阅读理解讲座.doc

不良的阅读习惯：指读、回读、译读根据阅读目的不同，可分为快读、寻读、细读、跳读阅读时可根据不同的需求采用不同的阅读方法。大致的步骤：首先用快读的方法浏览全文，以了解中心思想及大意。在此基础上，可根据要回答的问题，用寻读的方法查找到文章中与答题内容有关的范围后用细读的方法来确定答案。 一 如何抓主题思想1） 抓主题思想，首先要学会识别文章中那些最根本，最具有概括力的信息。A) Chemist B) physicist C) scientist D) biologistA) The hotel offers complimentary coffee from 7 to 10 a.m. daily.B) There are many reasons why guests feel at home at the Glorietta Bay Inn.C) The coin-operated laundry room has an ironing board.D) There are a number of extra services at the Glorietta Bay Inn including baby-sitting2) 主题思想应能恰如其分地概括文中所阐述的内容。面不能太窄，即不足以概括全部或大多内容；但是面也不能太宽，即包含了文中没有阐述的内容。 There is a simple economic principle used to determine prices. It is called the law of supply and demand. Supply means the amount of, or access to, certain goods. Demand represents the number of people who want those goods. If there are more goods than wanted, the price of them falls. On the other hand, if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply, then the price rises. Of course, manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices.A) Economic Principles B) Law of Supply and DemandC) More Goods, Lower Prices D) Fewer Goods, Higher Prices该题目中，A)泛指经济规律，面过宽；C)和D)只是供需规则的两个单独的方面，面太窄；B)是正确答案，因为这正是该段自始自终谈论的主题。3）要学会借助对文章的结构了解来把握中心思想。主题句常常位于段首或段尾处，有时也出现在段落中间。同样，一篇文章的中心思想也常常在开始段或结尾段点出。例一. English is clearly an international language. It is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. Over 70 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English.例二. Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.例三.For adults a cold is not that serious. However, this is not the case for children. Cold symptoms in children may be signs of more serious diseases and should be given prompt medical attention.主题思想类题型的提问方式：1. The main idea of this passage is _,2. The passage is mainly about _.3. This passage deals mainly with _.4. The best title of this passage is _.5. What would be the most appropriate title for this passage?二如何找主要事实或特定细节在通读全文的过程中，要特别注意涉及who, what, when, where和why等问题的内容。一般来说，阅读测试中要求找出主要事实或特定细节的问题，在文章中均可以找到回答。但是要特别注意的是，这些问题的表述常常不是采用文章中的原话，而是使用同义的词语来进行提问。此外，在回答此类问题时，切勿脱离文章中的内容而根据自己的想象来选择答案。1） 当问及时间，年代，距离等用数字表示的细节时，有时有必要进行一定的推算。2） 当问题要求对某一事实作出正误判断或询问文中是否提到某一事实时，应先把所给的选择项大体看一下，做到心中有数。然后根据选择项中提供的线索，迅速找到文章中相应的部分，细读一下有关的内容。注意，在回答Not True之类问题时，必须逐项找出须肯定的内容，方可确定要否定的内容。3） 注意文章或段落的结构安排。说明主题的细节通常采用以下几种方式排列：简单例举、按时间重要性排列、时间顺序、空间关系、因果关系、对比关系等。例如：In 776 BC the first Olympic Games were held at the foot of Mount Olympus to honor the Greeks chief god, Zeus. The Greeks emphasized physical fitness and strength in their education of youth. Therefore, contests in running, jumping, discus and javelin throwing, boxing, and horse and chariot racing were held in individual cities, and the winners competed every four years at Mount Olympus. Winners were greatly honored by having olive wreaths(橄榄枝叶圈)placed on their heads and having poems sung about their deeds. Originally these were held as games of friendship, and any wars in progress were halted to allow the games to take place.Which of the following is Not True?A) Winners placed olive wreaths on their own heads.B) The games were held in Greece every four years.C) Battles were interrupted to participate in the games.D) Poems glorified the winners in song.选项A)中的主要内容与winners有关，迅速在文中查找与winners有关的句子，文中说到：Winners were greatly honored by having olive wreaths(橄榄枝叶圈)placed on their heads and having poems sung about their deeds.也就是说，他人为获胜者带上橄榄枝叶圈，而不是获胜者自己为自己戴上，由此可以断定选项A)不正确。4) 在文章中，为避免重复提及某一词或短语，常常使用指代词来代替。在寻找细节时，须准确理解被指代的对象。通常，我们可根据上下文的句子结构，主谓一致关系及语义关系等来确定所指代的内容。例：Scott Fitzgerald, who first introduced him to a publisher, was one of the few contemporary writers that Hemingway did not turn against. 文中him 若指的是主语Scott Fitzgerald，则应该用反身代词himself, 而不能用him, 因此这里只能指后文的Hemingway。 The basketball team never lacked vociferous supporters, but they rarely responded to this show of enthusiasm. 文中“they”若是指高声呼叫的支持者，则与后面的意思（对这种热情很少作出响应）不合。因此they 只能指球队队员。事实细节题型的提问方式：1. Which of the following statements is (not) true (correct)?2. Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?3. All of the following are true except 4. According to the passage, when/where/why/how/who/what/which, etc ?三如何进行判断和推理1) 阅读时，我们有时需对文章中阐述的事实或细节，按照逻辑发展的规律，进行分析和概括，并以此为依据得出结论。这一过程可以称之为“判断”。例：The male and female mosquitoes make an odd couple. The female is a vampire and lives on blood. The male is a vegetarian that sips nectar and plant juices. Females of different species choose different hosts on which to dine. Some feed exclusively on cattle, horses, birds, and other warm-blooded creatures. Some favor cold-blooded animals. Still others prefer man. 根据文中The male is a vegetarian that sips nectar and plant juices.可以得出结论：雄蚊相对得说对人类无害。根据文中The female is a vampire and lives on blood. Some feed exclusively onStill others prefer man.可以得出结论：雌蚊对多数动物构成威胁。2) 推理就是以已知的事实为依据，来获取未知的信息。我们要善于利用文章中明确表示的内容，进行正确的推理，以挖掘作者的隐含意思。要求进行推理的问题，在文中均找不到直接答案。例1)：Like other opinions about the situation, Burkes predictably, and sensibly, forecasts a rise in unemployment among the young.从此句可以退出：1）说话者同意Burke的关于年轻人失业现象要增多的看法（根据predictably, and sensibly）；2）Burke不是唯一持这种看法的人（根据Like other opinions）例2)：In 1980, Canada announced strict additional limits on ownership of energy companies by foreign institutions and individuals. Since these may no longer own more than 50 percent of such companies, sources of capital for these corporations are now sharply restricted.A) Before 1980, foreigners were allowed to own a majority of shares in Canadian energy companies.B) Canadas 1980 limitations on energy-company ownership have caused some problems for these enterprises.C) After 1980, foreigners may not own a majority share in a Canadian company.D) Before 1980, there were no limitations on foreign individuals owning Canadian energy companies.选择项A)符合题意，因为文中谈到这一限制是80年宣布的，据此可以推断80年前尚无此规定。选择项B)也符合题意，因文中谈到这些企业资金来源将受到限制，据此可以推断该限制将会给这些企业带来问题。C)项不符合题意，因文中指的是energy companies，而不是所有的公司。D)项也不符合题意，因为文中谈到80年宣布的是additional limits，据此可以断定在此以前已有其它限制。判断推理题型的提问方式：1. The writer/author/passage implies/suggest that _.2. It can be inferred from the passage that _.3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?4. It can be concluded from the passage that _.5. We may conclude from the passage that _.四如何确定作者的观点与态度1） 有时，作者先介绍了一种观点，却接着在后面提出了相反的观点。要注意文章中所陈述的内容并非都代表了作者的观点。例1) Professor Bakers publisher has stated that this new book will soon take the place of all the old standard works in this field; in view, however, of both the style and content of Professor Bakers book, I find this claim most difficult to accept.例2) When I first opened the package containing a copy of Professor Bakers latest book and read its title, I must admit I felt a sudden sinking of the heart; yet once I had gathered courage to begin my reading, I found the work so far beyond my wildest hopes that I actually missed supper rather than put the volume down unfinished. 在例1)中，作者在前面引用了出版者的赞扬之辞，而后接着表明难以接受此说法，说明他对此书持否定态度。在例2)中，作者先说刚看到此书书名时很失望，然后用“yet”表示转折，以至到最后爱不释手，表明他赞许此书。2）有时，作者通过使用词汇的手段，暗示了自己对文中某一具体问题所持的态度和观点。例: It is true that city-dwellers and suburbanites can enjoy certain facilities that may be denied to the inhabitants of small towns. What they miss, however, far outweighs such advantages, which, in any case, the vast majority rarely has the time or energy to take advantage of. 在该段中，作者在谈到城市生活的方便时用了certain “某些”一词，以表示其有限性，并用“may be denied to the inhabitants of small towns.”(小城镇的居民也许没有)来表示不肯定。然而在谈论到城市生活所失去的东西时用了“far outweighs such advantages”（大大超过了这些好处）来加以强调。可见，作者在本段是赞同小城镇生活的。阅读方法介绍议论文议论文的目的是对某个问题或某种观点进行议论或评论，以便说服读者接受自己的观点。议论文的应用范围十分广泛，该文体要求论点明确，论据充分有力，论证严密。议论文的写作手法，基本上与说明文相似。后者在于说明，前者在于解释，而解释的目的也在于说服。两种最常用的论证手法：1） 归纳法。归纳法的特点是从一系列具体的事实概括出一般原理，即从若干个事例归纳出一般道理。We lost our first two basketball games this year by heavy margins. The third game was a tie, but we then lost the next three. Even though we won the last game, we were outplayed in all but the first quarter. We have certainly had a very poor team this year.该段分析了某一篮球队的竞技状况。具体事例是：今年头两场比赛输得很惨，第三场打成平局，随后又连输三场。尽管赢了最后一场，我们这个球队除了最初的四分之一场预赛外全都输了，因此得出结论：今年我们这个球队打得非常糟糕。2） 演绎法。它是由一般原理推出特殊情况下的结论，即从一般到特殊的论证方式。 Some people say that drinking alcohol is evil. This is probably not true. Perhaps they are prejudiced. However, I do agree with people when they say that excessive drinking is evil, because hard drinking not only is bad for ones own health, but often results in the alcoholic doing harm to others. However, drinking alcohol in moderation is not evil. On the one hand, for some diseases drinking alcohol is equal to taking medicine. For example, when you are caught in heavy rain and arrive home shivering, youd better drink a little alcohol to get rid of the cold. On the other hand, when attending an important dinner party you may drink, and sometimes you must drink, because drinking can make social contacts easier. Drinking creates a friendly and lively atmosphere throughout the whole dinner party. Drinking, not hard drinking, can bring laughter and song to your life. 该段一开始指出主题，喝酒不是一种罪恶。作者指出并分析说：过量喝酒是一种罪恶，而适量喝酒并不是一种罪恶。适量喝酒的益处很多。做题思路分析1. I disagreed then as now with many of John Smiths judgments, but always respected him, and this book is a welcome reminder of his big, honest, friendly, stubborn personality.How does the author of this sentence feel about John Smith?A. He dislikes him but agrees w