lecture_two_skim_scan_英文演讲.doc

scan,是浏览，一般是带着问题，为寻找答案去读。skim，是略读，是要找出主旨，看文章在讲什么，get the general ideaskim略读，理解掌握文章大意，与扫读(glance)意思一样。属于方法方面。scan审读，快速索所需特定信息，与跳读(skip)意思一样，属于技能方面。skim就是 read sth quickly in order to find a particular point or the main point即快速阅读以找到文章的中心思想/主要意思。If you skim through the play too quickly, youll forget the plot. 如果你读剧本读得太快,就会忘记剧中主要情节。scan就是 look at every part of sth carefully, especially because you are looking for a particular thing or person即快速阅读以找到某一具体的信息His mother scanned his face to see if he was telling the truth. 他母亲察看他的面色看他是不是在讲真话。skim和scan的区别是，skim是选择性的跳读，scan是浏览式的泛读，在国外每学期每门课程的reference book都有几十本，不像国内每门课就一本所谓的教材，但事实上没有一本教材是可以称得上完全没有纰漏的，所以在国外写essay的时候就要看很多书，但并不是每本书从头看到尾.Lecture Two 快速阅读 (Skimming and Scanning )快速阅读考查的是什么？1）快速阅读要求在15分钟内读完一篇1200词左右的文章，完成10题。快速阅读中的10个题目中，前7个为正误判断，后3个为填空题。总共占总量的10%的比例。2）快速阅读考察的是考生迅速获得有用信息的能力，这是一个高难度的思维过程，注意力集中也是完成“速读”的保证之一。3）快速阅读主要考察两种阅读技能：略读和寻读l 什么是略读和寻读？略读 Skimming 略读又称为跳读或浏览，是一种非常实用的快速阅读技能，是指以尽可能快的阅读速度，有选择性地获得文章大意与信息，某些部分可以不读。训练有素的略读者 (skimmer) 的阅读速度可以达到每分钟4000个词。略读时，因为速度快，理解水平略低是预料中的事情，开始时平均理解率达到50%就可以了，在经常的练习中会逐渐地提高。一般阅读的目标是在保持一般阅读速度的条件下，获得尽可能高的理解水平，通常达到70%或80%。略读时，理解水平略低一些是预料之中的事，平均理解率达50%或60%就可以了。 略读有下列四个特点： (1)以极快的速度阅读大量材料，寻找字面上或事实上的主要信息和少量的阐述信息。(2)可以跳过某个部分或某些部分不读。(3)理解水平可以稍低一些，但也不能太低。(4)根据文章的难易程度和达到的目的，不断灵活地调整阅读速度。 略读中应该注意以下两点：（1） 按照意群浏览，而不是一个单词接一个单词地看，以减少眼球的移动。例如，如果单独来看下面这句话，You / have / just / finished / your / meal / at / a / fast / food / restaurant / and / you / throw / your / uneaten / food, / food / wrappers, / drink / cups, / utensils / and / napkins / into / the / trash / can. 眼球移动次数很多，脑子反应会非常吃力。如果按照意群，则是You have just finished your meal / at a fast food restaurant / and / you throw your uneaten food, food wrappers, drink cups, utensils and napkins / into the trash can. 优劣自观。所以应当避免阅读中的不良习惯，如指读，唇读，译读，因为这些习惯不仅会影响阅读速度，也不利于英语思维。（2） 段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就等于掌握了段落大意，然后略去细节不读，以求得略读速度。此外还要注意信号词，把握文章整体逻辑。略读可以运用下列技巧： (1)要利用印刷细节(typographical details)，如书或文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等，对书和文章进行预测略读(preview skimming)。预测略读要了解作者的思路、文章方式(模式)，以便把握大意，有关的细节及其相互关系。 (2)以一般阅读速度(200250wpm)，阅读文章开头的一、二段，力求抓住文章大意、背景情况、作者的文章风格、口吻或语气等。 (3)阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意，然后略去细节不读，以求得略读速度。 (4)注意转折词和序列词。转折词如however, moreover, in addition等；序列词firstly, secondly等。 (5)若无需要，不必阅读细节。寻读 Scanning 又称查读，寻读也是一种快速阅读技巧。熟练的读者善于运用寻读获得具体信息，以提高阅读效率。也就是说，在对文章有所了解（即略读）后，在文章中查找与某一问题、某一观点或某一单词有关的信息，寻找解题的可靠依据。寻读时，要以很快的速度扫视文章，确定所查询的信息范围。寻读通常是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一特定信息，如人物，事件，时间，地点，数字等，与所查信息无关的内容可以一掠而过。运用这种方法，读者就能在最短的时间内掠过尽可能多的印刷材料，找到所需要的信息。例如，在车站寻找某次列车或汽车的运行时刻，在机场寻找某次班机的飞行时刻，在图书馆查找书刊的目录，在文 献中查找某一日期、名字、数字或号码等，都可以运用这种方法。 作为一种快速寻找信息的阅读技巧，寻读既要求速度，又要求寻读的准确性。具体地说，寻读带有明确的目的性，有针对性地选择问题的答案。因此，可以把整段整段的文字直接映入大脑，不必字字句句过目。视线在印刷材料上掠过时，一旦发现有关的内容，就要稍作停留，将它记住或摘下，既保证寻读的速度，又做到准确无误，所以寻读技巧也很有实用价值。 寻读与略读不同。略读时，读者事先对材料一无所知，而寻读则是读者对材料有所了解的情况下进行的。例如，寻读电话号码簿，读者知道受话人的姓名，还知道电话号码簿是按姓的字母顺序排列的。这样，在寻找Jackson的电话时，就可以利用书页上方的标识词，再按姓的字母顺序很快翻到以J开头的书页，从而找到Jackson名下的电话页码。 为了有效地进行寻读，读者应运用下列技巧。 (1)利用材料的编排形式。资料多半是按字母顺序排列的。如词典、索引、邮政编码簿、电话号码簿以及其它参考资料簿等。当然并非所有资料都是按字母顺序排列的。例如，电视节目是按日期和时间排列的。历史资料是按年代排列的，报纸上的体育版面是按比赛类别(足球、排球、网球)排列等等。不管资料来源怎样，它都是按照某种逻辑方法排列的。例如，要知道某事是何时发生的，要查日期；某事是谁做的，要查人名等。 (2)利用章节标题和说明。寻读之后，首先看看文章标题或章节标题，确定文章是否包含自己所需要的材料，或者哪一部分包含哪些材料，这样可以直接翻到那个部分，进行寻找。 (3)抓提示词。读者找到包含所需信息的章节，准备寻读。这时，要留心与那个具体信息有关的提示词。例如，在报纸体育运动版上寻找某田径运动员的某项运动成绩，他的国名是提示词。在百科全书上寻找纽约市的人口，翻到New York City那一章后，population, census, inhabitants 等词就是提示词，找到提示词，就可以采用一般阅读速度，获得所需要的信息。Exercise I:Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions.For questions 17, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passageN (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passageNG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passageFor questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. LandfillsYou have just finished your meal at a fast food restaurant and you throw your uneaten food, food wrappers, drink cups, utensils and napkins into the trash can. You dont think about that waste again. On trash pickup day in your neighborhood, you push your can out to the curb, and workers dump the contents into a big truck and haul it away. You dont have to think about that waste again, either. But maybe you have wondered, as you watch the trash truck pull away, just where that garbage ends up.Americans generate trash at an Astonishing rate of four pounds per day per person; which translates to 600,000 tons per day or 210 million tons per year! This is almost twice as much trash per person as most other major countries. What happens to this trash? Some gets recycled (回收利用) or recovered and some is burned, but the majority is buried in landfills.How Much Trash Is Generated?Of the 210 million tons of trash, or solid waste, generated in the United States annually, about 56 million tons, or 27 percent, is either recycled (glass, paper products, plastic, metals) or composted (做成堆肥) (yard waste). The remaining trash, which is mostly unrecyclable, is discarded.How Is Trash Disposed of?The trash production in the United States has almost tripled since 1960. This trash is handled in various ways. About 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composted, 16 percent is burned and 57 percent is buried in landfills. The amount of trash buried in landfills has doubled since 1960. The United States ranks somewhere in the middle of the major countries (United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, France and Japan) in landfill disposal. The United Kingdom ranks highest, burying about 90 percent of its solid waste in landfills.What Is a Landfill?There are two ways to bury trash:nDumpan open hole in the ground where trash is buried and that is full of various animals (rats, mice, birds). (This is most peoples idea of a landfill!)n Landfillcarefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground in which trash is isolated from the surrounding environment (groundwater, air, rain). This isolation is accomplished with a bottom liner and daily covering of soil.Sanitary landfillland fill that uses a clay liner to isolate the trash from the environmentMunicipal solid waste (MSW) landfilllandfill that uses a synthetic (plastic) liner to isolate the trash from the environmentThe purpose of a landfill is to bury the trash in such a way that it will be isolated from groundwater, will be kept dry and will not be in contact with air. Under these conditions, trash will not decompose (腐烂) much. A landfill is not like a compost pile, where the purpose is to bury trash in such a way that it will decompose quickly.Proposing the LandfillFor a landfill to be built, the operators have to make sure that they follow certain steps. In most parts of the world, there are regulations that govern where a landfill can be placed and how it can operate. The whole process begins with someone proposing the landfill.In the United States, taking care of trash and building landfills are local government responsibilities. Before a city or other authority can build a landfill, an environment impact study must be done on the proposed site to determine:nthe area of land necessary for the landfillnthe composition of the underlying soil and bedrocknthe flow of surface water over the sitenthe impact of the proposed landfill on the local environment and wildlifenthe historical value of the proposed site Building the LandfillOnce the environmental impact study is complete, the permits are granted and the funds have been raised, then construction begins. First, access roads to the landfill site must be built if they do not already exist. There roads will be used by construction equipment, sanitation (环卫) services and the general public. After roads have been built, digging can begin. In the North Wake Country Landfill, the landfill began 10 feet below the road surface.What Happens to Trash in a Landfill?Trash put in a landfill will stay there for a very long time. Inside a landfill, there is little oxygen and little moisture. Under these conditions, trash does not break down very rapidly. In fact, when old landfills have been dug up or sampled, 40-year-old newspapers have been found with easily readable print. Landfills are not designed to break down trash, merely to bury it. When a landfill closes, the site, especially the groundwater, must be monitored and maintained for up to 30 years!How Is a Landfill Operated?A landfill, such as the North Wake County Landfill, must be open and available every day. Customers are typically municipalities and construction companies, although residents may also use the landfill.Near the entrance of the landfill is a recycling center where residents can drop off recyclable materials (aluminum cans, glass bottles, newspapers and paper products). This helps to reduce the amount of material in the landfill. Some of these materials are banned from landfills by law because they can be recycled. As customers enter the site, their trucks are weighed at the scale house. Customers are charged tipping fees for using the site. The tipping fees vary from $10 to $40 per ton. These fees are used to pay for operation costs. The North Wake County Landfill has an operating budget of approximately $4.5 million, and part of that comes from tipping fees.Along the site, there are drop-off stations for materials that are not wanted or legally banned by the landfill. A multi-material drop-off station is used for tires, motor oil, lead-acid batteries. Some of these materials can be recycled.In addition, there is a household hazardous waste drop-off station for chemicals (paints, pesticides, other chemicals) that are banned from the landfill. These chemicals are disposed of by private companies. Some paints can be recycled and some organic chemicals can be burned in furnaces or power plants.Other structures alongside the landfill are the borrowed area that supplies the soil for the landfill, the runoff collection pond and methane (甲烷) station.Landfills are complicated structures that, when properly designed and managed, serve an important purpose. In the future, new technologies called bioreactors will be used to speed the breakdown of trash in landfills and produce more methane.1.The passage gives a general description of the structure and use of a landfill.2. Most of the trash that Americans generate ends up in landfills.3. Compared with other major Industrialized countries, America buries a much higher percentage of its solid waste in landfills.4. Landfills are like compost piles in that they speed up decomposition of the buried trash.5. In most countries the selection of a landfill site is governed by rules and regulations.6. In the United States the building of landfills is the job of both federal and local governments.7. Hazardous wastes have to be treated before being dumped into landfills.8.Typical customers of a landfill are .9.To dispose of a ton of trash in a landfill, customers have to pay tipping fee of .10. Materials that are not permitted to be buried in landfills should be dumped at . 文章篇章分析篇章知识： （Text organization）文章结构特点英语文章有其固定的结构：引言、正文、和结尾三大部分。通常引言的作用是点明主题，陈述文章中心思想。正文部分则阐述引言的中心思想或者对所提出的问题进行讨论，用列举，分类，对比与比较等各种方法来说明和证实。段与段之间有必然的联系和一定的逻辑性。结尾部分将论证的观点归纳起来，得出结论。Text OrganizationIntroductionBodyConclusionParagraph 1: Paragraph 2:Paragraph 3: 由于四级阅读测试的文章体裁主要是议论文和说明文，我们重点看看该类别的文章结构特点。说明文的结构特点l 说明文就是解释说明事理。说明文的目的侧重于“告知”，即告诉人们某事并对其加以解释，以便读者了解。l 说明文重在客观，事实，细节的描述，轻抽象评论。其语言多采用客观性词语，较少主观判断性的词汇。l 典型的说明文具备英语文章的典型结构：说明的主题，说明的事实和实例，得出的结论。l 说明文的形式有很多种。有的是在文章开始提出主题，接着举大量的具体实例去说明这个问题；有的是通过大量的对比来向读者说明文章所说明的问题（归纳法）；有的是首先提出一个需要加以说明的主题，然后对其进行详细的描述（演绎法）。相比较而言， 归纳法在说明文中使用的更多些。例如：Psychologist George Spilich and colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, (中心思想) decided to find out whether, as many smokers say, smoking helps them to “think and concentrate”. Spilich put young non-smokers, active smokers and smokers deprive (被剥夺) of cigarettes through a series of tests. In the first test, each subject sat before a computer screen and pressed a key as soon as he or she recognized a target letter among a grouping of 96. In this simple test, active smokers, deprived smokers and non-smokers performed equally well. The next test was more complex, requiring all to scan sequences of 20 identical letters and respond the instant one of the letters transformed into a different one. Non-smokers were faster, but under the stimulation of nicotine (尼古丁), active smokers were faster than deprived smokers. In the third test of short-term memory, non-smokers made the fewest errors, but deprived smokers committed fewer errors than active smokers. “As our tests became more complex,” Sum up Spilich, “non-smokers performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins” He predicts, (结论句) “smokers might perform adequately at many jobs until they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity.” 这是一片典型的说明文。有说明的主题decided to find out whether smoking helps them to “think and concentrate”。随后作者以三次试验验证，说明主题；最后得出结论smoking might damage mental capacity. 了解并掌握上述的篇章结构的特点和表达方法，对考生在解题过程中把握主线，理清作者的思路有一定的作用。从而克服忙乱和盲目的心理，增强做题的理性和逻辑性。Exercise II: A breakthrough in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community (EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EECs research effort in this field, according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EECs scientific laboratories at Ispra, near Milan.The senior West German scientist in charge of the Communitys solar energy program, Mr. Gretz, told journalists that at present levels of research spending it was most unlikely that solar energy would provide as much as three percent of the Communitys energy requirements even after the year 2000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.Mr. Gretz calculates that if solar energy only provided three per cent of the EECs needs, this could still produce a saving of about a billion pounds in the present bill for imported energy each year. And he believes that with the possibility of utilizing more advanced technology in this field it might be possible to satisfy a much bigger share of the Communitys future energy needs.At present the EEC spends about $2.6 million a year on solar research at Ispra, one of the EECs official joint research centers, and another $3 million a year in indirect research with universities and other independent bodies.1. The phrase “be brought forward” most probably means _ .A) be expected B) be completed C) be advanced D) be introduced2. Some scientists believe that a breakthrough in the use of solar enrgy depends on _ .A) Sufficient funding B) future experimentsC) advanced technology D) well-equipped laboratories3. According to Mr. Gretz, the present sum of money will enable the scientists to provide _ .A) more than 3% of the EECs needs after the year 2000B) only 3% of the EECs needs before the year 2000C) less than 3% of the EECs needs after the tear 2000D) 3% of the EECs needs after the year 20004. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A) The EEC spends one million pounds on imported energy each year.B) At the present level of research spending, it is difficult to make any significant progress in the provision of energy from the sun.C) The desired breakthrough could be obtained by the end of the next decade if investment were increased.D)The total yearly spending of the EEC on solar energy research amounted to almost 6 million.5. The application of advanced technology to research in solar energy _ .A) would lead to a big increase in research fundingB) would make it unnecessary to import oilC) would make it possible to meet the future energy needs of the EECD) would provide a much greater proportion of the Communitys future energy needs议论文的结构特点和论证方法1 议论文的结构：议论文包括论点，论据，结论三个要素。议论文重在“说服”- 即作者要力图说服读者赞同并支持某观点或驳斥某一观点。2 议论文的特点是对客观事物进行分析和评论，重点放在论点和论证方面，主题往往比较明确。通常在文章开头点明主题，直接表明作者的观点和态度，其后的段落围绕主题展开，并有读者思维的倾向。3 一篇短文如果有若干个论点，考生一定要农清楚哪个是主论点，哪个是次论点，以及主次论点之间的关系。4 议论文常用的论证方法有两种：5 归纳法 (inductive) - inductive: using known facts to produce general principles. Usually be defined as “reasoning from the specific to the general”. (由个别到一般；先设前提，通过例证归纳出结论。)6 演绎法 (deductive) - beginning with a generalization which is then supported. “reasoning from the general to the specific”. (由一般到个别；先提出一般性的论断，再逐步提出支持该论点的论据，最后得出结论。)Exercise III:Like fine food, good writing is something we approach with pleasure and enjoy from the first taste to the last. And good writers, like good cooks, do not suddenly appear full-blown. Quite the contrary, just as the cook has to undergo an intensive training, mastering the skills of his trade, the writer must sit at his desk and devote long hours to achieving a style in his writing, whatever its purpose - schoolwork, matters of business, or