自由民主的澳大利亚Australia_as_a_Liberal_Democratic_Society.ppt

australiaasaliberaldemocraticsociety differentperspectivespoliticalsystemtherelationshipbetweenpoliticsandeconomicspoliticaleconomyinthe21stcenturycurrentdifferencesofperspectives australia introduction differentperspectives commitmenttodifference澳大利亚人承认相互差异 differentperspectives debate differentparties results theformationoftheaustralianpoliticalsystem theformationoftheaustralianpoliticalsystem washminsterformofpolity amixtureofuswashingtonsystemofgovernmentandthebritish westminstersystem a washminster formofpolity washminster washington westminster thecomparisonandcontrastbetweenukandaustalia queenprimeministerukparliamenttwohousescabinet governor generalprimeministeraustralianparliamenttwohousescabinet governor generalinaustralia quentinalicelouisebryce thegovernment three tiersystem1 theaustralianparliamentatfederallevel2 sixstategovernments3 about900localgovernmentbodies 澳大利亚议会权力中心 theprimeminsterandhiscabinet politicalsystem 1 constitutionalmonarchyvsrepublicanism2 parliamentarysystemvspresidentialsystem3 unitarystatevsfederalstate constitutionalmonarchyvsrepublicanism constitutionalmonarchy 君主立宪制themonarchhasthesupremepowerinthecountry republicanism 民主共和制thesupremepowerisinvestedinthepeople parliamentarysystemvspresidentialsystem parliamentarysystem 议会制theexecutivebranchofgovernmentisdependentonthedirectorindirectsupportofthelegislativebranch presidentialsystem 总统制theexecutivebranchiselectedseparatelyfromthelegislative unitarystatevsfederalstate unitarystate 单一制国家thelocalgovernmentissubordinatetothecentralgovernment federalstate 联邦制国家theself governingstatusofthecomponentstatesisconstitutionallyentrenched保证andmaynotbealteredbyaunilateraldecisionofthecentralgovernment politicalsystem politicalsysteminaustralia australiaisaconstitutionalmonarchy parliamentarydemocracy federalstate theaustraliaconstitution theaustraliaconstitutioncameintoeffectwhenthesixcoloniesfederatedtoformthecommonwealthofaustraliain1901 theconstitutioncanonlybechangedbyreferendum onlythemajorityofthevotersandthemajorityofstatesapproved theconstitutioncanformallybealteredbythehighcourtofaustralia thelegislativebranch theaustralianfederalparliamentconsistsof1 thequeen governor general 2 thesenate3 thehouseofrepresentatives thesenate theupperhouse anelectedhouse equalmembersofsenatorsfromeachstate senatorsfromthestates six yeartermsenatorsfromtheterritories three yearterm thehouseofrepresentativesthelowerhouse anelectedhouse seatsaredividedaccordingtopopulation electionsareheldeverythreeyears theparliament twohousesthehouseofrepresentative orthelowerhousethesenate ortheupperhouseifthereisdisagreementbetweenthehouseofrepresentativeandthesenate thenthegovernor generalcancalla doubledissolution 双解散 bothhouseofparliamentarestooddownandthereisanearlygeneralelection themajorpoliticalparties theaustralianlaborparty oldest theliberalpartynationalparty国家党eachpartysetsoutapartyprogramme asetofprinciplesandpoliciesthatalignwiththoseprinciples citizensultimatelycontrolthegovernmentthroughtheelectoralsystem thesystem sadvantages thedifferencebetweenthetwopartyprogrammesmeansthatcitizenscanchoose ateachelection whichsetofpoliciestheywouldprefertobeenactedoverthefollowingthreeyearsofgovernment juliagillard thesystem sadvantages thesystemsecurestransparencyandthusaccountability citizenscanexerttheirpowerbetweenelectionsthroughtheirmembershipofmajorinterestgroups thesystem sadvantages pluralismprovidesforareadymadealternativegovernmentasthemajoroppositionpartycomprisesnotonlyback benchers后座议员 即普通议员 butalso shadowministers anda shadowcabinet whoaresufficientlyinformedaboutcurrentaspectsoftheirshadowportfolios部长职fortheoppositiontobecompetenttotakeovershouldanygovernmentcollapse k l ps thesystemofcompulsory however thereisnolawsayingthatcitizenscannotspoiltheirvotesocastingavoteperse p sei si 本身isnotcompulsory ateachelectionallcitizensofvotingage over18years mustattendtheirlocalelectoralstation therelationshipbetweentheeconomicandpoliticalsphere pincipleofliberalsystemtheeconomythecontrolofthegovernmentthedecreasingofthecontrol government market free intervention freemarket system people people people people people people people people iron nickle agriculture foundation economy hhhhh longwoolboom 1820s 1830s goldrush 1850s governmentcontrol duringthelastdecadesof19thcenturytothepostworldwar period domesticinfranstructures 基础设施 inpeople slife education railway sewerageworks 污水处理厂 communications hhhh hhhh hhhhhh hhhhhh internationaltariffprotection 关税 harvesterjudgement arbitrationsystem whiteaustraliapolicy labourmigrationprogrammes no tariff unemploymentlevelsroseconsiderably unemployment thedismentalingofthegovernment sinvolvementintheeconomy tariffrates loweringtheforeignexchangemarketswerederegulated解除管制 reducingtheabc sdependenceupongovernmentfunding abc australianbroadcastingcorporation theaustralianpoliticaleconomyinthe21stcentury isthelossofthe socialcapital anecessarycost socialcapital thepublicspendingoneducation healthandthepublicbroadcaster differentopinions thecoalition labourparty economicrationalism shouldmakeanbalancedbudget economicmanagerialism focusmoreonthebalancebetweensocialandeconomicaspectsofaustralianlife labourgovernmenttime majorfactorsaffectedaustralianpolitics thegovernmentwasreturnedonitspromisestorevoke撤回someofthetransfersofpowerawayfromtheworkers economiesaroundtheworldexperiencedtheg f c theglobalfinancialcrisis governmentaroundtheworldhavehadtoconsidertheconsequencesofclimatechange acontinuedmilitaryanddiplomaticcommitmenttotheusabutalsoanextensionofcommitmenttootherpoliticaleconomies especiallythoseintheasian pacificregion mademajorgovernmentinvestmentsineducation health communicationandtheenvironment tocounteracttheeffectsofboththeg f c andofenvironmentalpollution thegovernmenthasincreaseditsroleinthemarketespeciallythelabormarket indebt maketheminingcorporationspayhighertaxesontheirprofits controversies