阅读理解解题技巧主旨大意(公开课)

2009届高考英语专题复习 HuangTushengMiddleSchool TanGuoqiong 读写模块 年 年的新高考中所有的试题都是在语篇中考查 听力 阅读 写作 完型填空 语法填空 无一例外全都突出语篇的重要性 所以在备考中必须高度重视语篇能力 语篇能力 Howtograspthemainideaofapassage 新高考分析 Howtograspthemainideaofapassage inreadingandwriting Partone Howtograspthemainideaofapassage Inreadingpart 阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类 主旨题 标题类 文章主旨 段落主旨 标题类试题常见的题干形式 1 Thebesttitleforthispassageis 2 Thesuitableheadlineforthispassagemaybe 3 Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideaofthepassageis 4 Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage 体现概括性 避免远离主题 2 文章主旨类试题常见的题干形式 1 Whatisthepassagemainlyabout 2 Thepassagetalksabout 3 Thepassagetellsusthat 4 Thispassagemainlydealswith 5 What sthemainidea topicofthepassage 体现全面性 避免以偏概全 3 段落主旨类试题常见的题干形式 1 Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyisthat 2 Whatisthelastparagraphchieflyconcernedwith 3 WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizeParagraphone 4 What sthemainideadiscussedinthefirstparagraph 体现针对性 避免张冠李戴 解题技巧 技巧一 识别文体 技巧二 找关联词 技巧三 抓线索 技巧四 找高频词 技巧一 识别文体 新闻报道 导语提携全文 议论文 总 分 总 论点 论据 结论 说明文 主题句 首 中 尾 记叙文 记叙文六要素 On26January AustraliaDay inover200locationsacrossthenation morethan9 000peoplewillbecomeAustraliancitiziens Bythesecitizenshipceremonieswewelcomethosewhohavecomefromoverseasfrommanydifferentculturalandsocialbackgroundsintoourcommunitiesandournation saidtheMinisterforCitizenshipandMulticulturalAffairs AustraliaDaycelebrationsthatincludepeoplefromsomanybirthplacesareanezcellentwaytoencouragetolerance respectandfriendshipamongallthepeopleofAustralia Mostcitizenshipceremonieswillbefollowedbydisplaysofsinginganddancingfrommanyofthemigrants homelandsandthetastingoffoodfromallovertheworld OnAustraliaDay A peoplesinganddancetogetherB peopleenjoyAustraliafoodC somepeoplefromoverseaswereacceptedasthecitizensinAustraliaD peoplecantravelalloverAustralia Eg 2Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease illness cancer cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems Forexample itcangiveonea smoker scough Finally studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller cancer smokingisharmful Isitworthit 议论文总 分 总 55 Whatisthemainidea A cigarettesmokingcancausecancerB smokingcancausethemostseriousandterribledisease illness C smokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblemsD smokingisharmful D Eg 3PassageB NMET2003 Readingtodogsisanunusualwaytohelpchildrenimprovetheirliteracyskills 读写能力 Withtheirshiningbrowneyes waggingtails andunconditionallove dogscanprovidethenonjudgmentallistenersneededforabeginningreadertogainconfidence 自信心 accordingtoIntermountainTherapyAnimals ITA inSaltLakeCity Thegroupsaysitisthefirstprograminthecountrytousedogstohelpdevelopliteracyinchildren withtheintroductionofReadingEducationAssistanceDogs READ TheSaltLakeCityPublicLibraryissoldontheidea Literacyspecialistsadmitthatchildrenwhoreadbelowtheleveloftheirfellowpupilsareoftenafraidofreadingaloudinagroup oftenhavelowerself respect andregardreadingasaheadache saidLisaMyron managerofthechildren sdepartment LastNovemberthetwogroupsstarted DogDayAfternoon inthechildren sdepartmentofthemainlibrary About25childrenattendedeachofthefourSaturday afternoonclasses readingforhalfanhour Thosewhoattendedthreeofthefourclassesreceiveda pawgraphed bookatthelastclass TheprogramwassosuccessfulthatthelibraryplanstorepeatitinApril accordingtoDanaThumpowsky publicrelationsmanager Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext eg 3PassageB NMET2003 Readingtodogsisanunusualwaytohelpchildrenimprovetheirliteracyskills 读写能力 Withtheirshiningbrowneyes waggingtails andunconditionallove dogscanprovidethenonjudgmentallistenersneededforabeginningreadertogainconfidence 自信心 accordingtoIntermountainTherapyAnimals ITA inSaltLakeCity Thegroupsaysitisthefirstprograminthecountrytousedogstohelpdevelopliteracyinchildren withtheintroductionofReadingEducationAssistanceDogs READ TheSaltLakeCityPublicLibraryissoldontheidea Literacyspecialistsadmitthatchildrenwhoreadbelowtheleveloftheirfellowpupilsareoftenafraidofreadingaloudinagroup oftenhavelowerself respect andregardreadingasaheadache saidLisaMyron managerofthechildren sdepartment LastNovemberthetwogroupsstarted DogDayAfternoon inthechildren sdepartmentofthemainlibrary About25childrenattendedeachofthefourSaturday afternoonclasses readingforhalfanhour Thosewhoattendedthreeofthefourclassesreceiveda pawgraphed bookatthelastclass TheprogramwassosuccessfulthatthelibraryplanstorepeatitinApril accordingtoDanaThumpowsky publicrelationsmanager Exampleandsuccessoftheprogram eg 3PassageB NMET2003 Readingtodogsisanunusualwaytohelpchildrenimprovetheirliteracyskills 读写能力 Withtheirshiningbrowneyes waggingtails andunconditionallove dogscanprovidethenonjudgmentallistenersneededforabeginningreadertogainconfidence 自信心 accordingtoIntermountainTherapyAnimals ITA inSaltLakeCity Thegroupsaysitisthefirstprograminthecountrytousedogstohelpdevelopliteracyinchildren withtheintroductionofReadingEducationAssistanceDogs READ TheSaltLakeCityPublicLibraryissoldontheidea Literacyspecialistsadmitthatchildrenwhoreadbelowtheleveloftheirfellowpupilsareoftenafraidofreadingaloudinagroup oftenhavelowerself respect andregardreadingasaheadache saidLisaMyron managerofthechildren sdepartment LastNovemberthetwogroupsstarted DogDayAfternoon inthechildren sdepartmentofthemainlibrary About25childrenattendedeachofthefourSaturday afternoonclasses readingforhalfanhour Thosewhoattendedthreeofthefourclassesreceiveda pawgraphed bookatthelastclass TheprogramwassosuccessfulthatthelibraryplanstorepeatitinApril accordingtoDanaThumpowsky publicrelationsmanager Exampleandsuccessoftheprogram 59 Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext A Children sreadingdifficulties B Advantagesofraisingdogs C Serviceinapubliclibrary D Aspecialreadingprogram eg 4Ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention ColorTV Only 79 Twodayssale Hu rry However whenyougotothestorereadytobuy Youmaydiscoverthattheyaresoldout Buttheshopassistantisquicktotellyouthathehasanothermodel Amuchbettersetwhichis justrightforyou Itcosts 395 Thissalesmethodiscalled baitandswitch Buyersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermoreexpensiveone Buyingthingsonsaleneedscarefulconsiderationofthegoodsandthereasonforthesale Theparagraphcouldbeentitled A BuyingATVSetB ASellingMethodC BuyerBewareD TVOnSale detail detail detail HoweverButNotonly butalsoAlthough thoughAswellas Eg 5MrsTurner stelephonenumberwas3463 thenumberofthecinemainhertownwas3464 peopleoftenmadeamistakeandtelephonedherwhentheyactuallywantedthecinema OneeveningthetelephonebellrangandMrsTurneransweredit Atiredman svoicecameoverthetelephone Atwhattimedoesyourlastfilmbegin I msorry saidMrsTurner butyouhavethewrongnumber Thisisnotthecinema Oh Itbegantwentyminutesago saidtheman I msorryaboutthat Well goodbye MrsTurnerwasverysurprised soshetoldherhusband Helaughedandsaid No thatwasn tamistake Theman swifewantedtogotothecinema buthewasfeelingtired sohetelephonedthecinema Hiswifeheardhim butshedidn thearyou Nowtheywillstayathomethisevening andthehusbandwillbehappy WhywasMrsTurnersurprised Becausethetiredman A wantedthecinemabutcalledawrongnumber B AskedherasillyquestionwhichsherefusedtoanswerC Saidsomethingthathadnothingtodowithheranswer D Wasangrywithhimselfforhavingmadeamistake c Eg 6Oftennoonelooksmoreguiltythantheinnocent Ontheotherhand nobodymaylookmoreinnocentthanaprofessi onalcriminal Andthemanwhoknows everything mayreallyonlybetryingtohidehisownweakness So itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance so therefore thus inconclusion inshort allinall overall clearly plainly Infact 技巧二 找关联词 技巧三 从段落中归纳要点抓大意 理清线索 有些文章或段落无明显的主题句 只是暗示性地体现主题 这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括总结主旨大意 eg 7TomstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors HarvardLawSchooland later BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami Florida Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat A Tom whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears movedtoanotheruniversity B TombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfromHarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege C TomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedatBerlinuniversity D Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation detail detail detail 技巧四 从段落中寻找高频率词 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的 因此 许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词 即高频词 也叫做主题词 Eg 9Aneweight kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem Itisexpectedtocarry20 000trucksandcarsaday whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity Aspartoftheproject twofour kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel practicallyatitshighestpoint Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand ontheinsideofthetunnel aconcretelining Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase whichismadeofconcreteandsteel Thedrainagesystem justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside removesanyextraliquid particularlywater Intheeventoffire thefiremain whichismadeofsteel pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones 75 Thepassageismainlyabout A theconstructionofaroadB thedesignofaroadC theconstructionoftwotunnelsD thedesignoftwotunnels 六 主旨要义题技巧 回顾总结 遵循四字原则 准 全 新 用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想 要注意文章的内涵和外延 把作者的观点准确地表达出来 要排除掉那些片面的选项 选取包含文章的主要内容及作者观点的选项 范围不宜过大或过小 所选择的标题要新颖 对读者有吸引力 能激发读者的阅读兴趣 精 Parttwo Howtograspthemainideaofapassage InTask Writing Theskillsareusedinwritingasummary Howtowriteasummaryofapassage withtopicsentence withoutcleartopicsentence Inmostcountriesintheworld advertisingiscommon Youcanseepostersondoors signsonbuses picturesinmagazines andcommercialsonTV Thoughthesesignsofadvertisingareoftendisliked Ifeelthat overall advertisinghasverypositiveresults Theharmfuleffectsofadvertisingareobvious Whenyouarelisteningtobeautifulmusicontheradio acommercialisdisturbingwhenitinterruptsyourprogramandchangesyourmood Televisioncommercialsaretheworstofall Yourprogramisstopped andyouareforcedtowatchanadvertisementunlessyouactivelychangethechannelorleavetheroom Ithinkthatthereshouldbelawstolimittheadvertisers righttointerruptTVandradioprograms Ingeneral however thepositiveresultsofadvertisementsarebeneficialtosocietyandindividuals Whenyoudoshopping youcanuseadvertisementsinnewspaperstocompareprices features andqualityoftheproductthatyouwanttobuy Bybeingmoreinformed youcanbuysomethingthatwillbenefityouinthelongrun Withadvertisements peoplesavealotoftimeinshopping lookingforjobsandsoon Allinall forawiseandeducatedshopper thehelpfuleffectsofadvertisingoutweightheharmfuleffects Preparationforwritingasummary Findkeywords Findkeysentences Findthemainidea 任务一 概括短文要点 a 仔细阅读全文 b 找出关键词 句 c 理清关键词 句 间的关系d 借助关键词 用自己的语言恰当地概括要点 PracticeReadthepassagecarefullyandfindsomekeywords sentencesinit Topic Effect Conclusion theeffectsofadvertising goodandbad harmfulandhelpful morehelpfuleffects Expressthemainideaofthepassageinourownwordsusingabout30words Thepassagemainlytellsus theeffectsofadvertisingwhichareharmfulandhelpful Butthewriterthinkstherearemorehelpfuleffectsifpeopledon tblindlyaccepteverythingintheads Onemorning Mr Harewasrunningontheroad SuddenlyhesawMr Tortoise whowasalsorunningontheroadtowardshim Mr HareranuptoMr Tortoiseandlaughedathim Mr Tortoisegotangryandwouldn ttakefailurelyingdown sohesuggestedhavingaracetoseewhocouldfirstgettothebigtalltreebytheroadsides Mr Hareagreedwithhimwithouthesitation Theracebegan Mr HareandMr tortoisestartedfromthesamelineatthesametime WhenMr HarewasfaraheadofMr Tortoiseandevencouldn tseeMr Tortoise hethoughtthatMr Tortoisefellbehindandcouldn tcatchupwithhim Sohestoppedandlaydowntohaveanap Butsoonhefellasleep Atthesametime Mr Tortoisekeptonrunningandrunning WhenMr Harewokeup hefoundMr Tortoisehadalreadysatunderthetreeandwassmilingathim Expressthemainideaofthepassageinourownwordsusingabout30words 写作指导 1 认真阅读 概括要点 可按记叙文的六大要素来概括要点 如下 Who 人物 When 时间 Where 地点 How 情节 Why 原因 What 事情 What 事情 Mr HarelostaracewithMr TortoiseWho 人物 Mr HareandMr TortoiseWhen 时间 onemorningWhere 地点 ontheroadHow 情节 beproud liedownandnap loseWhy 原因 Mr Harewasproud ThefolktalemainlytellsusthatinaraceMrHareproudlythoughthewouldbesuretobeatMrTortoise sohelaydowntohaveanap Asaresult helosttherace Howtoorganizeasummary Brainstorm搜索 筛选 信息 Organize组织信息 Sortouttheinformation分类组合信息 T SP主题句 辅助句段落 Arrangethestructure安排结构框架及段落衔接 SumUp 2 Howtocheckthesummary 看要点看人称看时态看语法看结构 Anyquestions Homework 1 Dosomereadingexercises 2 Writeasummary ThankYou Goodluck Success sahead Yourcriticismwillbeappreciated eg 906湖南 Thecoyote 丛林狼 thatelevenanimalofwide openspace hascometothenation scaptial Infact coyoteshavespreadtoeverycomeroftheUnitedStates changingtheirbehaviorstofitnewenvironmentsandcausingresearcherstodealwithatroublesomenewkindofcreature thecitycoyote Thecoyoteoriginallylivedinthemiddleofthecontinent Oneofitsmostobviouscharactersisitssmartness whichhasmadetheanimalanotorious 臭名昭著的 pest Hunterstrapped shotandpoisonedmorethanamillioncoyotesinthe1900s It sstilloneofAmerica smosthuntedanimals Yetthecoyotehassurvived Howhasthecoyoteshownthisextraordinaryability Iguessifyouwantedtouseonewordlist sbe plasticity saysErieGese anexpertatUtahStateUniversity Coyotescanlivealong inpairs orinlargepackslikewolves huntatnightorduringtheday occupyasmallregionoranareaupto40squaremiles andliveonallsortsoffood fromlizards 蜥蜴 andshoes toantsandmelons detail detail detail UnbelievablypeoplehelpedcoyotesincreasewhentheykiltedmostofthewolvesintheUnitedStates Theshreddingofcoyotesintocityareas though isrccent Theytravelatnight crossingsidewalksandbridges runningalongroadsandduckingintocoiners 钻入洞andunderpasses Nooneknowswhycoyotesaremovingintocities butexpertsexplaithatclevcter morehuman tolerant 不怕人的 coyotesareteachingurbansurvivalskillstonewgenerations Occasionally coyotesmightattackhumanbeings Therehavebeenabout160attacksonpeopleinrecentyearsTherefore peoplehavebaconconsistentlytoldnotfeedcoyotesorleavepctfoodunseeurcd That plusalargetrappingprogramintheneighborhood hascurdownonthecoyotepopulation detail detail 64 Theaimofthepassageisto A tellpcoplehowtofightagainstcoyotesB telluswhythecoyoteisthemosthuntedanimalC supplythereasonwhythecoyoteisakindofmotoriouspestD explainhowthecoyotehasspreadtoandsurvivedincities Magellan smenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship MagellanwasfromPortugal buthesailedfortheKingofSpain OnSeptember20 1519 heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men AfterpassingthetipofSouthAmerica theyreachedthePacificOcean onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater Manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases Theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust FinallyinApril1521 MagellangottothePhilippineIslands wherehewaskilled HismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheIndianOcean ItwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedtheCapeofGoodHope BythetimetheyreturnedtoSpainonDecember21 1521 sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied Magellan svoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball Magellan smenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship Magellan svoyagewasthefirsttriparoundtheworld MagellanwasfromPortugal buthesailedfortheKingofSpain OnSeptember20 1519 heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men AfterpassingthetipofSouthAmerica theyreachedthePacificOcean onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater Manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases Theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust FinallyinApril1521 MagellangottothePhilippineIslands wherehewaskilled HismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheIndianOcean ItwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedtheCapeofGoodHope BythetimetheyreturnedtoSpainonDecember21 1521 sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied 1 time 2 shipsandpeople 3 route 4 Sufferingsanddifficulties a Lackoffoodandfreshwater b Hungeranddiseases c Deaths TheprocessofMagellan slongdifficultvoyage 5 success Magellan svoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball Magellan svoyagedprovedtheearthisround Magellan smenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship MagellanwasfromPortugal buthesailedfortheKingofSpain OnSeptember20 1519 heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men AfterpassingthetipofSouthAmerica theyreachedthePacificOcean onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater Manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases Theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust FinallyinApril1521 MagellangottothePhilippineIslands wherehewaskilled HismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheIndianOcean ItwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedtheCapeofGoedHope BythetimetheyreturnedtoSpainonDecember21 1521 sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied Magellan svoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball Paragraph1 Magellan svoyagewasthefirsttriparoundtheworld Paragraph2 TheprocessofMagellan slongdifficultvoyage Paragraph3 Magellan svoyagedprovedtheearthisround Magellan svoyage Magellan smenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship MagellanwasfromPortugal buthesailedfortheKingofSpain OnSeptember20 1519 heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men AfterpassingthetripofSouthAmerica theyreachedthePacificOcean onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsand