必修五第三单元语法经典荟萃.doc

Module 3 Adventure in Literature and the CinemaGrammar :非谓语动词 概述 特征 动词不定式 时态和语态 符号“to”的省略与替代 主动形式表被动意义 时态和语态 动名词 句法功能 复合结构 动名词与不定式作宾语的区别 时态和语态 句法功能分 词 否定式 过去分词与现在分词的区别 现在分词的独立成分 分词的独立成分 一概述：非谓语动词不能单独作谓语，但同时仍保留动词某些特征，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化，还可以有自己的宾语、状语等。它相当于“n, adj, adv”；能作谓语之外的其他句子成分。 作 用种 类主 语宾 语表 语定 语状 语补 语不定式 动名词分词二动词不定式：一种是带to ,一种是省略to的不定式，又称动词原形。（一）特征1.及物动词的不定式可以跟宾语。eg: I like to read detective stories.2.可以被状语修饰：eg: He asked me to say my name aloud.3.没有人称和数的变化：eg: She likes to play the piano.4.逻辑主语用for 或of 结构引出。eg: It is important for us to learn English well.5.否定式前加“not”或“never”eg: He decided not to be late again.He promised never to make such a stupid mistake.（二）时态和语态：四种时态：一般时、 完成时、 进行时、完成进行时。以do为例：时 语 态 态主 动 式被 动 式意 义一 般 时to do to be done 与谓语同时或在谓语动词之后发生 完 成 时to have doneto have been done先于谓语动词发生 进 行 时to be doing 谓语动词发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行 完成进行时to have been doing先于谓语动词的动作发生而又延续到谓语动词的动作发生时仍在进行eg: I want to visit my uncle tomorrow. Robert is said to have studied abroad. He seems to be worrying about something.=(It seems that he is worrying about something.) He is said to have been working there for more than twenty years.注：1.若谓语为表示“愿意、打算、意图”的动词。如hope , think, want, plan, expect, mean , intend等时，其后可以跟不定式的完成时，表示“本来想要或打算做某事，而实际上未能实现”。eg: We meant to have stopped him from doing such a thing. I had hoped to meet him this morning. 2.“meanintend 的过去时 + 不定式的一般时”也能表示未实现的愿望（三）动词不定式的句法功能：（adv. adj. n.）1.作主语：相当于n. 或pron. 的作用。eg: To see is to believe.注：作主语常用“it”作形式主语，把动词不定式放在后面eg: It would be best to tell her the truth.2.作宾语：（1）作某些及物动词的宾语。eg: He wanted to go with you.(2) 作介词的宾语：一般前加上特殊疑问词，但在介词but, except, besides, than 等表示“除了。”之意的词后除外。若有实义动词“do”时，常用无“to “的不定式作宾语。eg: What do you like to do besides swim? He did nothing else than laugh. He was not able to do anything but except wait. 若but, except等介词前没有实义动词do, 而是其它动词，则butexcept 等词后要接“to”的动词不定式eg: He has no choice but to give in. It has no effect except to make him angry.3.作表语eg: His job is to teach English.4.作定语:须放在被修饰的名词或代词的后面。eg: He said he had an important meeting to attend.(1)不定式和它修饰的词之间有动宾关系。eg: Have you got anything to do this evening?注：如果不定式是不及物动词，其后应有相应的介词。eg: He has a comfortable house to live in. Here is some paper for you to write on.(2)不定式与被修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系eg: She is always the first (person) to come and the last to leave. 5.作宾语补足语：有的动词后跟带“to”的不定式作宾语，有的跟省略“to”的不定式作宾补。eg: I told him to join the club.These pictures made me think of my childhood.注：在感官动词、使役动词后跟省“to”的动词不定式作宾语补足语6作状语作目的状语eg: She gave him some money to let him leave at once.注：不定式作目的状语也常用在in order (not )to do 或 so as (not) to do 结构中，但so as (not) to do 结构不用在句首。eg: In order to fetch wood ,villagers had to walk many kilometers.作结果状语eg: It seems that the employee didnt sleep at all to be so sleepy in the early morning.注：1.作结果状语，常用于下列搭配：so.as to do sth ; such. as to do sth ; enough to do sth ; tooto do stheg: We have got so plenty of food as to treat our guests.2.作结果状语时，有时在不定式前加上only，表出乎意料的结果。eg: She hurried to the station only to be told the train had gone.3. 作原因状语：表示喜怒哀乐的某些形容词作表语，后跟不定式表原因。eg: I am glad to see you again.4.作条件状语eg: To turn the left, you could find a post office.7.特殊疑问词+ 不定式结构用法（1）在句中起名词作用，可充当主、宾、表等。eg: I dont know what to say.(2) why (not) do .?“为什么（不）。？”不使用不定式符号“to “eg: Why not try again? Why turn off the gas?注： why do sth.?常表示做某事没意义、没必要、有责备的口吻； why not do sth?=why dont you do sth” 常表示建议。8.不定式的独立成分：这种不定式独立句子之外，表示说话人的态度、语气等，又称为评论性动词不定式或独立不定式。eg: To take all things into consideration , her life is a happy one.注：（1）通常不定式在句中作状语，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，但评论性动词不定式无此限制，故称独立不定式。（2）常用独立成分的不定式有：to tell you the truth ; to be honest : to speak frankly ; to be frank ； to put it briefly ; to (start) begin with ; to take all things into consideration ; to make things worse;9. 动词不定式的复合结构：“for of + n. pron. + 不定式” 构成不定式的复合结构，这里的n. 或pron. 用来说明不定式的动作是谁做的，也就是不定式逻辑上的主语。这种复合结构在句中可做多种成分。eg: Its common for leaves to fall from the trees in autumn. Its for you to decide.注：It is was + adj + for sb to do sth. It is was +adj + of sb. To do sth.若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则用“of” ; 侧重于事用”for”eg: Its kind of you (You are kind ) to help me with my English. Its impossible for him to arrive within half an hour.（四）动词不定式符号“to”的省略与替代1.不带to 的不定式作宾补2.用来诠释do 的含义的不定式作表语可用不带to 的不定式eg: All that I can do is (to ) wait。3.下列固定词组或短语之后要跟不带“to”的不定式。 had better had best . 最好 would rather .(than)Would sooner (than) 宁愿。（也不）Would rather than cant help but Cant but 不得不。只得。cant choose but do nothing but do sth. 只好做某事 have nothing to do but do sth只能做某事 why do not do sth? may might as well 不妨， 还是。的好 do no more than 仅仅eg: We could not but weep at our bad luck. Its raining hard. I cant help but stay at home He would rather die than give in We may as well go and have a look I do no more than finish the work.4.不定式符号的替代作用：为了避免重复前面已出现的动词，可以用不定式符号来代替不定式结构，在一些习惯性用法中，可以保留“to”，也可以不要“to”eg: I shall go if you wish me to If you wish want like (to ), I would like to treat you to tea this evening . You shouldnt come in unless asked (to )注：若不定式符号“to” 后是be或 have （做“有”解）， 需保留。eg:- Are you a engineer? - No, but I used to be.(五) 不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。1不定式作定语与被修饰的名词构成动宾关系，且与句中的另一个名词或代词有主谓关系时 eg: I ll give you a book to read.2在“be + 性质形容词 + 不定式”结构中eg: This question is not easy to answer.3不定式与特殊疑问词连用eg: I dont know what to do next?4某些动词的不定式与be 连用时：to blame , to seek, to let （出租等）eg: This house is to let.5there be 句型中不定式修饰主语时，用主动形式或被动式均可eg: There is a lot of work to do to be done.注：句中的不定式有逻辑主语时，则只用主动语态eg: There is nothing for me to do today.三动名词（一）时态和语态语态时态 主 动被 动一般时teachingbeing taught完成时having taughthaving been taught1.动名词的一般时表示的动作，发生在谓语动词表示的动作的同时或在谓语动词之后。eg: We dont allow smoking here.2.动名词的完成时表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前eg: They forget having read the novel.3.被动语态的动名词表示被动的意义。eg: He likes being helped.注：动名词的语态取决于动名词与逻辑主语之间的关系。动名词动作的发出者是逻辑主语时，则用动名词的主动语态；若动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作的承受者时，则用动名词的被动语态。eg: Thank you for coming He escaped being killed in the battle.4.动名词的否定式：not + v-ingeg: Trying without success is better than not trying at all I have no excuse for not going .（二） 动名词的句法功能1.作主语：单个的动名词、动名词短语作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。eg: Reading is important in learning English.注：动名词做主语，常用形式主语“it”，把正真的主语放到句末。eg: Its nice talking with you.动名词作主语，表示一般或抽象的多次性行为；不定式作主语常表示具体的一次性的动作。eg: Playing with fire is dangerous. (泛指玩火) To play with fire will be dangerous. (指一具体的动作) 常用动名词做主语的句型。（1） a waste (of time money) It is was hardly any /no (little) good use + v-ing worthwhile worth ones while no sense in （没意义） no point in （没意义） +v-ing(2) There is was no use good (in) （没用处）nothing worse than (没有比。更糟的)动名词还可用于简略语中，与“no”连用，表示禁止。 No parking ! No smoking !3.作宾语：可作动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。（1）英语中有很多的动词后只跟动名词作宾语：如advise, consider, admit, appreciate, mind , avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, deny, enjoy, keep(on), practice, resist, escape , risk , put off, explain, quit(停止)， tolerate, pardon, allow, forbid, miss (错过)， suggest, advise, recommend, finish, envy, cant help(2) 有一类动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语；如果后面跟名词、代词加宾补， 则宾补用不定式这类常见的可记忆为“阿福的帽子”:FUS CAP : allow, forbid, understand, suppose, consider, advise, permittedeg: We dont allow using mobile phone here. We dont allow him to use mobile phone here. He is not allowed to use mobile phone here.(3) “动词+ 介词”构成的短语，其后往往跟动名词作宾语。尤其是含有介词“to “的动名词短语；常见的有：be used to 习惯于， devote oneself to 致力于； lead to导致； see to注意，处理 pay attention to； get down to ； stick to; get accustomed to ; look forward to (4) “what how about + v-ing” 常用来征询意见，意为“。怎么样？eg: What about going on a picnic?4.作定语：常置于名词前作定语，表示被修饰的名词的用途或性能eg: a swimming pool-a pool for swimming a waiting room - a room for waiting(三) 动名词的复合结构：动名词的前面可以有自己的逻辑主语构成动名词的复合结构。其结构由物主代词或人称代词（宾语）、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成, 在句子开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词。eg: Toms doing sth 可作主、宾、表His doing sth Tom doing sth 可作主、表 Him doing sth（四）动名词与动词不定式作宾语的区别1.有些动词既可用动名词有可用不定式作宾语，二者差别不大eg: He started crying (to cry )注：begin、start 在下列三种情况下通常用不定式，不用动名词。 主语是无生命之物时：eg: Snow began to melt. 当 begin 、start用于进行时eg: He is beginning to study English. 当begin、start后面的动词是表示心理状态的词时eg: I began to believe his story.( wonder, understand, know)2. like, love, hate等词后跟不定式和动名词的含义略有不同。当不定式作宾语时，表示特定的、有待于作的动作；用动名词作宾语，则表示一般的行为或正在进行的行为。eg: I like reading , but I dont like to read today.注:在 would like / love/prefer 等后面，通常要用动词不定式。3.有些动词后跟不定式与动名词的意义差别较大，高考出现频率较大： forget to do sth remember to do sth doing sth doing sthregret to do sth stop to do sth doing sth doing sth mean to do sth try to do sth (努力 试图做sth) doing sth doing sth (尝试做某事) go on to do sth cant help to do sth doing sth （with sth） doing sth 注：remember, forget, regret 后跟 doing 与跟having done 的意思一样。四 .分词分词有两种：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示正在进行的、主动的动作；过去分词表示已经完成的、被动的动作。分词在句子中起形容词或副词的作用，可作定、状、表、补。（一）分词的时态和语态 动 词形 式及物动词（do为例）不及物动词（go为例）主动被动主动现在分词一般时doing being done going 完成时having done having been donehaving gone过去分词 donegone1.现在分词有一般时和完成时两种：一般时表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或正在进行的行为；完成时(having + done)表示在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的动作。eg: Being a student , he was interested in this book.Having lived there for 3 years, he knows the way very well .2. 现在分词有主动语态和被动语态两种。当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时，分词用被动语态；如果要强调分词的动作先于谓语的动作而发生，就用分词完成时的被动形式。 过去分词表示在谓语动词的动作之前发生的动作，本身有被动的含义，只有一般式，没有完成式。eg: The question being discussed is important. Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. Fires caused by the earthquake did the most damage.（二）分词的句法功能1作定语：单个分词作定语时，常放在被修饰词的前面；分词短语作定语时，一般放在被修饰词之后。eg: Do you know the man sitting there? I bought some painted chairs.注：（1）分词修饰something, everything, anything, nothing , nobody 等不定代词或指示代词those时，要放在这些词后面。eg: There is nothing interesting in his story. He is one oF those invited.(2) 现在分词的一般式的被动式表示一个正在进行的被动的动作；过去分词表示已完成的被动动作；不定式的被动式表示将要进行的被动动作。eg: The meeting being held now is of great importance. The meeting held yesterday was of great importance. The meeting to be held tomorrow is of importance. (3)现在分词与被修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系；动名词用来说明被修饰的名词的用途或类别。eg: a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleepinga sleeping bag = a bag for sleeping(4) 现在分词的完成形式一般不作定语；若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。但非限定性的完成式作定语或所修饰的词是泛指关系时，则没有这个限制。eg: The girl having won the race is my desk mate .( X ) 是错误的 The girl who had won the race is my desk mate .( V ) 是正确的 Anyone having passed the test has got a prize. ( V ) 是正确的2. 作状语：可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随等。（1）时间状语eg: Arriving in Paris, I lost my way.(2)原因状语：一般位于句首。eg: Having smoked too much, he has suffered from lung cancer.(3)结果状语：通常用现在分词的一般式表示结果，常常位于句尾。eg: Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular sport.注：不定式和v-ing 形式都可作结果状语；不定式往往表示出乎意料之外的结果，而v-ing形式往往与主句有因果关系，主句表原因；v-ing 表结果。（4）方式、伴随状语：句首、中、尾eg: The hunter walked slowly in the forest , followed by a dog.(5)条件状语：一般位于句首eg: Given more time and money, we would have done the work better.(6)让步状语eg: Knowing all this, I still wanted to see it for myself.(7)程度状语：常译为“很，非常，极度”，如果换为“very”句意并无改变，只是语气弱了点。Eg: its burning hot today.(8)评论性状语：有些惯用的v-ing形式在句子里可以没有逻辑主语而独立存在，他们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句；表明说话者的态度、观点等，我们称这种成分为评论性状语或评注性状语。常用的有：Generally speaking , strictly speaking, roughly speaking(大致来说)， broadly speaking, narrowly speaking, judging from by， considering(考虑到)， supposing (如果)， providing(如果 )eg: Judging from her accent, he must come from China .注：分词作状语时，可以根据需要在其前面加上when, while, before, 等表示特殊的含义；但as后不能加v-ing形式。eg: Dont talk while having dinner.3.作表语：分词作表语时表示主语的某种性质或状态。eg: What you said is really inspiring.注：有些表示位置移动的不及物动词的-ed形式也可作表语，表示状态。eg: Spring is gone and summer is come.4.做宾补：现在分词可以再see, hear, notice, watch, feel ,smell , look at, listen to , observe, find等表示感官动词后面以及have, get, leave, keep ,let等使役动词后面作宾语补足语，和宾语一起构成复合宾语，而过去分词做宾补，说明的宾语的状态或性质与宾语一起构成复合宾语。此时它前面的宾语就是其逻辑主语。eg: We saw the teacher making the experiment .I found myself lost and couldnt sense the right direction.注：（1）在see, hear, watch, feel, observe, have, listen to, notice等动词后，即可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可以用省略to的不定式构成复合宾语。用现在分词表示动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束）， 用不定式表示动作发生了（即动作全过程结束了）。eg: I saw the girl getting on the tractor. get on the tractor and drive off.(2)“have+ 宾+ 现在分词”表示主体使客体一直做某事，“have + 宾+ 过去分词”表示动作是别人做的。eg: You shouldnt have the boy standing out all the morning. I must go town to have my computer repaired.记忆诀窍 后面既可接省to的不定式有可接现在分词作宾补得动词一感：feel 二听：hear, listen to, 三让：make, let, have四看： see, watch, notice, observe(三) 分词的否定式：由“not + 分词” 构成eg: Having not received his letter for a