非谓语动词的用法.doc

非谓语动词在英语中，不是用作句子的谓语而是担任其它语法功能的动词叫非谓语动词。非谓语动词有3种：不定式，动名词和分词。不 定 式不定式由 “to do”构成，其否定式 “not to do”。不定式可带宾语或状语构成不定式短语， 没有人称和数的变化，但有语态的变化，不定式可作主，宾，定，状，补，表，不能单独作谓语。一. 不定式的用法1 作主语 To see is to believe. It is right to give up smoking.2 作表语 My job is to teach English.3 作宾语 He wanted to go. I find it hard to work with him. We could do nothing but wait. We have no choice but to wait. cant choose but do, cant help but do, cant but do常见用不定式作宾语的动词:want, wish, like, decide, help, ask, agree, afford, arrange, care, determine, fail, guarantee, hesitate, hope, hurry, manage, offer, pretend, promise, seek, prepare, refuse, swear, expect, plan, would like, make up ones mind, be determined4 作补语 He asked me to open the door. 常见用不定式作宾补的动词: advise, allow, permit, forbid, ask, beg, caue, encourage, expect, force, get, invite, like, order, peruade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, considerpractice: * 在感官动词feel, hear, listen to, see, look, notice, watch, observe, overhear（偷听）和使役动词make, let, have等后的补语中， 不定式不带to， 但这些句子变成被动结构时， 就必须带to I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song.5 作定语 He is looking for a room to live in. Theres nothing to worry about.但不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way, 不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。We had no money and no place to live.不定式作定语的用法：(1) 用来修饰被序数词,最高级或all, no, any等限定的词e.g. He was the best man to do the job. This is the first factory to produce this kind of machine.(2) 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时, 不定式既可用主动语态,也可用被动语态, 但其含义不同.e.g. Do you have anything to send ?（to send的动作执行者是“你”） Do you have anything to be sent ?（to send的动作执行者是“我“或”别人“）(3) 用来修饰的词是抽象名词时,常用不定式作定语,常见的有: ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, timee.g. His wish to visit China is quite understandable.(4) 在形容词+不定式 结构作表语,宾语和定语时,常用的to do主动形式表被动.e.g. The book is difficult to read. He is a man easy to get on with.（5）在不定式作表语, 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系, 而与句中的另一名词或代词之间有主谓关系时, 用主动表被动.e.g. He gave me some books to read.6 作状语 I came here to see you. (表目的) in order to / so as to We were excited to hear the news. （表原因） He hurried to the school (only) to find nobody there.（表结果7 疑问词+不定式，在句中起名词作用，可作主，宾，表 He didnt know what to say. How to solve the problem is very important. My question is when to start.8 作插入语 To tell the truth, I dont agree with you. to be sure to be frank to sum up to begin /start with to make matters worse to be brief二 不定式的时态，语态1 一般式：表示的动作与谓语动作同时或在它之后发生 He pretended not to know me when I met him in the street.2 进行式：表示动作发生时，不定式动作正在发生 He pretended to be reading English when I entered the classroom. 3 完成式：表示动作发生在谓语动作之前 He is said to have learned English in Britain for a year. 主 动被 动一般式to do to be done进行式to be doing /完成式to have done to have been doneThe flowers need to be watered.A railway is said to be being built now.No harm seems to have been done.四 不定式的省略为避免重复可用to来代替前面的不定式，常出现在下列动词后expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try 或出现在be glad, be happy, would like/love后 eg: I havent been to Hong Kong, but I wish to. - Would you come to the party?- Id love to, but 如果在省略不定式中含有be, have, have been 等系动词或助动词，这些词要保留。 eg: - Are you on holiday?- No, but Id like to be. - I didnt tell him the news. - Oh, you ought to have.动 名 词动名词由动词+ing构成，具有动词和名词性质，其否定式在前加not, 在句中起名词的作用，可作主，宾，表，定语。一 动名词的作用1 作主语 Seeing is believing. Choosing what to eat is not as easy as before. There is no joking about such serious matters. It is no use / good arguing with him. not any use / good of little use / good useless动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别 Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火） To play with fire will be dangerous.（指一次具体动作） My father is a millionaire, but having money doesnt solve all his problem.To save money now seems impossible.2 作表语 : My job is teaching.3 作宾语 I like swimming. He is fond of playing football.* 下列动词或动词短语之后只接动名词作宾语（不接不定式作宾语） advise, allow, admit, appreciate, avoid, consider(考虑), delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, imagine, keep mind, miss(错过), practice, permit, risk, resist, suggest, cant help(情不自禁)，cant stand(无法忍受), give up, feel like, put off, be busy, keep on, insist on, look forward to, stick to, devote to, get down to, be used to, object to, have difficulty / trouble (in), have a good time (in)* 下列动词后可跟动名词作宾语，也可跟不定式作宾语，但意义不同。 forget remember regret go on stop cant help try mean 4 作定语 He has a reading room.二 动名词的时态和语态1 一般式： 动名词的动作没有明确表示是与谓语动作同时还是在其前发生时Were interested in playing chess.His coming will be of great help to us.2 完成式：如果动名词的动作发生在谓语的动作之前，用完成式 Im sorry for not having kept my promise.主 动被 动一般式doing being done完成式having done having been done He likes being helped. He was afraid of being left alone. The house showed no sign of having been damaged.* 动名词的主动形式表被动意义 be worth doingneed/ want/ require/ deserve doing stand/ bear doing三 动名词的复合结构动名词的逻辑主语一般是和句子的主语一致，但也有不一致的情况。如果不一致，则要在动名词前加上其逻辑主语，构成动名词的复合结构。* 若动名词作主语时，其逻辑主语用物主代词或名词的所有格。His coming made me very happy.Peters coming made me very happy.* 若动名词作宾语时，既可用物主代词或名词的所有格，也可用人称代词宾格或名词普通格。She didnt mind his (him) crying. Peters / Peter crying.* 若逻辑主语无生命时，用名词普通格。Is there any hope of our team winning the game?分 词分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词的构成v +ing, 过去分词为v +ed。其否定式在其前加not, 分词句中可作定，状，补，表。一 分词的时态和语态过去分词无时态和语态变化现在分词有时态和语态变化主 动被 动一般式doing being done完成式having done having been done一般式表示和谓语动作同时发生Being a student, he was interested in books.The question being discussed is important.完成式表示在谓语动作之前发生Having studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the way very well.Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.二 分词的作用1 作定语We cant drink the polluted water. the water polluted by the wasteThe man standing by the window is our teacher. who is standing (进行)The temple standing on top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty. which stands (状态)A young teacher teaching English applied for the job. who teaches (经常性的动作)e.g boiling water falling leaves boiled water fallen leavesa drowning man a puzzling expressiona drowned man a puzzled expression区别 to be done 被动,将来 being done 被动,正在进行 done 被动,完成e.g. Have you read the novel written by Dickens ? Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students. The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one.2 作表语 The news is inspiring. The glass is broken.3 作补语 常用的动词为感官动词：feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at, observe, notice, find 使役动词：have, make, get, keep, leave, catch We saw the teacher doing the experiment. (see sb. do 区别) He tried to make himself understood.区别：感官动词+ to do 主动,全过程 doing 主动,正在进行 done 被动,完成使役动词make sb.sth. do let sb. do have sb.sth. do done doing doneget sb.sth. to do doing doneYou must get your hair cut.My mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.Ill haveget my bike repaired tomorrow.I cant get the car starting. with/ without +宾语+宾补 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. Without a word spoken, he went away.4. 作状语 Being a student, I must study hard. (原因) While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. (时间)（相当于状语从句的省略） “Cant you read?” He said angrily, pointing to the notice. (伴随) The accident happened, killing three.(结果) Taken 3 times a day, the medicine will have a good effect. (条件) The teacher came into the classroom, followed by some students. The teacher came into the classroom, following some students. 分词与主句之间不能用连词or, and, but, so等， Having been told many times, but he still couldnt understand it. He had been told many times, but he still couldnt understand it. doing 表主动 having done 先后顺序,先于主句动作 done 被动(注:这里的主动被动是看非谓语动词同主句主语之间的关系)独立主格结构（作状语）分词（短语）作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和句子主语一致，若不一致，那么分词短语就需要有自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。其构成方法如下：名词代词(主格)+ to do 没有发生或即将发生的动作或态 doing 正