2012年职称英语复习资料.doc

2012年职称英语复习资料：不定式用法1. 不定式的用法1.1 不定式作主语不定式作主语，往往用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。例如：Its so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。 Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。 Its very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。 但是，用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is to的句型。另外，这样的句子，不能用动名词作表语。例如： （对）To teach is to learn. （错）It is to learn to teach. （错）To teach is learning. （错）Teaching is to learn. 典型例题 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on 答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于形容词+动词不定式结构的末尾。 1.1.1 不定式做主语 Its for sb/Its of sb to do sth 这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。 1）for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy， hard， difficult， interesting， impossible等：例如： Its very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 2）of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good， kind， nice， clever， foolish， right.例如： Its very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。 1.2 不定式作宾语 1） 有些及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为动词+不定式。例如： afford aim agree arrange ask decide bother care choose demand desire determine elect endeavor hope fail help learn long 渴望 mean manage offer plan pretend refuse tend undertake expect hate intend 例如：The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我。 2）有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语，还用不定式作补语，即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如： ask choose expect help beg intend like/love need prefer prepare want wish 例如：I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。 3） 有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。例如： decide know consider forget learn remember show, wonder find out tell inquire explain 例如：Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I dont know which to buy. 有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 1.3 不定式作表语 不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如： My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。 His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。 1.4 不定式作定语 不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。例如： I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做。 There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上（他回家时）两手空空。 1.5 不定式作状语 1）目的状语 常用结构为to do ， only to do（仅仅为了）， in order to do， so as to do， so（such） as to（如此以便）。例如： He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。 2）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。 I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。 He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间，没发现什么。 3）表原因 Im glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。 She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。 4）表示理由和条件 He must be a fool to say so. You will do well to speak more carefully. 1.6 不定式作补语 1） 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如： 动词 宾语 不定式 He reminded me to buy some eggs. THAT-从句 He reminded me that I had to buy some eggs. advise allow cause challenge command compel drive 驱使 enable encourage forbid force impel induce instruct invite like/love order permit make let have want get warn persuade request send tell train urge 例如；Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。 注意：有些动词如make，have，get，want等可用不定式作做宾补，也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。 2） 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是be，不定式一般可以省去。例如： consider find believe think declare（声称） appoint guess fancy（设想） guess judge imagine know 例如：We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。（to be 不能省去） 典型例题 Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案：C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构，也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构，排除A、B、D.consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时，一般要求用不定式的完成式，故选C. 3） 有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构。例如： believe expect intend like love mean prefer want wish understand 例如：We didnt expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。 You wouldnt want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。 1.7 动词不定式的否定式 在不定式标志to前加上not.例如： Tell him not to shut the window.让他别关窗。 She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。 典型例题 1）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案：A warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never. 2）The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 答案：A not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有宾语，因此也B，D不对。 2. 省略不定式符号“to”的情况 1） 情态动词 （ 除ought 外） 后。 She cant speak to you. He should give her some money. Shall I talk to him? Would you like a cup of coffee? I might stay another night in the hotel. They must leave before 10.00 a.m. 2） 使役动词 let， have， make后，感官动词 see， watch， look at， notice ， observe， hear， listen to， smell， feel， find 等后。 注意：被动语态中不能省去to.例如： I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。 =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。 =They were made to work the whole night. He saw her fall from the cliff. We heard them close the door. They saw us walk toward the lake. She felt the spider crawl up her leg. 3） 使役动词 let， have， make后 Her parents let her stay out late. Lets go to the cinema tonight. You made me love you. Dont make me study that boring grammar book! 4） would rather，had better句型后 We had better take some warm clothing. She had better ask him not to come. Youd better not smile at a crocodile! We had better reserve a room in the hotel. Youd better give me your address. They had better work harder on their grammar! 5） Why / why no句型后 6） help 后可带to，也可不带to， help sb （to） do sth： 7） but和except后。but前是实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to. 比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。 He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药，他什么都信。 8） 由and， or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去： 9） 通常在discover， imagine， suppose， think等词后作宾补时，可以省去to be.例如： He is supposed （to be） nice. 他应该是个好人。 典型例题 1） I usually go there by train. - Why not _ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D. 2） Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。 3. 不定式的时态和语态 1） 一般式表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后，例如： He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。 I hope to see you again. = I hope that Ill see you again. 我希望再见到你。 2） 完成式：完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，比如to have broken， to have seen， to have saved. 例如： Someone must have broken the window and climbed in. I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India. He pretended to have seen the film. If Id seen the ball I would have caught it. 3） 进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如： Id really like to be swimming in a nice cool pool right now. You must be joking! I happened to be waiting for the bus when the accident happened. 4） 完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候： （to） have been + 现在分词 例如： to have been crying to have been waiting to have been painting The woman seemed to have been crying. You must have been waiting for hours! He pretended to have been painting all day. 5） 不定式的被动语态： （to） be + 被动式， 例如 to be given， to be shut， to be opened 例如： I am expecting to be given a pay-rise next month. These doors should be shut. This window ought to be opened. 4. 不定式的特殊句型4.1 tooto 1）tooto 太以至于。例如： He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。 - Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗? - Well, Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动， 但还是谢谢你。 2）如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为不太.例如： Its never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。（谚语） 3）当too 前面有only， all， but时，意思是：非常 等于very.例如： Im only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。 4.2 so as to 1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do.例如： Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。 2） 表示结果。例如： Would you be so kind as to tell me the time？ 劳驾，现在几点了。 4.3 Why not Why not +动词原形表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：为什么不？ 干吗不？.例如： Why not take a holiday？ 干吗不去度假？2012年职称英语学习资料：The Best Way to Reduce Your WeightThe Best Way to Reduce Your WeightYou hear this：No wonder you are fat. All you ever do is eat. You feel sad：l skip my breakfast and supper. I run every morning and evening. What else can I do？ Basically you can do nothing. Your genes， not your life habits， determine your weight and your body constantly tries to maintain it. Albert Stunkard of the University of Pennsylvania found from experiments that， 80 percent of the children of two obese （肥胖的） parents become obese，as compared with no more than 14 percent of the offspring of two parents of normal weight. How can obese people become normal or even thin through dieting？ Well，dieting can be effective， but the health costs are tremendous. Jules Hirsch， a research physician at Rockefeller University， did a study of eight fat people. They were given a liquid formula providing 600 calories a day.After more than 10 weeks，the subjects lost 45ka on average. But after leaving the hospital，they all regained weight. The results were surprising： by metabolic （新陈代谢的） measurement， fat people who lost large amounts of weight seemed like they were starving. They had psychiatric problems. They dreamed of food or breaking their diet. They were anxious and depressed； some were suicidal. They hid food in their rooms. Researchers wam that it is possible that weight reduction doesnt result In normal weight，but in an abnormal state resembling that of starved non - obese people. Thin people, however, suffer from the opposite: They have to make a great effort to gain weight. Ethan Sims, of the University of Vermont, got prisoners to volunteer to gain weight. In four to six months,they ate as much as they could. They succeeded in increasing their weight by 20 t0 25 percent. But months after the study ended they were back to normal weight and stayed there. This did not mean that people are completely without hope in controlling their weight. It means that those who tend to be fat will have to constantly battle their genetic inheritance if they want to significantly lower their weight. The findings also provide evidence for something scientists thought was true - each person has a comfortable weight range. The range might be as much as 9kg. Someone might weigh 60-69kg without too much effort. But going above or below the natural weight range is difficult. The body resists by feeling hungry or full and changing the metabolism to pusb the weight back to the range it seeks. 36. The first paragraph tells us that our weight is determinede by _. A. Our eating habit B. Our life style C. Our work habit D. Our genes 37. In Jules Hirschs study, the subjects _. A. showed no health problem B. gained weight rapidly C. were all very short D. lived only on liquid food 38. After leaving the hospital, the eight fat people _. A. attempted suicide B. were back to normal weight C. went mad D. followed the advice of Hirschs 39. In Ethan Sims study, the subjects were asked to_. A. stay in prison B. eat as much as they could C. battle their genetic inheritance D. lower their weight 40. Which of the following statements is true? A. Each person wants to eat to his hearts content. B. Each. person has a weight range of 9kg. C. Each person has a natural weight range. D. Each person wants to control his weight.答案及解析：36.D 解析第一段的后面一句话提到Your genes，not your life habits，determine your weight由此可知是你的基因而非生活习惯决定你的体重。37.D解析第三段中说到研究人员给参加实验的八位胖子每天提供只含600卡路里的流质食物。38.B 解析通过第三段But after leaving the hospital，they all regained weight.可以看出他们的体重最终又恢复到原来的状态，所以选B.39.B 解析文章第四段讲研究人员如何让瘦人增加体重。Ethan Sims从犯人中招募志愿者，让他们增加体重的办法就是让他们吃尽可能多的食物。40.C 解析文章最后一段，科学家们的发现证明了他们认为是正确的想法，即each person has a comfortable weight range（体重幅度），这个幅度可能是9公斤，但并非每个人都是同样的幅度，所以可以否定干扰项B.2012年职称英语复习资料：no matter +疑问词的用法no matter +疑问词的用法例析，希望大家都能掌握！no matter意为“不管；无论”，是从属连词，其后常接疑问词what，which，who， whom，where，whose， when，how等，用来引导让步状语从句。从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后。请看其用法： 1.no matter what“无论什么”；no matter which“无论哪一个”。what和which在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语或定语。例如： No matter whathappens，you should stay with me.无论发生什么事情，你都应该和我在一起。（作主语） No matter what problems you have，come to me for help.不管你有什么问题，来找我帮忙好了。（作定语） No matter which method you have been using，today you must do as I tell you.不管你一直使用什么方法，今天你必须按我说的做。（作定语） 2.no matter who“无论谁”，who在从句中作主语或表语。例如： No matter who does it，he should do itwell.无论谁来做这件事，他都应该把它做好。（作主语） No matter who it is，I dont want to see him. 不管是谁，我都不想见。（作表语） 3.no matter whom“无论谁”，whom在从句中作宾语。例如： No matter whom you like，it is none of my business.不管你喜欢谁，都不关我的事。 4.no matter whose“无论谁的”，whose在从句中作定语。例如： No matter whose bag it is，it will be kept until the owner returns.不管这是谁的包，都应该保存到它的主人回来。 5.no matter when“无论什么时候”，nomatter where“无论哪里”，when和where分别在从句中作时间状语和地点状语。例如： No matter when you come，youll be welcome.无论你什么时候来都是受欢迎的。 No matter where you work，you can always find time to study.不管你在哪里工作，你都能找到时间学习。 6.no matter how“无论怎样；无论多么”， how可修饰形容词、副词或动词，在从句中作状语。例如：No matter how difficult the problem is，Ill work it out.无论这道习题有多么难，我都要把它做出来。 No matter how fast he runs，he cant catch up with me.不管他跑得多快，他都追不上我。 I have to get the car fixed no matter how much it costs.无论多贵我都必须把车修好。2012年职称英语复习资料：the+比较级的用法“the+比较级，the+比较级”意为“越越”，表示一方的程度随着另一方的变化而变化，其中的两个the都是副词，而不是冠词。本文拟从以下几个方面对此句式作一浅析，希望能帮助同学们加深理解。 一、对主、从句的理解1.在通常情况下，前一个“the +比较级”相当于比较状语从句，后一个“the + 比较级”为主句。例如： The more I read the book，the more I liked it 这本书我越看越喜欢。 The more difficult the questions are, the less likely he is able to answer them. 问题越难，他回答出来的可能性就越小。 2.有时前一个