequotedwordsareaphraseinsteadofacompletesentence thephraseistreatedaspartofthewholesentence 4 Handwriting Therearetwocommonwaysofwritingtheletters toformloopsandtoprint Botharegood butwehadbettersticktooneofthetwostyles Weshouldalwaystrytowriteneatlysothatourhandwritingcanbereadeasily Whenwewanttocrossoutaword weshoulddrawathicklinethroughit Itismisleadingtoputitbetweenbrackets becausethatmeansthewordisanexplanatoryremark Whenwewanttoaddaword weshouldwriteitabove notbelow thelineofwordswehavewrittenwithaclearsignshowingwhereitistobeinserted II Punctuation TheComma 1 Acommaisusedtojoincoordinateclauses Itisputbeforetheconjunction and but or for so nor oryet Weshouldrememberthatcoordinateclauseshavetobejoinedwithacommaandaconjunction OnecommaalonecannotdothejobthoughitispossibleinChinese Usingacommatolinktwoclausesisacommonmistakewhichhasaname thecommafaultorthecommasplice Butwecanuseasemicolon adash oracolonbetweencoordinateclauses seeexplanationsofthesemarks 2 Acommaisusedafteranadverbialclauseorphrase includingaprepositionalandaparticipialphrasebeforethesubject orinsertedinthemiddleofthesentence Whentherainstopped wecontinuedtoworkinthefields Onhearingabouttheaccident hewenttothesiteatonce Somelisteners boredbythelengthytalk closedtheireyesanddozedoff Iftheadverbialelementfollowsthemainclause nocommaisrequired Thestudentswerebusyworkingintheclassroomwhenthelightswentoff 3 Commasareusedtoseparateaseriesofwordsorphraseswiththesamefunctioninthesentence Thechildrensang danced jumped andchasedeachother Thecommabeforetheconjunctionandthelastitemisoptional Itcanbeomittedifthereisnodangerofmisreading 4 Nonrestrictiveclausesandphrasesaresetoffbycommas Mr Huang thenewdirectorofthecompany willsoonannouncehisplansforreforms Restrictiveclausesandphrasesarenotsetoffbycommas Thisisthelabwherestudentslistentotapesandseefilms 5 Commassetoffparentheticalelements Themachinesyouhavesuppliedus I mgladtotellyou workverywell 6 Indates acommaisusedtoseparatethedayandtheyeariftheorderismonth day year nocommaneedbeusediftheorderisday month year July1 1997 15September1980 7 Withnumbersof1000orover commasorlittleblankspacesmaybeusedtoseparatedigitsbythousands Fromrighttoleft acommaisplacedaftereverythreenumerals 1 253 900690843201279 2 ThePeriod 1 Theperiod fullstop isusedattheendofadeclarativesentence amildlyimperativesentence andanindirectquestion Theperiodmarkstheendofasentence Thewordafteritbeginsanewsentenceandhastobecapitalized 2 Theperiodisusedwithmostabbreviations Mr Mrs U S A a m Butsomepeopleprefernottousetheperiodwithabbreviations 3 Threespacedperiodsmaketheellipsismark whichindicatestheomissionofoneormorewordswithinaquotedpassage Threespacedperiodsaresometimesusedtoapauseinconversationorfalteringspeech Hesaidmanythings suchas suchas oh yes hesaidthathewouldresignfromthecommittee Ifasentenceendswithanellipsis aperiodshouldbeusedafterit Theresultisthatfourperiodsareusedtogether 3 TheSemicolon 1 Thesemicolonisusedbetweentwocoordinateclauseswhicharenotlinkedbyaconjunction Shedoesn tlikethisfilm sheisdisgustedwithit Theabovesentencecanbeturnedintotwoseparatesentenceswithoutanychangeinmeaning Butthereisthisdifference thetwopartsinonesentenceseemmorecloselyconnectedthantheyareastwosentences Ontheotherhand thetwopartsgetgreateremphasisastwosentences 2 Conjunctiveadverbsliketherefore however nonetheless hence otherwise besides moreover etc shouldnotbeusedasconjunctionstolinktwocoordinateclauses Beforethemthereshouldbeasemicolon notacomma Hepromisedtocometothemeeting however hedidn tappear 3 Thesemicolonisusedwithconjunctionswhentheclausescontaininternalpunctuation Ashepromised hedonatedalargesumofmoney andthismoneyhelpedwiththecompletionoftheproject 4 Thesemicolonisusedtoseparateaseriesofitemswithinternalcommas AmongthosewhojoinedthediscussionwereMissXu awell knownwriter Mr Li editorofthelocalnewspaper Dr Qian aprofessor 5 Asemicolonmaybeusedtojoinclauseswithwordsomitted andtheomissionissometimesindicatedbyacomma Inthisprestigiousuniversitytherearemanyfamousprofessors inthatsmalleruniversity afew inourcollege none 4 TheColon 1 Thecolonisusedtointroduceaquotationorastatement 2 Thecolonisusedtointroduceanexplanation asummary oranappositive Hegavetworeasonsforhisfailureintheexamination poorhealthandinsufficienttimeforpreparation 3 Thecolonisusedbetweenthehourandtheminutetoshowthetime torecordthescoresofgames toendthesalutationofabusinessletterandtheintroductoryremarkofaspeakertothechairmanandaudience at11 30ChinabeatJapan3 2inthechampionships DearMr Johnson Mr Chairman LadiesandGentlemen 5 TheQuestionMark 1 Thequestionmarkisusedafteradirectquestion Anindirectquestionispunctuatedinthesamewayasadeclarativesentence 2 Thequestionmarkisusedafterastatementturnedintoaquestion saidinarisingtone Youlikeit Youwanttobuyit 3 Aquestionmarkputbetweenparenthesesindicatesthewriter suncertaintyaboutthecorrectnessoftheprecedingword figureordate CaoXueqin whowroteDreamoftheRedMansions wasborninanaristocraticfamilyin1715 anddiedinpovertyin1764 6 TheExclamationMark 1 Theexclamationmarkisusedafteranexclamatorysentence oranemphaticinterjection oraphraseexpressingstrongemotion Howbeautifulitis Help Help Getout heyelled 2 Sometimestheexclamationmarkisusedafteraslogan LonglivethePeople sRepublicofChina 7 QuotationMarks 1 Doublequotationmarksareusedtoenclosedirectquotationsindialogueorfrombooksorarticles 2 Singlequotationmarksareusedtoencloseaquotationwithinaquotation Theprofessorsaid Confuciussays Donotimposeonotherswhatyoudonotdesireyourself Thisisaverygoodprincipleofmoralconduct 3 Indirectquotationsarenotenclosedbyquotationmarks Theprofessorsaidthatoneprincipleofmoralconduct accordingtoConfucius isnottoimposeonotherswhatonedoesnotdesireoneself 4 Quotationmarksareusedfortitlesofarticles essays shortstories shortpoems songs etc andforheadingsofchaptersorsubdivisionsofbooks Titlesofbooks newspapersandmagazinesaregenerallyunderlinedoritalicized 5 Wordswithspecialmeaningaresometimesputbetweenquotationmarks Here register referstoaparticulartypeofvocabulary Thatwarlordwassaidtohavebeen elected presidentofhiscountry 6 Whenothermarksofpunctuationareusedwithquotedwordsorsentences thefollowingrulesaregenerallyobserved thecommaandtheperiodmaybeplacedeitherinsideoroutsidethequotationmarks Ihavejustfinishedreadinghisstory AnUnusualExperience whichisveryinteresting Ihave An Experience thecolonandthesemicolonareplacedoutsidethequotationmarks thedash thequestionmark andtheexclamationmarkareplacedwithinthequotationmarkswhentheyareconnectedonlywiththequotedwords andtheyareplaceoutsidewhentheyareconnectedwiththewholesentence Sheasked whatdoyoumean Couldyouexplainthemeaningof postmodernism Themancried Fire Fire 8 Parentheses Brackets 1 Parenthesesareusedtosetoffparenthetical supplementary orillustrativewords AWTO WorldTradeOrganization delegationistovisitChinanextweek 2 Parenthesesenclosefiguresorlettersusedforenumeration Thisbookconsistsofthreeparts 1 ancienthistory 2 modernhistoryand 3 contemporaryhistory 9 SquareBrackets 1 Squarebracketsareusedtoindicatecorrectionsorexplanationsinquotedmattermadebythewriterwhoisquoting Inthearticlehewrote Notforamomentdidshe EmilyDickinson intendtomakeherselffamousbypublishingherpoems 2 Squarebracketsareusedinsteadofparentheseswithinparentheses TherearequiteafewgoodtranslationsofclassicalChineseliteraryworksinthesetwovolumes AnthologyofChineseLiterature NewYork GrovePress Inc 1965 10 TheDash 1 Thedashindicatesabreakinthoughtorachangeintone oraspeaker sconfusionorhesitation Atthebeginningoftheyear hemademanyresolutions onlytobeforgotteninafewdays 2 Thedashindicatesanunfinishedorinterruptedstatement Heismakingpreparationsfor Forgoingabroad 3 Apairofdashessetoffaparentheticalelement Allhisbelongings afewarticlesofclothingandafewbooks arehere 4 Thedashissometimesusedtointroduceasummarizingclauseafteraseriesofnouns Bob Lily Andrian Judy noneofthemknowwhereheis 5 Thedashissometimesusedjustlikequotationmarksinadialogue WhenwasShakespeareborn Hewasbornin1564 6 Thedashmaybeusedtointroducesubheadingsandauthorsafterquotations WangZhaojuninAutumnintheHanPalace AnInterpretationoftheThemeofthePlay Itisuponbadfortunethatgoodfortuneleans itisupongoodfortunethatbadfortunerests LaoZi 11 TheSlash 1 Theslashindicatesalternatives representingthewordsororand or Theschoolgivesstudentswhohavefinancialdifficultiesloans part timejobs 2 Theslashisusedtoseparatelinesinshortquotationsofpoetrybeingquotedinrunningtext InthispoemKeatswrotethesefamouslines Beautyistruth truthbeauty thatisall Yeknowonearth andallyeneedtoknow 3 Whenfractionsarewritteninasentence aslashisusedtoseparatethenumeratorfromthedenominator Thisfactorynowemploys2 3oftheworkersitemployedlastyear butitsoutput