定语从句绝佳备课教案.doc

Individual Coaching Program of E.P. Education Teacher： Student： Time： Content: Study the Relative ClauseTeaching Goal: How to understand the Relative Clause and how to choose the Relative Pronoun.Key and difficult points: Master the usage of the relative clause and how to analyse them in the reading comprehension and use them in the composition.Warming up : Look at the examples:1. Student learns a lot. 2. Teachers are popular.3. Students learn a lot. Students ask questions4.Teachers are popular. Teachers tell us jokes.Combine the two sentences into one.1. Students who ask questions learn a lot. 2. Teachers who tell us jokes are popular. Part 1: The Relative Clause/ the Attributive Clause A Relative Clause, also called an adjective clause, is a dependent clause that modifies a noun by making it more specific or adding additional information about it. A relative clause always contains a relative pronoun, which refers back to the noun it modifies. Relative clauses are extremely useful because they enable writers to be more specific and they make writing more sophisticated. At the same time, they are also very confusing to many writers-and not only students, either. The most common difficulties occur in understanding the different types of relative clauses, punctuating relatives, choosing the right pronoun, and agreement. THE STRUCTURE OF RELATIVE CLAUSES Relative clauses are one kind of dependent clause, introduced by a relative pronoun that refers to the main noun the clause depends upon. A relative clause always immediately follows the noun it modifies. Like all clauses, relative clauses have a subject and a verb. The relative pronoun may be the subject of the clause, but it isn always. (Main noun) (Rel. Pro)I ate the ice cream that was in the fridge.(Subj) (Verb) (Main Noun) (Rel. Pro)I didnt eat the pie that you were saving for tonight.(Subj) (Verb) A relative pronoun is usually the first word of a relative clause; however, in some cases the pronoun follows a preposition: Eg: Yesterday we visited the house in which the writer used to live. Additionally, when the relative pronoun is not the subject of the relative clause, it may be omitted entirely (especially in spoken English): Eg: I didnt eat the pie you were saving for tonight. When the pronoun is the subject, it cannot be omitted: Eg:*I ate the ice cream was in the refrigerator. ()TYPES OF RELATIVE CLAUSE There are two types of relative clause. Both types modify nouns, but the first type makes a noun more specific, while the second type adds extra facts or information about a noun. It is important to understand these two types of relative clause because they not only differ in meaning, but they are punctuated differently and often use different relative pronouns. Type 1-Clauses That Make Nouns Specific Eg :Women who work are happier than women who dont work. In the above sentence, the relative clauses who work and who dont work are used to make the noun women more specific. This type of relative clause changes the meaning of the noun it modifies. Women who work and women who dont work are two different groups of women. Without the appropriate relative clauses, this meaning would not be clear: Eg: *Women are happier than women. This type of relative clause is sometimes called a Restrictive Relative Clause because it restricts or limits the meaning of a more general noun. Women who work is more restricted than the general noun women. Here are some additional examples of sentences that show how a relative clause can change the meaning of a noun. Eg: Students learn a lot.Students who ask questions learn a lot. Eg: Teachers are popularTeachers who tell us jokes are popular. Type 2-Clauses that Add Information Going to the movies, which I love to do, can be very expensive. In the above sentence, the relative clause which I love to do is used to say something extra about going to the movies, but it does not change the meaning of that phrase.If this clause were removed, the basic meaning of the sentence would be unchanged. Going to the movies can be very expensive. This type of clause is sometimes called an Unrestricted Relative Clause since the meaning of the noun it modifies is not restricted or limited by the clause. Here are some more examples of relative clauses that add information. Note that although these clauses dont change the basic meaning of the sentences, they do make the sentences more detailed. Eg: Hunter college is part of the City University of New York.Hunter College, which is located at 68th and Park, is part of the City University of New York. Creativity is a quality all human beings have.Creativity, which may take many forms, is a quality all human beings have. CHOOSING A RELATIVE PRONOUN The three most common relative pronouns are who, which, and that. The choice of pronoun depends upon the noun the clause refers to and on what type of relative clause is used. Who -refers to a person or people.-may be used with a clause that makes a noun specific-may be used with a clause that adds information Eg: People who live in New York lead very busy lives.My sister, who works for the YMCA, leads a very active life. Which -refers to a thing or concept-is most often used in clauses that add information-is sometimes used in a clause that makes a noun specific ( usually when a speaker or writer wants to sound more formal). Eg: The Empire State Building, which used to be the tallest building in the world, is still a popular tourist attraction.The lessons which we have learned are no more important than the lessons which we have yet to learn. That -is used only in clauses that make a noun more specific-most often refers to a thing or concept-is sometimes used to refer to a person or people, (usually only in informal writing or in speaking) Eg：The book that you gave me is lostThe kid that I babysit threw your book in the trash. Note: Some people consider “that” inappropriate when referring to people although most writers and speakers use it quite naturally. If you wish to be formal, always use who for a person or people: Eg:The child who threw your book away was only three years old. Where and When -are used for a clause that refers to a place or time -may be used for clauses that make a noun more specific-may be used for clauses that add information Eg: New York is a place where people of many different cultures live and work together.New York City, where millions of immigrants live, is sometimes called a Melting Pot.The 1960s was a time when many Americans began to question the actions of their government.In the 1970s, when many new rights and freedoms had been gained, people began to lead quieter, more private lives. Choosing between Who, Whom, and Whose Like most pronouns in English,ex. Ihewe mehimus myhisour the relative pronoun who has more than one form Who - for the subject of a clause Whom-for the object of a verb or preposition Whose- for a possessive noun The form of who in a relative clause must change depending on whether it is the subject, object, or possessive. As a SubjectEg:I know a woman who has two children. In this sentence, “who” replaces “woman “as the subject of the verb “has “(A woman has two children) As an ObjectEg: My friend has two children, whom she loves very much. In this sentence,“whom replaces “children” as the object of the verb loves (She loves the children) As a PossessiveEg:The older one is a boy, whose name is John In this sentence “whose ”replaces the noun “boy ”as a possessive noun (the boys name is Jonathan). As an Object of a PrepositionEg:John has a little sister, with whom he plays all the time. In this sentence, “whom ”replaces the noun“ sister ”as the object of the preposition with (he plays with his sister). Note: In a standard sentence, the preposition and its object normally come after the verb, but because the relative pronoun always comes at the beginning of a relative clause, it is a convention to place the preposition at the beginning of a relative clause in formal writing, as in the example above. Often, however, when speaking or in informal writing, the preposition comes after the verb of a relative clause. Eg: John has a little sister, whom he plays with all the time. PUNCTUATING RELATIVE CLAUSES Many people find it difficult to decide when to use a comma before a relative clause and when this is unnecessary, but the rule is really rather simple. If a relative clause defines or identifies the noun it modifies, no comma is required Eg: The woman who is sitting next to me wants to ask a question. In this sentence, the clause “who is sitting next to me” identifies a particular woman (the one sitting next to me). If the relative clause adds additional information or facts about the noun, then the clause must be set off from the rest of the sentence by commas: Eg: George Washington, who was the first president of the United States, is a symbol of honesty, bravery, and patriotism. In this sentence, the noun George Washington is already identified (because it is a name). The relative clause “ who was the first president of the United States” adds an additional piece of information about him, so it is set off with commas. Note: When a relative clause adding extra information comes between a subject and a verb, it must have commas both before and after it. These commas indicate that the relative clause could be removed and the basic sentence would remain the same. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT IN RELATIVE CLAUSES Relative pronouns do not have different forms for singular or plural, but they replace both singular and plural nouns. The verb in a relative clause must agree with the subject. If the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause, then verb must agree with the noun that the pronoun replaces. Eg: I met a man who works for the FBI. In this sentence“ who ”replaces the singular noun“ man”, so the verb works has an -s ending. Eg: I have several friends who work at the United Nations. In this sentence“ who ”replaces the plural noun friends so the verb work is in simple present tense. RELATIVE CLAUSES AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE Since a relative clause is a dependent clause, the sentence it appears in must still have a main subject and a main verb besides the ones in the relative clause. Maintaining correct and consistent sentence structure in sentences with relative clauses is particularly tricky for several reasons. Since a relative clause always follows the noun it modifies, it can appear almost anywhere in a sentence that a noun can appear-in the subject, in the object, or in a prepositional phrase. This means that a relative clause often appears within a main clause, not separate from the main clause. When a relative clause appears in the subject or following the subject, it is placed between the main noun and verb of the main clause. Eg: People who have young children dont have much time for themselves. My parents, who live in Hangzhou, come to visit twice a year. When the relative clause comes between the main noun and verb of a sentence, it is easy to forget to finish the main clause by adding a main verb after using a relative clause. This results in a sentence fragment. (未完成部分)Eg:*My sister who went to school in Albany. ()There are two ways to correct this kind of fragment. 1. Add a main verb: Eg: My sister, who went to school in Albany, is a nurse. 2. Remove the relative pronoun: Eg: My sister went to school in Albany. Another common mistake is to repeat the subject after the relative clause: Eg: *My sister, who went to school in Albany, she is a nurse. () This kind of sentence error can be corrected by omitting the second subject: Eg: My sister, who went to school in Albany, is a nurse. Part 2 Exercises in class1.The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A. Which B. where C. what D. in which2.Do you know the man _?A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke3.This is the hotel _last month.A. which they stayed B. at that they stayedC. where they stayed at D. where they stayed4.Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded?A. which B. that C. when D. on which5.That is the day _Ill never forget.A. which B. on which C. in which D. when6.The factory _well visit next week is not far from here.A. where B. to which C. which D. in which7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _we are working.A. where B. that C. which D. there8.This is one of the best films _.A. that have been shown this year B. that have shownC. that has been shown this year D. that you talked9.Can you lend me the book _the other day?A. about which you talked B. which you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked10.The pen _he