15.定语从句.doc

语法专项（十五）定语从句一定语从句的定义定语可以由形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语等来担任。如果一个句子担任定语，这个句子就叫定语从句（Attributive Clauses）又叫形容词从句。 定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词, 先行词一般是名词和不定代词或all，none，any，some，that，those等代词。数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。定语从句在句中做定语，修饰名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。关系副词有：when, where, why。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。正确选择关系词是掌握定语从句的关键。关系词的选择完全取决于先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分。关系词一共有九个，它们在从句中充当的句子成分见下表。 关系词主语宾语表语定语状语说明that人/物（人/物）不能用于非限定性从句which物（物）who人（人）whom（人）whose人/物whenwherewhy不能用于非限定性从句as主要用于非限制性的定语从句和suchas, the sameas, asas,结构中。注意：1）定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。 2）关系词做宾语，前面无介词时才能省略。由在从句中的地位划分上讲,引导词可分为三类: 1主语,宾语引导词如: who , whom, that , which , as 2状语引导词如: where , when , why 3定语引导词如: whose 例如: 1) Shes the girl who sings best of all.她是所有人唱歌最好的那个小女孩.引导词who 代替先行词 the girl , 在定语从句中作主语. 2)Please pass me the notebook whose cover is red 引导词 whose 代替先行词 the notebook , 在从句中作定语 .3)A steel plant is a place where steel is made 钢厂是生产钢的地方引导词 where 与先行词 the place 有关系,相当于 in the place , 在句中作状语,可以理解为: steel is made in the place 4)As everyone knows , he is honest 众所周知,她很诚实.引导词 as 代替先行词 he is honest (先行词为一句话), 在定语从句中作know的宾语.二定语从句的分类定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。1）限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如 This is the house which we bought last month. （限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.（非限制性）2） 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰的意义明确的名词或代词时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 3） 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。三使用定语从句需要注意的几个问题:1 that 和 which 都能指物, 指物时可以互换，但下列情况必须用that：1)先行词为much，little，none，few，one，all，anything, everything, nothing, something等不定代词。I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall off onto the floor .2)先行词有序数词或形容词最高级修饰。The parks are the clearest parks that you can imagine 3)先行词被the only , the very , the same , the last 等词修饰。Corn was not the only food that was taken to Europe 4) 先行词既有人也有物They talked about things and persons that they remembered 5) 以who 开头的疑问句6）主句是there be结构 There is still a seat _ is free.7）在双重从句中,其一已经用了which，另一个用that He built up a factory which produced things _ had never been seen before.8）先行词是主句表语,或关系词本身是从句表语 My hometown is no longer the place _ is used to be.2以下情况时只能用which 1) 前面紧接介词时，介宾结构中: Is this the room in which Mr. White live?2) 非限定性定语从句中: His dog, which was now very old, became ill and died.3) 双重从句中,其一已用了that,另一个用which4) 当关系代词后带有插入语，关系词离先行词较远时 Here is the book which, as I have told you, will help you a lot.3关系词who与that指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词1）当主句是there be句型时，关系词用who。2）先行词是anyone，those，someone，everyone，one等词时，关系词用who。3）非限制定语从句先行词是人，关系词用who4）whom在从句中只作宾语，可被who取代。5）当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。Who is that girl that is standing by the window?6）先行词是由数词而形成的代词，关系词用that In face there are four of them. The two _ you could see now survived the fire.4.as引导定语从句时的用法as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the sameas, such/soas结构中。先行词被such/so和the same修饰，或句型as many（much）as中，从句都用as 引导。eg. I want the same shirt as my friends. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 注意：区别a）such that 引导的结果状语从句。They are such lovely children that we love them much.b）the same that 引导定语从句。I want to use the same tool that you used just now.as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。eg. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.注意：as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别a. 当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；反之，用which引导非限制性定语从句。eg. He made a long speech, as we expected.He made a long speech, which was unexpected.b. 当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。eg. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesnt like at all.c. which不放在句首5关系副词when ，where，why与thatwhen 指时间 = in / at / on / during whichwhere指地点 = in / at / from / whichwhy指原因 = for which6当先行词为time，way， reason时，可用that作关系副词。（非正式场合）way后面的定语从句，引导定语从句有三种情况： a. 在比较正式的文体中用in which；b. 一般情况下用that c. in which和that省去。 I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood. It was clear that the speaker now trusted Tom from the way in which these words were said. Lincoln asked the people to think of slavery in the way that these men did. Mary, there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you. Thats the way I looked at it.The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.当time作先行词时，关系词可以省掉。This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French. 7. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词用单数还是复数应由先行词决定。eg. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.8. 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。eg. There is an expression in his eyes that I cant understand.9.引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词 + which”来代替。介词的选择取决于三种情况：先行词的搭配，从句中动词的搭配，从句中动词和先行词的关系。当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词各个固定部分不要拆开。eg. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the Peoples Republic of China was founded. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.10. 介词提前，关系代词只能用which和whom，且不能省略；介词在句尾，关系代词可有which, that, whom, 口语中也可用who，且可省略。eg. The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.This is the book（that）she was looking for 11注意区别定语从句与强调句。定语从句中关系词作从句成分，是复合句。强调句中的it无意义，that / who不是引导词。去掉it is/was和that/who后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。It is the museum that / which we visited last year.(定语从句)It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.（强调句）12定语从句与同位语从句的区别。1）定语从句引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语，有时可省略；同位语从句引导词被叫做连词，that不能充当任何成分，不可省。2）再看that前的名词，定语从句的关系词和先行词在数量和意义上是相同的；同位语从句的的连接词无意义，前面的名词是一些需要有内容的名词，如：idea, fact, thought, news等。He expressed the hope that he has had for many years.hope在从句中不充当句子成分，又加上后面从句是说明hope的内容的，因此同位语从句Word came that their army was defeated.(同位语)We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定语)四特殊的定语从句先行词：1. way: 当先行词way表示“方式，方法”且在从句中作状语时，关系词有三种形式：that, in which或不填； 但若way在从句中不作状语，则根据具体成分选择关系词：-I dont understand the way _ they worked out the problem. -The way _ he explained to us was quite simple. 2. time:当time表示“次数”时，用that引导；表示“一段时间”时用when或“at/during which”引导：-This is the second time _ the President has visited the country.-This was a time _ there were no radios or TV sets.3. situation/case/point作定语从句的先行词时常指抽象地点，用where引导定语从句；occasion/age作定语从句先行词时指时间，用when引导定语从句。-I can think of many cases where students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay. (2003 上海卷)-We are living in an age when many things are done on computer. (2003北京卷)总结：定语从句解题技巧：“一看指人还是物，二看介词在何处，三看句中何作用，四看是否属特殊。”In the beginning, people _ bought it often got angry.They needed a plant _ didnt need much water.Do you know the woman with _ I shook hands at the school gate?Do you know the woman _ I shook hands with at the school gate?Have you ever been to the place _ we visited last year?Have you ever been to the place _ we worked last year?Those _ are studying in our school can borrow five books at a time.Such magazines _ you bought last time are well worth reading.巩固练习：1. As a child, Jack studied in a village school, _ is named after his grandfather. (2010全国卷一 ).A. which B. where C. what D. that 2. I refuse to accept the blame for something _ was someone elses fault. (2010全国卷二)A. who B. that C. as D. what 3. Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.（2010北京卷）. A. what B. whose C. which D. that 4. Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planets life has developed gradually. （2010 福建卷）A. that B. where C. which D. whose5. Ive become good friend with several of the students in my school _I meet in the English speech contest last year. （2010湖南卷）A. who B. where C. when D. which 6. The newly built caf, the walls of_ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work. （2010江苏卷）A. that B. it C. what D. which 7. The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister she would stay for an hour. （2010江西卷）A. where B. who C. which D. what8. Thats the new machine _ parts are too small to be seen. （2010山东卷） A. that B. which C. whose D. what9. The old temple _ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair. （2010陕西卷）A. where B. which C. its D. whose10. After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling， turned out to be a wise decision. （2010四川卷） A. that B. which C. when D. where11. -Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?-You should try the barbers _ I go. Its only 15. （2010天津卷）A. as B. which C. where D. that12. In China, the number of cities is increasing development is recognized across the world. （2010重庆卷）A. where B. which C. whose D. that13. The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of _ left their village homes for a better life in the city. （2010浙江卷）A. whom B. which C. them D. those14. Wind power is an ancient source of energy we may return in the near future. （2010上海卷） A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which 15. She brought with her three friends, none of _ I had ever met before. (2009 全国卷一) A. them B. who C. whom D. these16. My friend showed me round the town, _ was very kind of him. (2009 全国卷二) A. which B. that C. where D. it17. -What do you think of teaching, Bob? -I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting. (2009 北京卷) A. where B. which C. when D. that18. Mozarts birthplace and the house _ he composed “The Magic Flute” are both museums now. (2009上海卷) A. where B. when C. there D. which19. A person _ e-mail account is full wont be able to send or receive any e-mails. (2009 天津卷) A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever20. Life is like a long race _ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. (2009 重庆卷) A. why B. what C. that D. where21. Theyve won their last three matches _ I find a bit surprising. (2009 辽宁卷) A. that B. when C. what D. which22. I have reached a point in my life _ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. (2009 浙江卷) A. which B. where C. how D. why23. Its helpful to put children in a situation _ they can see themselves differently. (2009 福建卷) A. that B. when C. which D. where24. I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city _ name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind. (2009 湖南卷) A. which B. of which C. that D. whose25. The house I grew up _ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. (2009 江西卷) A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which26. Many children, _ parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village. (2009 安徽卷) A. their B. whose C. of them D. with whom27. Shell never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. (2009 四川) A. that B. which C. where D. when28. Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time. (2009 陕西卷) A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which29. The road conditions there turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. (2008 全国卷二) A. it B. what C. which D. that30. Ill give you my friends home address, _ I can be reached most evenings. (2008 北京卷) A. which B. when C. whom D. where31. All the neighbors admire this family _ the parents are treating their child like a friend. (2008 安徽卷) A. why B. where C. which D. that32. Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers _ c