3_speech sounds

Today sLecture SpeechSounds Thestudyofspeechsounds Phoneticsthestudyofthesoundsmadebythehumanvoiceinspeechphone speechsound音素 ics ofGreekorigin study knowledge skill practicee g linguistics electronicsPhoneticianaspecialistinphonetics Thestudyofspeechsounds Threesub fieldsofphoneticsarticulatoryphonetics发音语音学acousticphonetics声学语音学auditoryphonetics听觉语音学 SpeechCommunication ListenerPerceptionPhysiological PerceptualAuditoryphonetics Medium air TransmissionPhysicalAcousticphonetics SpeakerProductionPhysiologicalArticulatoryphonetics Articulatoryphonetics AimofresearchToprovidethesetoffeaturesorpropertiesthatcanbeusedtodescribeanddistinguishallthespeechsoundsusedinhumanlanguagesComparetheinitialconsonantsinEnglishshipandChinese是 asin ship vs asin是 2differentspeechsoundsastranscribedbyIPA Speakingandwriting Whatis ghoti ImagineyouseeadishofghotiintheEnglishmenuofarestaurant Perhapsthemenu makersometimeshastroublewithEnglishspelling Butwhatis ghoti Trythis coughwomennationSo ghoti is Trythis coughwomennationSo ghoti isFISH Ghoti ispopularlyattributedtoGeorgeBernardShaw oneofthemosteminentproponentsofEnglishspellingreform HintsonPronunciationforForeignersByT S W ItakeityoualreadyknowOftoughandboughandcoughanddough Othersmaystumble butnotyou Onhiccough thorough loughandthrough Welldone Andnowyouwish perhaps Tolearnoflessfamiliartraps Bewareofheard adreadfulwordThatlookslikebeardandsoundslikebird Anddead it ssaidlikebed notbead Forgoodnesssakedon tcallit deed Watchoutformeatandgreatandthreat Theyrhymewithsuiteandstraightanddebt AmothisnotamothinmotherNorbothinbother brothinbrother AndhereisnotamatchforthereNordearandfearforbearandpear Andthenthere sdoseandroseandlose Justlookthemup andgooseandchoose Andcorkandworkandcardandward Andfontandfront andwordandsword Anddoandgoandthwartandcart Come comeI vehardlymadeastart Adreadfullanguage Manalive I dmastereditwhenIwasfive Questions Whatdo ghoti seagh andthelittlepoemtellusabouttheEnglishspelling CanwealwaysrelyonspellingforpronunciationofEnglishwords Solution Findaconsistentwayofrepresentingthesoundoflanguageinwrittenform IPA TheInternationalPhoneticAssociationFoundin1886inParisbyagroupoflanguageteachersTheInternationalPhoneticAlphabetSymbolsforthesoundsofalllanguagesEachsymbolshouldhaveaconsistentvalue InternationalPhoneticAlphabet TheaimoftheIPAistoprovideauniversallyagreedsystemofnotation symbols forthesoundsofalllanguagesPhoneticiansandothersconcernedwithlanguagehaveusedIPAforoveracenturyFYI besidesIPA thereisKKphoneticnotations KenyonandKnott asinAPronouncingDictionaryofAmericanEnglish 美式英语发音辞典 1IPAsymbolrepresents1speechsound E g usetheIPAsymbol i torepresentavowelsoundasrepresentedbydifferentcombinationsoflettersinEnglish oreventhesamevowelinotherlanguages meet meat Peter receive believe絲 silk si inCantonesehasthesamevowel IPAandsounddescription Instudyingphonetics welearntoanalyzethesmallestsoundunit Welearnhowtodescribethefeaturesthatmakeeachsoundunitdifferentfromtheothers Wealsolearnwhatsymbolisusedforeachindividualsoundunit Butlet sfirstturntolookathowspeechsoundsareproduced Speechsoundproduction SpeechorgansLungTrachea windpipe 气管Larynx wherethevocalcordsare 喉Mouth oralcavity Nose nasalcavity Tongue Speechorgans Speechsoundproduction AirpushedoutfromthelungsUpthroughthewindpipeTothevocalfoldsThenupandoutthroughthemouthand ornose SpeechSoundAnalysis bee vision my buy fan pie me van photo pea Putwordswiththesameinitialsoundinonerow beebuy b visionvan v myme m fanphoto f piepea p 2biggroups bilabials producedwithtwolips and labio dentals producedwithupperteethandlowerlip b m p v f DescriptionofSpeechSounds consonants Consonantsareproducedbymovingthetongueandotherpartsofthemouthtomaketheoralcavityintovariousshapestorestricttheairflow Howcanconsonantsbedescribed Placeofarticulation发音部位Mannerofarticulation发音方法 Placeofarticulation发音部位 Placeofarticulationreferstowhereinthemouthairflowrestrictiontakesplace Thisisoneimportantfeatureindescribingsounds especiallyconsonants b m p arebilabialsounds f v arelabio dentalsounds Mannerofarticulation发音方法 Mannerofarticulationconcernshowtheairflowgoesthroughspeechorgans howitisconstricted andtowhatdegree E g what sthedifferencebetween m and b Botharebilabials butinwhatwayaretheydifferent m isanasalsound b isakindof pop sound AsmallpartofIPAchart Howabout f and v Quiz p b m f v WherewouldyouputthemintheIPAchart PopQuiz p b m f v WherewouldyouputthemintheIPAchart ThissmallpartofIPAchartcanbefurtherexpandedtoincludemoreconsonants SeethefullIPAchart revisedto2005 YoucaneitherstartfromthecharttoseethefeaturesofeachconsonantOrifyouknowthefeatures youcaneasilyfillinthechartbyputtingtheconsonantsintherightplace PartoftheIPAchart Whyare p and b f and v t and d k and g putinonesquare Voicing清浊 There sanotherfeatureconcerningmannerofarticulationindescribingEnglishconsonants whichisnotusuallylabeledonatwo dimensionchart Voicing akindof buzz word p f t k arevoicelesssounds V b v d g and m n arevoicedsounds V DescriptionofEnglishConsonants t tie take d day dive n not nation k key cat g guy get king reading stop alveolar voicelessstop alveolar voicednasal alveolar voicedstop velar voicelessstop velar voicednasal velar voiced Ausefullink http hctv humnet ucla edu departments linguistics VowelsandConsonants course chapter1 chapter1 html Studyquestions1 3onpage50 p t k Compareport sporttop stopkill skillWhatisthedifference Thereisstillanotherfeatureindescribingconsonants stops aspiration Aspiration送气 ThisischaracteristicoftheEnglishvoicelessstopsininitialpositionsE g t asintop p asinport and k asinkillAspiratedsoundsareindicatedbyasmallraised h e g th ph and kh Comparethet soundsintopandstopvoicelessaspirated th vs voicelessunaspirated t Howabouttheinitialsoundsof逃and到 voicelessaspirated th vs voicelessunaspirated t Thepronunciationofdog bookandgood Vowelsvs Consonants Whiletheconsonantsoundsaremostlyproducedviaclosureorobstructioninthevocaltract vowelsoundsareproducedwitharelativelyfreeflowofair Whilesomeconsonantsoundsarevoicedwhilesomearevoiceless vowelsoundsarealltypicallyvoiced Thepartofthetongueraisedfront i central back u lips spread neutral roundedTheextenttowhichthetongueisraisedhigh i u mid e low a mouth close half close half open open Descriptionofvowels Monophthongsvs Diphthongs phthong soundmono one di twoInproducingamonophtong purevowel thespeechorgansremaininagivenpositionforanappreciableperiodoftime E g e Inpronouncingadiphthong thespeechorgansstartinthepositionofonevowelandimmediatelyglideinthedirectionofanothervowel Astheglideisperformedwithasingleimpulseofthebreath theearstillperceiveonesinglesyllable E g ei Exercises Howdovowelsdifferfromconsonants Discusswithyourneighborsandseewhataresome