0225_李有观_10663______美国的《校车安全条例》.doc

10663 美国的校车安全条例 李有观编译近期以来，我国连续出现令人痛心疾首的重大校车安全事故，目前国内正在就校车安全条例草案公开征求意见，中国校车安全备受关注。下面介绍美国的校车安全条例，该条例从校车的设计、制造和维护，校车司机的培训到运输安全与应急措施等，都有详细的规定。该条例对于国内校车安全管理具有很好的借鉴作用。美国的校车安全条例由美国校车委员会签发。该委员会成员包括：美国校车运输协会、美国各州学生运输服务中心董事协会、蓝鸟集团、IC集团和托马斯客车制造有限公司等。The Guidelines on Pupil Transportation are for use by those responsible for the safe transport of more than 26 million children to and from school each day including school districts, bus companies and pupil transportation officials. The guidelines address transportation safety; emergency preparedness; bus driver qualifications, hiring and training; and health and environmental safety. They meet, and in some cases exceed, federal and state laws, and ensure that school buses are the safest mode of transportation for our nations schoolchildren.校车安全条例的使用对象，是那些负责给每日往返于学校的学生提供安全运输的人，其中包括学区、客车公司以及负责校车运输的行政人员。该条例涉及运输安全,应急措施，校车司机的资格、聘用与培训，卫生与环境安全等，目的是确保校车是中小学生最安全的交通工具。Health and Environmental Safety in School Bus Design and Construction一、校车的设计与制造方面的卫生和环境安全 (一)I. Air Quality一一一空气质量 All operational school buses must comply with pollution emission requirements issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) at the date of manufacture. Federal law mandates that pollution controls be installed on all school bus diesel engines built in 2004 and later. Based on a new U.S. EPA requirement and related industry practice, school buses use ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel or an alternative clean fuel as approved under the Clean Air Act. All newly constructed school buses must meet new smog restriction regulations by reducing soot and smog-causing emissions by 90 and 95 percent, respectively. The American School Bus Council endorses the Clean School Bus USA initiative, the goal of which is to upgrade the nations entire school bus fleet by 2010 to reduce emissions by retrofitting older buses with new emission control technologies, incorporating the use of cleaner fuels, and purchasing new reduced-emissions school buses where funding is available and would not result in reducing the number of students riding the school bus. Because newer school buses generally produce fewer emissions than older buses, school districts should use newer school buses on the most appropriate school bus routes and on school activity trips. School districts should ensure that school bus inspection and maintenance programs monitor school bus exhaust emissions and maximize pollution control performance. States and school districts should develop and implement school bus engine idling reduction policies that limit the amount of time school buses are allowed to idle, particularly in school loading zones, parking lots and elsewhere on school grounds, to reduce emissions.11、所有运营的校车，自制造之日起，必须符合由美国环境保护署（EPA）颁发的污染排放要求。2、联邦法律规定，2004年及以后生产的校车柴油发动机，都要安装污染控制装置。3、按照美国环境保护署的最新规定以及相关的行业惯例，校车要使用超低硫柴油或者经清洁空气法案批准的替代性清洁燃料。4、所有新制造的校车，都必须符合新出台的烟雾限制规定，能够将烟尘和烟雾的排放量分别减少90%和95%。5、按照美国校车委员会签发的校车清洁计划，逐步对全国所有校车进行升级，对旧车进行改造，结合使用全新的限排技术和更清洁的燃料，减少排污量；同时，在经济条件许可且不会导致乘坐校车的学生人数减少的情况下，购置新的减排型校车。6、因为新型校车普遍比旧校车的排放量小，学区应该在绝大部分校车路线和学校活动途中，使用新校车。7、学区应该确保校车的检验与维护过程能够监控到校车的废气排放情况，以最大限度地控制污染。8、各州及学区应该制定和实施限制校车发动机空转的政策，限制校车在学校候车区、停车场或学校操场上的空转时间，以减少污染排放。 （II. Noise二二二）噪音All school buses must meet noise level requirements that prevent passenger compartment noise levels from exceeding 85 decibels, consistent with the advice of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to prevent hearing loss.根据美国职业安全和健康研究所的建议，所有校车必须符合对噪音级别的要求，将车厢内的噪音水平限制在85分贝以下，以防造成学生听力损害。 （三）III. Fuel三三三）00)0燃料School districts should use clean fuels whenever possible to reduce pollution emissions. Clean fuels include clean diesel, bio-diesel, compressed natural gas, propane and hybrid technologies.学区应该使用清洁燃料，尽可能地减少污染排放量。清洁燃料包括清洁柴油、生物柴油、压缩天然气、丙烷以及混合动力技术等。Pupil Transportation Safety: Vehicles and Procedures二、校车运输安全管理与运营Each state, in cooperation with school district administrators and school transportation officials, should develop, document and implement a comprehensive pupil transportation safety program, evaluated annually, to ensure that all school buses are operated and maintained for maximum safety and efficiency.各州都要与学区的管理者以及校车运输的负责人共同合作，制定和实施有关校车运输安全计划。每年进行评估，以确保所有的校车在最安全高效的环境下运行和保养。 (一) I. Identification and Equipment of School Buses一一一一一一校车标识和设备All school buses must be readily identifiable to the public and students, and incorporate the standard markings and color that have become synonymous with school buses. School buses should be:所有校车必须容易被公众和学生识别，校车须具备统一的标志和颜色。校车应该：1、 Painted National School Bus Yellow in accordance with the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Identified by the words “School Bus” in large letters on the front and back of the bus, located between the warning signal lamps. Equipped with a stop signal arm that operates in conjunction with flashing red lights. Equipped with a system of amber and red signal lamps to warn motorists that the bus is stopping or has stopped to pick up or drop off passengers. Equipped with mirrors that allow the driver to see to the rear on both sides of the bus and along the front of the bus. Equipped with multiple emergency exits. Equipped with a fire extinguisher and other safety equipment for use in an emergency.111111111111111111111、分别在校车前面和后面的警告信号灯之间用大字标明“校车”字样；2、配备一个带有停止标志的臂杆，在红灯闪烁时同时使用；3、配备黄色和红色信号灯系统，用以提醒其他驾驶者：校车正在刹车或停车让乘客上下车；4、配备反光镜，使司机可以看到校车两侧前后的情况；5、配备多个紧急出口；6、配备灭火器和其他在紧急情况下可以使用的安全设备。在适当的时候Vehicle enhancements should be considered when appropriate. Some of the currently available options are:考虑增加车辆功能，目前可用的选项是：1、Flashing strobe lights to increase bus visibility in poor visibility conditions.A crossing control arm to ensure that children cross a safe distance in front of the bus.Roof-top identification by numbers or letters.An outside public address system to alert children to dangerous situations.Climate control (air conditioning).Onboard passenger video recording equipment.11、1111111频闪灯，在能见度低的情况下增加汽车的能见度；2、穿越车前控制臂,确保儿童可以在车前安全距离外走过汽车；3、用数字或字母标识车顶；4、对外广播系统，提醒孩子注意危险情况；5、温度控制设备（空调）；6、车载乘客录像设备。在出现可以应用和负担得起As new technologies become available and affordable, they should be considered where appropriate. Some examples of recent developments are:的新技术时，应考虑校车适当采用。一些新技术项目有： Global Positioning System (GPS) vehicle tracking and locating devices. Electronic vehicle recorders for tracking bus movements. Student identification equipment. Hazard awareness or alerting equipment.11111、全球定位系统(GPS)，用于车辆跟踪定位；2、跟踪汽车运行路线的电子录像设备；3、学生识别装置；4、危险预警或报警设备。(II. School Bus Operation Policieser二二)校车运营方针Each state and/or school district should establish and document school bus operating procedures consistent with the following:各州和各学区都应该根据以下几点，以书面形式制定校车运营程序： School districts should develop policies and guidelines concerning emergency procedures and contingency plans in the event of a crash, unexpected school closing or route change. Each state should enact legislation that provides for uniform procedures regarding school buses stopping on public highways for loading and discharging children, and conduct a public education campaign to inform the driving public of such procedures and guidelines. Each state and school bus operator should have policies in place that implement controls on the number of hours per day that a bus driver can operate a school bus. All school bus passengers should be properly seated while the school bus is in motion. Passengers in school buses with seat restraints should wear those restraints whenever the school bus is in motion. Passenger capacity should be managed so that each passenger is seated in a position that will provide maximum protection by the seating compartment. This seating compartment is the key to maximizing passenger safety through the proven strategy of compartmentalization. The number of passengers in a school bus should not exceed the bus manufacturers rated capacity. Seating should be adjusted according to the size of the passengers being transported. Access to emergency exits should be available at all times. Baggage and other items transported in the passenger compartment should be stored and secured so that the aisles are kept clear and the doors and emergency exits remain unobstructed at all times. Districts should have documented policies in place that clarify what baggage and other items will be allowed on school buses being used to transport children. School districts should adopt procedures to inform the public about the skills, training and qualifications of their drivers and other school transportation personnel.11111、学区必须围绕应急程序和应变计划制定一系列政策和指导方针，以应对交通事故、学校意外关闭、临时更改路线等情况；2、各州应该通过立法为校车在公路停车、学生上下车提供统一的程序，并进行宣传教育活动，将这些程序和方针告知开车群体；3、各州及校车运营方都应该制定有关政策，以有效控制每位校车司机的每日开车时间；4、校车在行驶过程中，所有乘客都应该正确坐好；5、在配有安全带的校车上，只要汽车在行驶，乘客都必须系好安全带；6、必须严格控制校车的载客量，应使每个乘客都有座位，给乘客提供最大限度的保护。座位是提高乘客安全程度的关键，通过座位将乘客隔开已被证实是有效的安全措施；7、每辆校车的乘客数量不应超过客车制造商的额定载客量。应该根据被运送乘客的大小调整座位；8、紧急出口必须保持随时畅通。所载的行李及其他物品必须妥当放置，以确保走道保持畅通，在任何时候车门和紧急出口都必须保持畅通无阻；9、学区应该制定相关的书面规定，指明在用来运送学生的校车上，哪些行李和物品可以放置在载客区；10、学区应该通过某些程序，让公众了解：校车司机及从事其他学校运输的员工，具备哪些技能，如何对他们进行培训，其职位有哪些要求。III. Vehicle Maintenancesansa三三三3333333三（三）校车的维护Each state should establish maintenance procedures that meet the following criteria:各州都应建立起符合以下标准的校车维护程序：1、 School buses should be maintained in safe operating condition through a systematic preventive maintenance program. Drivers should conduct daily pre-trip and post-trip safety inspections, and should record all mechanical issues and promptly report them to maintenance personnel. All school buses should be inspected in accordance with a state-approved inspection program at least annually. All school buses should meet or exceed federal and state school bus construction standards. School bus maintenance personnel should be familiar with manufacturers recommendations for vehicle maintenance and have procedures in place that comply with those recommendations.11111111111校车维护应按照系统的预防性维修计划，在安全的操作环境下进行；2、校车司机应在每天接送前后进行安全检查，记录下所有的机械问题，并及时报告给维修人员；3、所有校车都应按照所在州批准的检查计划接受检查，每年至少一次；4、所有校车都应达到或超过联邦及各州规定的校车结构标准；5、校车的维护人员应熟知制造商提供的车辆维护建议，并制定与这些建议相符的维护程序。（IV. Additional Pupil Transportation Recommendations四44四）校车运输安全补充建议1、 All students should receive regular instruction in safe school bus riding procedures, including proper loading and unloading techniques, proper street crossing to and from school bus stops, and emergency evacuation drills. Local school administrators and law enforcement should work together to establish crossing guard programs. Local school administrators should establish passenger vehicle loading and unloading points at schools that are separate from the school bus loading zones.11所有学生都应接受安全乘坐校车的有关教育，其中包括如何正确地上下车，在往返于校车停靠站的过程中如何正确地穿越人行横道，此外还要进行紧急疏散演习；2、当地学校的管理人员和执法部门应该共同建立交通协管计划；3、当地学校的管理人员在校内建立的客运车辆上下车地点，应该与校车的上下车区域分开。School Bus Driver Qualifications, Hiring and Training三、校车司机的资格、聘用和培训 The school bus driver is one of the greatest assets of the school bus industry. As such, all drivers deserve and require training, supervision and procedures that prepare and support them for the extensive responsibilities that they face. While each employer and school district has location-specific procedures, certain elements should be standard in addition to the commercial drivers license that all school bus drivers must have.校车司机是校车行业链中最重要的环节之一。因此，所有的司机都应当且需要接受培训与监管，并办理入职手续以及制定有助于其承担重大职责的程序。所有校车司机除了必须拥有商业司机驾驶执照外，还需将一些额外的程序标准化。 （I. Driver Hiring Practices and Criteria一一一）校车司机的聘用方案与标准Requirements for screening, hiring and ongoing employment of school bus drivers should include:筛选、聘用及雇佣校车司机，应符合以下要求： Development of specific written criteria for hiring and rejecting potential applicants. Development and use of a written application document. A personal interview with each applicant. Pre-employment and ongoing driving record checks. Pre-employment and ongoing drug and alcohol screening. Pre-employment and ongoing physical exams. Pre-employment and periodic criminal background checks. Pre-employment road performance testing and annual employee evaluations. Annual state-approved training and testing programs. Periodic evaluation to ensure that drivers skills meet standards. Ongoing in-service training and testing to ensure appropriate driver knowledge. Demonstrated ability to follow written instructions and record data accurately.1、1、制定聘用或拒聘潜在申请人的明确书面标准；2、制定并在招聘时使用书面申请文件；3、为每位申请人安排个人面试；4、聘用前后要审查司机的驾驶记录；5、聘用前后要对司机进行毒品和酒精检查；6、聘用前后要安排司机进行身体检查；7、聘用前后要定期调查司机的犯罪记录；8、聘用前对司机进行道路性能测试，聘用后要年审；9、每年实施国家批准的培训与考核方案；10、定期评估，以确保司机的驾驶技能符合标准；11、进行在职培训和考核，确保司机掌握熟练的驾驶技能；12、司机需证明自己有能力执行书面指示并准确记录数据。（II. Driver Training二二（二）校车司机的培训Before transporting students, all school bus drivers should complete a pre-service training and testing program that includes classroom and on-the-road training, and successfully pass both written and driving performance tests that demonstrate adequate knowledge of policies and traffic laws as well as driving skills.在从事学生运输工作之前，所有校车司机都应该完成岗前培训（包括课堂培训与道路培训）和测试程序，并顺利通过笔试和驾驶技能测试，以证明充分掌握有关政策、交通法规知识以及驾驶技能。 Driver training and instruction and procedures should include:司机培训、指导及其规程应该包括： Rules and policies for conducting safe and efficient student transportation. Instruction in operating school bus equipment. Proper adjustment and use of the school bus mirror system. Daily pre-trip and post-trip vehicle safety inspections. Safe driving techniques, including defensive driving skills. Procedures for loading and unloading passengers. Procedures for entering and exiting school zones. Student management. Accident and emergency procedures, including evacuation and use of emergency equipment. Basic first-aid procedures. Safety procedures for railroad crossings. Guidance in following route instructions and map diagrams. Appropriate use of electronic communications, if available. These may include wireless communication and GPS. Proper refueling procedures. Laws and rules associated with school activity trips. Engine idling policies. Effective communications with staff, students and parents. Cultural diversity, including effective communication techniques when language barriers exist. Proper professional attitude and behavior. Customer service skills. Post-trip inspections of the school bus interior to verify that all children have left the bus. Training on use and securement of passenger safety devices, including safety seats and other equipment.1、进行安全高效的学生运输应遵守的规定和政策；2、操作校车设备的有关指导；3、校车反光镜系统的调整和使用；4、每日出发前和返回后，对车辆进行安全检查；5、安全驾驶技术，包括防御性驾驶技能；6、乘客上下车的程序；7、进出学校区域的程序；8、学生的管理；9、事故应急程序，包括疏散方法和应急设备的使用；10、基本的急救程序；11、铁路平交道口的安全规程；12、如何遵循路线指示和地图示意；13、如果条件许可，适当使用电子通讯，包括无线通讯和GPS；14、正确的加油程序；15、与学校活动行程有关的法律法规；16、汽车发动机空转的有关规定；17、与员工、学生及其家长的有效沟通；18、文化多样性，包括存在语言障碍时如何进行有效沟通；19、得体的职业态度和行为；20、客户服务技巧；21、运输任务完成以后，检查校车内部，确认所有学生都已下车；22、乘客安全设备（包括安全座椅及其他设备）的使用与固定。School Transportation Security and Emergency PreparednessGrowing VulnerabilityEvents in recent years have increased awareness of the vulnerability of schools and school transportation to crime and other security risks. Consequently, school transportation officials and others should continuously evaluate school transportation procedures to ensure that school districts give security and emergency preparedness adequate attention and planning.四、学校运输安全和应急措施 近年来发生的事件让人们越来越意识到学校运输安全的重要性。因此，学校运输部门的领导和其他人应不断评估学校运输规程，以确保学区对于安全与应急措施给以充分的重视和安排。 （一）I. Risk Analysis School officials should evaluate all aspects of their transportation operation, as well as their environment, to determine what risks are probable. These risks should not only be identified but also prioritized. Potential risks should include crime, accidents, student behavior issues, road hazards, weather emergencies, terrorist activities and any other potential disruptions to continuance of normal transportation operations.After risks are identified, districts should develop and document plans to manage them. Planning should include all related resources, including police, fire, 911 centers, and local community personnel and all school personnel that could be involved.Following planning, a regular training cycle should be initiated that helps all personnel to become familiar with the plans developed.一风险分析学校负责人应当对校车运输的环境及其他环节进行评估，确定一切可能的风险。这些风险不仅要确定，还要分出优先级。潜在的风险包括违规操作、意外事故、学生行为问题、道路危险、天气变化、恐怖活动和其他干扰正常运输的潜在隐患。 风险确定以后，学区就要行动起来，制定管理计划应对这一问题。计划应该包括警察、火警、911报案中心、当地社区工作人员及学校相关人员等一切资源。 计划制定后，就要开始定期训练，以帮助所有人员熟悉所制定的计划。（二）II. Security ReadinessSystemwide security audits should be conducted with school administrators, law enforcement, and fire and emergency officials to identify weaknesses and strengths in the operation. Security audits should: Review current security plans, policies and procedures.Review current communication plans to ensure coordination with local law enforcement, fire and emergency services, school administrators and parents.Review current security procedures regarding personnel to establish proper chains of command.二安全准备学校行政人员、执法部门、消防和紧急救援人员应进行全系统的安全审查。安全审查应包括： 1、审查当前的安全计划、政策和程序；2、审查当前的沟通计划，确保当地执法部门、消防应急救援服务部门与学校行政人员及家长相互配合；3、审查有关人员的安全程序，以建立指挥系统。（三）学校交通系统员工的审查及培训1、 All school bus drivers and attendants should receive a criminal background check prior to hiring. School bus drivers and attendants should be trained and tested on evacuation procedures. Sc