相似性论文认知隐喻相似性的跨语言研究.doc

相似性论文：认知隐喻相似性的跨语言研究【中文摘要】相似性是隐喻的一个主要方面,同时也是隐喻研究中的一个重要议题。两千多年前,亚里士多德就指出,建构贴切的比喻就是发现相似性,他甚至认为用敏锐的眼光识别隐喻相似性的能力是天才的标志。近年来,随着认知语言学概念隐喻的发展,人们对隐喻相似性产生了新的兴趣。对相似性的探讨逐渐成为隐喻研究的重点课题。隐喻的研究目前已取得较为丰硕的成果,而对于隐喻相似性的专门研究却并不多见。尽管中外学者对隐喻相似性的研究有不同程度的涉及,但侧重点均有所不同,也尚未进行较为深入的研究,隐喻相似性的本质和类型远未取得较为一致的认识。本文在前人所做研究的基础上首先对目前提出的相似性观点、理论以及分类进行系统的整理和评析,然后尝试探索基于相似性的隐喻构建的一般规律及运作机制。在此基础上,本文立足于大量的英汉隐喻实例,归纳出隐喻相似性的基本类型,包括物理相似性、功能相似性、特征相似性、联觉相似性、感觉相似性、动作相似性、结构相似性以及过程相似性。为了证实和解释相似性在隐喻构建中的核心作用和一般规律性,本文从跨语言视角来探索相似性,对相似性在英语和汉语隐喻中表现出的跨语言共性进行研究和总结。在共性的基础上,本文讨论了相似性的跨语言和跨文化差异性及产生的原因。作为相似性共性的进一步延伸,本文最后运用相关理论,探索了相似性在思维及问题解决中的意义。【英文摘要】Similarity is a major aspect of metaphors and an important issue in the study of metaphors. More than two thousand years ago, Aristotle points out that to construct a proper metaphor is to find the similarity in different entities. The ability of finding similarities for sharp eye is the hallmark of genius. In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in similarity in metaphors with the development of conceptual metaphors in cognitive linguistics. The investigation on similarity is becoming the key issue in the study of metaphors. Despite the fact that a great deal of research has been done on metaphors, similarity remains a mystery and very controversial issue.This thesis reviews and analyzes current views, theories and classifications of similarity first. Then it makes attempts to discover the principles and working mechanism underlying the use of metaphors. On the basis of a great number of Chinese and English metaphorical sentences, this thesis attempts to provide a new classification of similarity, which includes physical similarity, characteristic similarity, functional similarity, synaesthetic similarity, sensigenous similarity, action similarity, process similarity and structural similarity. In order to prove and explain the core function and principles of similarity in metaphors, this thesis cross-linguistically explores and summarizes the universalities of similarity in both Chinese metaphors and English metaphors. On the basis of the universalities, the author discusses reasons for the ways in which similarity in metaphors are manifested in the two languages. As an extension of the research of similarity, the author tentatively explores the significance of similarity in metaphorical thinking, analogical thinking and problem solving.【关键词】相似性 隐喻 认知 类比【英文关键词】similarity metaphor cognition analogy【目录】认知隐喻相似性的跨语言研究摘要3-4Abstract4Chapter One Introduction7-101.1 The Background of Similarity in Metaphors71.2 The Motivation of the Study71.3 The Implication of the Study7-81.4 The Organization of the Study8-10Chapter Two Literature Review10-282.1 Major Ideas and Views of Similarity in Metaphors10-202.1.1 The Comparison Theory10-112.1.2 The Interaction Theory11-122.1.3 Similarity Based on Metaphor12-132.1.4 Metaphors Based on Similarity132.1.5 Similarity as the Basis of Name Changing in Metaphors13-142.1.6 Models for judging the Degree of Metaphors14-162.1.7 Similarity Arising from Interaction between the Subject and the Object16-172.1.8 Similarity as Cognitive Prominence17-192.1.9 Similarity from the Motivational Relevancy19-202.2 The Cognitive Basis of Similarity20-222.2.1 Cognitive Prominence202.2.2 Image Schema20-212.2.3 Association21-222.2.4 Imagination222.3 Earlier Classifications of Similarity22-252.3.1 Similarity-based Metaphors and Similarity-creating Metaphors22-232.3.2 Objective Similarity and Subjective Similarity23-242.3.3 Sensorial Similarity and Extra Sensorial Similarity242.3.4 Physical Similarity and Psychological Similarity24-252.4 Summary25-28Chapter Three Similarity in Cognitive Metaphors28-443.1 Similarity as the Basis of Metaphors28-303.1.1 Objectivity and Subjectivity of Similarity28-293.1.2 Similarity Creating Metaphors29-303.2 Construction of Metaphors on the Basis of Similarity30-323.3 A New Classification of Similarity32-443.3.1 Physical Similarity33-363.3.1.1 Shape333.3.1.2 Color33-343.3.1.3 Location34-353.3.1.4 Sound35-363.3.2 Characteristic Similarity36-383.3.3 Functional Similarity38-393.3.4 Synaesthetic Similarity39-403.3.5 Sensigenous Similarity40-413.3.6 Action Similarity41-423.3.7 Structural Similarity423.3.8 Process Similarity42-44Chapter Four Cross-Linguistic Perspective of Similarity44-554.1 Universality of Similarity44-484.1.1 Vehicle as a Trigger44-454.1.2 More Types of Similarity More Metaphorical45-464.1.3 Many Source Domains to Describe One Thing46-484.1.4 Non-arbitrariness and Abstractness of Similarity484.2 Motivation for Universality of Similarity48-494.3 Relativity of Similarity in Metaphors49-524.3.1 Using Names of Historical People as Vehicle504.3.2 Culture-specific Characteristics50-514.3.3 Similarity Related to Different Social Phenomena51-524.4 Reasons Resulting in Differences of Similarity in Metaphors52-554.4.1 Cultural and Historical Differences52-534.4.2 Knowledge Structure53-55Chapter Five Similarity and Thinking55-595.1 Metaphorical Thinking55-565.2 Analogical Thinking5