Introductory Chemistry, 2nd Edition Nivaldo Tro：化学导论第二版尼瓦尔多周转率.ppt

roykennedymassachusettsbaycommunitycollegewellesleyhills ma introductorychemistry 3rdeditionnivaldotro chapter5moleculesandcompounds 2009 prenticehall tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 2 moleculesandcompounds saltsodium shiny reactive poisonous chlorine paleyellowgas reactive poisonous sodiumchloride tablesalt sugarcarbon pencilordiamonds hydrogen flammablegas oxygen agasinair combinetoformwhitecrystallinesugar tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 3 lawofconstantcomposition allpuresubstanceshaveconstantcomposition allsamplesofapuresubstancecontainthesameelementsinthesamepercentages ratios mixtureshavevariablecomposition tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 4 compoundsdisplayconstantcomposition ifwedecomposewaterbyelectrolysis wefind16 0gramsofoxygentoevery2 00gramsofhydrogen waterhasaconstantmassratioofoxygentohydrogenof8 0 example5 1 showthattwosamplesofcarbondioxideareconsistentwiththelawofconstantcomposition sincebothsampleshavethesameproportionofelements carbondioxideshowsconstantcomposition compare solution composition masso massc solutionmap relationships sample1 4 8go 1 8gc sample2 17 1go 6 4gcproportiono c given find tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 6 practice showthathematitehasconstantcompositionifa10 0gsamplehas7 2gfeandtherestisoxygen andasecondsamplehas18 1gfeand6 91go example5 1 showthattwosamplesofhematiteareconsistentwiththelawofconstantcomposition sincebothsampleshavethesameproportionofelements hematiteshowsconstantcomposition compare solution composition massfe masso solutionmap relationships sample1 7 2gfe 10 0 7 2 2 8go sample2 18 1gfe 6 91goproportionfe o given find tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 8 whydocompoundsshowconstantcomposition thesmallestpieceofacompoundiscalledamolecule ifyouhaveapuresubstance theneverymoleculewillhavethesamenumberandtypeofatoms therefore yourcompoundhavethesamepredictableproperties physical chemical tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 9 formulasdescribecompounds elementsarerepresentedbyalettersymbol apurecompoundiscomposedofatomsoftwoormoreelements thenumberofeachelementiswrittentotherightoftheelementasasubscript ifthereisonlyoneatom the1subscriptisnotwritten polyatomicgroupsareplacedinparentheses ifmorethanone 10 formulasdescribecompounds continued water h2o twoatomsofhydrogenand1atomofoxygen tablesalt nacl onesodiumandonechlorineatom noticethatpuresubstanceshaveconsistentstructures thesepuresubstancewillalsohaveconsistentphysicalandchemicalproperties tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 11 orderofelementsinaformula metalsarewrittenfirst naclnonmetalsarewritteninorderfromtable5 1 co2thereareoccasionalexceptionsforhistoricalorinformationalreasons h2o butnaoh tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 12 practice writeformulasforeachofthefollowingcompounds hematite composedoffouroxideionsforeverythreeironions acetone eachmoleculecontainssixhydrogenatoms threecarbonatoms andoneoxygenatom fe3o4 c3h6o tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 13 moleculeswithpolyatomicions mg no3 2compoundcalledmagnesiumnitrate caso4compoundcalledcalciumsulfate 14 moleculeswithpolyatomicions continued mg no3 2compoundcalledmagnesiumnitrate caso4compoundcalledcalciumsulfate tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 15 practice determinethetotalnumberofatomsorionsinoneformulaunitofeachofthefollowing mg c2h3o2 2 hg2 3 po4 2 1mg 4c 6h 4o 15 6hg 2p 8o 16 16 classifyingmaterials atomicelements aresingleatoms molecularelements multi atommolecules molecularcompounds moleculesmadeofonlynonmetals ioniccompounds compoundsmadeofcationsandanions 17 moreaboutmolecularelements certainelementsoccurasdiatomicmolecules 7diatomicelements theruleof7sfindtheelementwithatomicnumber7 n makeafigure7bygoingovertogroup7a thendown theseventhelementish2 h2 cl2 br2 i2 7 7a n2o2f2 molecularcompounds twoormorenonmetals smallestunitisamolecule tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 19 ioniccompounds metals nonmetals noindividualmoleculeunits insteadhavea3 dimensionalarrayofcationsandanionsmadeofformulaunits 20 molecularviewofelementsandcompounds tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 21 classifyeachofthefollowingaseitheranatomicelement molecularelement molecularcompound orioniccompound continued aluminum al atomicelement aluminumchloride alcl3 ioniccompound chlorine cl2 molecularelement acetone c3h6o molecularcompound carbonmonoxide co molecularcompound cobalt co atomicelement tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 22 ioniccompounds ioniccompoundsaremadeofionscalledcationsandanions cations chargedions anions chargedions thesumofthe chargesofthecationsmustequalthesumofthe chargesoftheanions ifna iscombinedwiths2 youwillneed2na ionsforeverys2 iontobalancethecharges thereforetheformulamustbena2s tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 23 writingformulasforioniccompounds writethesymbolforthemetalcationanditscharge writethesymbolforthenonmetalanionanditscharge charge withoutsign becomessubscriptfortheotherion reducesubscriptstosmallestwhole numberratio checkthatthesumofthechargesofthecationcancelsthesumoftheanions tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 24 writetheformulaofacompoundmadefromaluminumionsandoxideions writethesymbolforthemetalcationanditscharge writethesymbolforthenonmetalanionanditscharge charge withoutsign becomessubscriptfortheotherion reducesubscriptstosmallestwhole numberratio checkthatthetotalchargeofthecationscancelsthetotalchargeoftheanions al 3column3a o2 column6a al 3o2 al2o3 al 2 3 6o 3 2 6 tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 25 practice whataretheformulasforcompoundsmadefromthefollowingions potassiumionwithanitrideion k withn3 k3ncalciumionwithabromideion ca 2withbr cabr2aluminumionwithasulfideion al 3withs2 al2s3 tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 26 practice whataretheformulasforcompoundsmadefromthefollowingions copper ii ionwithanitrideion iron iii ionwithabromideion tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 27 practice namethefollowingcompounds ti4 cl pb2 br fe3 s2 tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 28 formulamass themassofanindividualmoleculeorformulaunit alsoknownasmolecularmassormolecularweight sumofthemassesoftheatomsinasinglemoleculeorformulaunit whole sumoftheparts massof1moleculeofh2o 2 1 01amuh 16 00amuo 18 02amu tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 29 practice calculatetheformulamassof al2 so4 3cr hco3 2 end iflabisonnomenclature tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 30 tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 31 formula to namestep1 isthecompoundoneoftheexceptionstotherules tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 32 commonnames exceptions h2o water steam ice nh3 ammonia ch4 methane nacl tablesalt c12h22o11 tablesugar tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 33 formula to namestep2 whatmajorclassofcompoundisit ionicormolecular tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 34 majorclasses ioniccompounds metal nonmetal s metalfirstinformula binaryionicorcompoundswithpolyatomicions molecularcompounds 2ormorenonmetals binarymolecular orbinarycovalent 2nonmetals acids formulastartswithh thoughacidsaremolecular theybehaveasionicwhendissolvedinwater maybebinaryoroxyacid tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 35 formula to namestep3 whatmajorsubclassofcompoundisit binaryionic ionicwithpolyatomicions binarymolecular binaryacid oroxyacid tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 36 classifyingcompounds compoundscontainingametalandanonmetal binaryionic typeiandii compoundscontainingapolyatomicion ionicwithpolyatomicion compoundscontainingtwononmetals binarymolecularcompounds compoundscontaininghandanonmetal binaryacids compoundscontaininghandapolyatomicion oxyacids tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 37 formula to namestep4 applyrulesfortheclassandsubclass tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 38 formula to namerulesforionic madeofcationandanion namebysimplynamingtheions ifcationis typeimetal metalname typeiimetal metalname charge polyatomicion nameofpolyatomicion ifanionis nonmetal stemofnonmetalname ide polyatomicion nameofpolyatomicion tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 39 monatomicnonmetalanion determinethechargefrompositionontheperiodictable tonameanion changeendingontheelementnameto ide tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 40 metalcations typeimetalswhoseionscanonlyhaveonepossiblecharge 1a 2a al zn ag determinechargebypositionontheperiodictable 1a 2a 2 al 3 someneedtobememorized zn 2 ag typeiimetalswhoseionscanhavemorethanonepossiblecharge determinechargebychargeonanion howdoyouknowametalcationistypeii tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 41 determineifthefollowingmetalsaretypeiortypeii iftypei determinethechargeonthecationitforms lithium li copper cu gallium ga tin sn strontium sr tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 42 determineifthefollowingmetalsaretypeiortypeii iftypei determinethechargeonthecationitforms continued lithium litypei1 copper cutypeiigallium gatypei3 tin sntypeiistrontium srtypei2 tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 43 typeibinaryioniccompounds containmetalcation nonmetalanion metallistedfirstinformulaandname namemetalcationfirst namenonmetalanionsecond cationnameisthemetalname nonmetalanionnamedbychangingtheendingonthenonmetalnameto ide tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 44 example namingbinaryionic typeimetal csf isitoneofthecommonexceptions h2o nh3 ch4 nacl c12h22o11 no identifymajorclass csisametalbecauseitisontheleftsideoftheperiodictable fisanonmetalbecauseitisontherightsideoftheperiodictable ionic identifythesubclass 2elements binaryionic isthemetaltypeiortypeii csisingroup1a typei tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 45 example namingbinaryionic typeimetal csf continued identifycationandanion cs cs becauseitisgroup1a f f becauseitisgroup7a namethecation cs cesium nametheanion f fluoride writethecationnamefirst thentheanionname cesiumfluoride tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 46 practice namethefollowingcompounds kclmgbr2al2s3 tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 47 practice namethefollowingcompounds continued kclpotassiumchloride mgbr2magnesiumbromide al2s3aluminumsulfide tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 48 typeiibinaryioniccompounds containmetalcation nonmetalanion metallistedfirstinformulaandname namemetalcationfirst namenonmetalanionsecond metalcationnameisthemetalnamefollowedbyaromannumeralinparenthesestoindicateitscharge determinechargefromanioncharge commontypeiicationsintable5 5 nonmetalanionnamedbychangingtheendingonthenonmetalnameto ide tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 49 determiningthechargeonavariablechargecation au2s3 determinethechargeontheanion au2s3 theanioniss sinceitisingroup6a itschargeis2 determinethetotalnegativecharge sincethereare3sintheformula thetotalnegativechargeis 6 determinethetotalpositivecharge sincethetotalnegativechargeis 6 thetotalpositivechargeis 6 dividebythenumberofcations sincethereare2auintheformulaandthetotalpositivechargeis 6 eachauhasa3 charge tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 50 example writingformulaforabinaryioniccompoundcontainingvariablechargemetal manganese iv sulfide writethesymbolforthecationanditscharge writethesymbolfortheanionanditscharge charge withoutsign becomessubscriptfortheotherion reducesubscriptstosmallestwhole numberratio checkthatthetotalchargeofthecationscancelsthetotalchargeoftheanions mn 4 s2 mn 4s2 mn2s4 mn 1 4 4s 2 2 4 mns2 tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 51 practice whataretheformulasforcompoundsmadefromthefollowingions copper ii ionwithanitrideion iron iii ionwithabromideion tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 52 practice whataretheformulasforcompoundsmadefromthefollowingions continued cu2 withn3 cu3n2fe 3withbr febr3 tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 53 example namingbinaryionic typeiimetal cucl isitoneofthecommonexceptions h2o nh3 ch4 nacl c12h22o11 no identifymajorclass cuisametalbecauseitisontheleftsideoftheperiodictable clisanonmetalbecauseitisontherightsideoftheperiodictable ionic identifythesubclass 2elements binaryionic isthemetaltypeiortypeii cuisnotingroup1a 2a or al zn ag typeii tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 54 example namingbinaryionic typeiimetal cucl continued identifycationandanion cl cl becauseitisgroup7a cu cu tobalancethecharge namethecation cu copper i nametheanion cl chloride writethecationnamefirst thentheanionname copper i chloride tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 55 practice namethefollowingcompounds ticl4pbbr2fe2s3 tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 56 practice namethefollowingcompounds continued ticl4titanium iv chloride pbbr2lead ii bromide fe2s3iron iii sulfide cl 4 1 4ti 4 1 4 br 2 1 2pb 2 1 2 s 3 2 6pb 6 2 3 tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 57 compoundscontainingpolyatomicions polyatomicionsaresingleionsthatcontainmorethanoneatom nameanyioniccompoundbynamingcationfirstandthenanion non polyatomiccationsnamedliketypeiandii non polyatomicanionsnamedwith ide somecommonpolyatomicions tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 59 example writingformulaforanioniccompoundcontainingpolyatomicion iron iii phosphate writethesymbolforthecationanditscharge writethesymbolfortheanionanditscharge charge withoutsign becomessubscriptfortheotherion reducesubscriptstosmallestwhole numberratio checkthatthetotalchargeofthecationscancelsthetotalchargeoftheanions fe 3 po43 fe 3po43 fe3 po4 3 fe 1 3 3po4 1 3 3 fepo4 tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 60 practice whataretheformulasforcompoundsmadefromthefollowingions aluminumionwithasulfateion chromium ii withhydrogencarbonate tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 61 practice whataretheformulasforcompoundsmadefromthefollowingions continued al 3withso42 al2 so4 3cr 2withhco3 cr hco3 2 tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 62 patternsforpolyatomicions elementsinthesamecolumnformsimilarpolyatomicions samenumberofosandsamecharge clo3 chlorate bro3 bromate ifthepolyatomicionstartswithh thenameaddshydrogen prefixbeforeitand1isaddedtothecharge co32 carbonate hco3 1 hydrogencarbonate tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 63 periodicpatternofpolyatomicions ategroups 3a4a5a6a7a tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 64 patternsforpolyatomicions ateion chlorate clo3 1 ateion 1o samecharge per prefix perchlorate clo4 1 ateion 1o samecharge itesuffix chlorite clo2 1 ateion 2o samecharge hypo prefix itesuffix hypochlorite clo 1 tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 65 example namingionicwithpolyatomicion na2so4 isitoneofthecommonexceptions h2o nh3 ch4 nacl c12h22o11 no identifymajorclass naisametalbecauseitisontheleftsideoftheperiodictable so4isapolyatomicion ionicidentifythesubclass compoundhas3elements ionicwithpolyatomicion isthemetaltypeiortypeii naisingroup1a typei tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 66 identifytheions na na becauseingroup1a so4 so42 apolyatomicion namethecation na sodium typei nametheanion so42 sulfate writethenameofthecationfollowedbythenameoftheanion sodiumsulfate example namingionicwithpolyatomicion na2so4 continued tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 67 example namingionicwithpolyatomicion fe no3 3 isitoneofthecommonexceptions h2o nh3 ch4 nacl c12h22o11 no identifymajorclass feisametalbecauseitisontheleftsideoftheperiodictable no3isapolyatomicionbecauseitisin ionic identifythesubclass thereare3elements ionicwithpolyatomicion isthemetaltypeiortypeii cuisnotingroup1a 2a or al zn ag typeii 68 example namingionicwithpolyatomicion fe no3 3 continued identifytheions no3 no3 apolyatomicion fe fe3 tobalancethechargeofthe3no3 namethecation fe3 iron iii typeii nametheanion no3 nitrate writethenameofthecationfollowedbythenameoftheanion iron iii nitrate tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 69 practice namethefollowing nh4clca c2h3o2 2cu no3 2 tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 70 practice namethefollowing continued nh4clammoniumchloride ca c2h3o2 2calciumacetate cu no3 2copper ii nitrate no3 2 1 2cu 2 1 2 tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 71 formula to namerulesformolecular wewillnotlearntherulesformolecularcompoundswithmorethan2elements forbinarymolecular namefirstnonmetal thennamesecondnonmetalwith ideending thengiveeachnameaprefixtoindicateitssubscriptintheformula binarymolecularcompoundsoftwononmetals namefirstelementinformulafirst usethefullnameoftheelement namethesecondelementintheformulawithan ide asifitwereananion however rememberthesecompoundsdonotcontainions useaprefixinfrontofeachnametoindicatethenumberofatoms neverusetheprefixmono onthefirstelement tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 73 subscript prefixes 1 mono notusedonfirstnonmetal 2 di 3 tri 4 tetra 5 penta 6 hexa 7 hepta 8 octa droplast a ifnamebeginswithvowel tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 74 example namingbinarymolecular bf3 isitoneofthecommonexceptions h2o nh3 ch4 nacl c12h22o11 no identifymajorclass bisanonmetalbecauseitisontherightsideoftheperiodictable fisanonmetalbecauseitisontherightsideoftheperiodictable molecular identifythesubclass 2elements binarymolecular 75 example namingbinarymolecular bf3 continued namethefirstelement boron namethesecondelementwithan ide fluorine fluoride addaprefixtoeachnametoindicatethesubscript monoboron trifluoride writethefirstelementwithprefix thenthesecondelementwithprefix dropprefixmono fromfirstelement borontrifluoride tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 76 formula to nameacids acidsaremolecularcompoundsthatoftenbehaveliketheyaremadeofions allnameshaveacidatend binaryacids hydro prefix stemofthenameofthenonmetal icsuffix oxyacids ifpolyatomicionendsin ate nameofpolyatomicionwith icsuffix ifpolyatomicionendsin ite nameofpolyatomicionwith oussuffix tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 77 practice namethefollowing no2pcl5i2f7 tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 78 practice namethefollowingcontinued no2nitrogendioxide pcl5phosphoruspentachloride i2f7diiodineheptafluoride tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 79 acids acidsaremolecularcompoundsthatformh whendissolvedinwater toindicatethecompoundisdissolvedinwater aq iswrittenaftertheformula notnamedasacidifnotdissolvedinwater sourtaste dissolvemanymetals likezn fe mg butnotau ag pt formulagenerallystartswithh e g hcl h2so4 tro s introductorychemistry chapter5 80 acids continued containh 1cationandanion inaqueoussolution binaryacidshaveh 1cationandnonmetalanion oxyacidshaveh 1cationandpolyatomicanion tro s introductoryche