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Flexible Displays and E-paperMaxim DolgobrodAdvanced Display and Image Technologies,Contents,What are flexible displaysCurrent statusDevelopment roadmap ChallengesMarketMain technologiesApplicationFutureConclusion,3,What is a flexible display?,Flexible displays are essentially very thin display screens that can be printed onto flexible or stretchable material and then attached to other surfaces or produced in a variety of shapes.,Flexible display,Ultimate flexible display is a combination of TFT-LCD and OLED techniques with advances developed in various fields such as processing, component, and materials. Display might not be flexible in its applicationCore materials:semiconductor materialinsulation materialelectrode materialsubstrate,Substrate,substrate is critical to flexible displays development different types of materials are under investigation, including glass, plastic, polymer films, and metallic foilsmust be readily bendable and rollablemust accommodate different types of display technologies at high levels of brightness, contrast ratios, and resolutionmust offer low power dissipationshould be able to provide full-color capability to enhance their market acceptability,Current status,There is a considerable research Most of technologies are still in development and available in form of prototypesThe display panel itself is only a small part of the battle. All the ancillary electronics, the power, transistors and circuitry are all things today that are not yet fully flexible at large scales.Industry interest and competition is fierceThe Flexible Display Center, at Arizona State University: flexible displays ready for test trials in approximately 3 years.Currently E Ink one of most popular technologies available for commercial use,Flexible displays roadmap,Source: Displaybank, Flexible Display Technology and Market (20072017) report,Challenges,From traditional rigid substrates to flexible substrateSatisfy the requirements of both substrate and deposited electronicsHandle the high processing temperatures encountered when making rigid displaysLaminate adhesives that can perform reliably at high temperatures without being affected by stressesAchieving large quantity supply with comparative low cost,Flexible displays market - demand forecasts,Source: Displaybank, Flexible Display Technology and Market (20072017) report,History,1970 Electronic paper first developed atXeroxs Palo Alto Research Center1990Printing of OLED on flexible substrate discovered2000Worlds first flexible display using electronic ink from E Ink Corporation2002 Philips finds way to paint LCD screens2007First production-ready flexible display manufacturing method developed by FlexiDis, a European-Commission funded technology project2008 Hewlett-Packard and Arizona State University introduce a prototype of a paper-like, flexible computer display made almost entirely of plastic,11,Main flexible display technologies,Flexible LCDsFOLED, Flexible AMOLEDE-paper: Electrophoretic, Cholesteric LCDs, Electrowetting Displays (EWD), Electrochromic DisplaysInterferometric Modulator Technology,Flexible LCDs,Many display experts believe LCDs are most likely to succeed in large-scale, cost-effective flexible displaysSamsung prototyped 5-in. diagonal LCD panel that uses amorphous silicon TFTs. Fujitsu has shown monochrome and color cholesteric LCD, flexible, 3.8-in. diagonal panel.Pixel-isolated LCDs for enhancing a flexible LCDs mechanical stability,Flexible LCDs,15,FOLED,Organic light emitting device (OLED) built on a flexible base material, such as clear plastic film or reflective metal foil, instead of the usual glass base.Developed by Universal Display CoporationStarted in 1990s after discovery by research partner at Princeton University that small-molecule OLEDs could be built on flexible substrates,FOLED,Source: Universal Display Corporation,18,FOLED developed by Universal Display Corporation. Passive matrix display: 0.175 mm thick sheet of plastic, resolution of 80 dpi; 64 levels of grey scale; can show full motion video. Credit: Image courtesy of Universal Display Corporation.,FOLED,ProsBrighter than LCDsWider viewing angles and faster response timesDont need a backlighting sourceThinner and lighter weight More durable, safer and impact resistantFlexible Cost-effective,ConsRequire a strong barrier against moistureLimited lifetime particularly for the blue color,20,t,Vaio with flexible OLED screen (Credit: Scott Ard/CNET),21,The Sony Reader and Walkman redone with flexible OLED technology.(Credit: Scott Ard/CNET),Flexible AMOLED,enables a lighter and thinner displayhigh refresh raterugged and not prone to breakageconsume significantly less powerlarge area displays can be made cheaply because of the low temperature process used and their possible roll-to-roll manufacturing. at the proof-of-concept stage for conformable and rollable displaysSamsung is the leading developer of AMOLED displays2009 worlds first flexible AMOLED display with a 6.5” screen announced,LCD vs Flexible AMOLED,Winner!,Electronic paper, e-paper,A display technology designed to mimic the appearance of ordinary ink on paper Also known as Electrophoretic Paper Display or EPD Capable of holding text and images indefinitely without drawing electricity, while allowing the image to be changed laterMore comfortable to read than conventional displays due to stable imageConsidered an eco-friendly technology due to low power consumptionMore than a dozen companies have announced work on active e-paper programsColourprototypes exist, but their commercialistaion has yet to be startedEPD only recently took off as the modern textual and still image display technology,E-paper: key features,Flexible and durableImpact resistantLong lifetime: It can be updated up to 1 million times Image retain without powerReflects light like ordinary paper Extremely thinHigh contrastWide view angle: almost 180 degree,E-paper,First developed in 1970s by Xerox inspired by the idea of a paperless officeFujitsu, E Ink and others introduced the EPD in film (active matrix display), flexible form, Seiko launched the first e-paper wristwatch in 2005In November 2007 the EPD finally hits the market with Amazon launching Kindle, Sony its e-reader, Bookeen launched the Cybook and iRex its iLiad.In March 2009 Fujitsu begins consumer sales of worlds first color e-paper mobile terminal FLEPia,Electronic paper,Comprises two different parts: electronic ink, frontplane”electronics required to generate the pattern of text and images on the e-ink page, the backplane.,E-paper: production aspects,The production structure of electronic paper is fairly complex. In many cases this manufacturing is contracted out. Backplane is manufactured by another group of firms. Additional group of firmsconsumer product firmswho design and market the product into which the e-paper display fitsFor example, the e-readers marketed under the Sony brand have incorporated e-paper technology from E Ink and backplane technology from Polymer Vision.,E-paper: frontplanes,Electrophoretic TechnologyE InkSiPixBridgestoneCholesteric LCD TechnologyFujitsuHitachiKent DisplayKodakNemopticZBD DisplayElectrowetting TechnologyLiquivistaElectrofluidic TechnologyGamma Dynamics,Electrochromic TechnologyAcreoAvesoNteraSiemensInterferometric Modulator TechnologyQualcommPhotonic Crystal TechnologyOpaluxREED TechnologyZikonBistable LCDs,E-paper: backplanes,HPNECPlastic LogicPolymer VisionPrime View InternationalRicohSamsungSeiko Epson,Gyricon,first electronic papergreek for ”rotating image”based on electrocapillarity : movement of coloured liquids against a white background consists of polyethylene spheres between 75 and 106 micrometres across embedded in a transparent silicone sheet, with each sphere suspended in a bubble of oil so that they can rotate freely. Each coloured sphere is white on one side and black on the other. Xerox closed its Gyricon operation in December 2005 for financial reasons, but is still licensing technology to other companiesFurther developed by other companiesat the FPD 2008 exhibition, Japanese company Soken has demonstrated a wall with electronic wall-paper using this technology,E Ink,E Ink is a specific proprietary type of electronic paperAlso know as electrophoretic frontplane technology Manufactured by E Ink Corporation, founded in 1997 based on research started at the MIT Media LabCurrently mostly available commercially in grayscaleCommonly used in mobile devices such as e-Readers and to a lesser extent mobile phones and watchesMaterial is processed into a film for integration into electronic displaysMain use for an text-based rendering,35,E Ink,Microcapsules, 100 microns in diameter,E Ink with color filters,E Ink,Prospaper-like high contrast appearancetwice the contrast of a LCD panelultra-low power consumption thin, light formunrestricted size,Consslow response time, not suitable for motion picturenot possible to implement sophisticated interactive applications due to response timeghostingcostly,41,iLiad e-reader in sunlight,43,Citizens flexible digital wall clock 21-inches x by 52-inches battery lasts 20 h more than traditional digital clock costs $4000+,Cholesteric liquid crystal displays(ChLCD),Developed by companies IBM, Philips, HP and Fujitsu, which have demonstrated actual devices Cholesteric liquid crystal same crystals as in LCDsa type of liquid crystal with a helical structureby applying a current crystals change from a vertical to a horizontal position. ChLCD technology could become the dominant e-paper technology of the next decade.,Cholesteric liquid crystal displays(ChLCD),Pros flexibility and even bendabilitythinness, at approximately 0.8 millimetersLightnessa bi-stable nature, requiring no power to maintain an image and very little power to change itgood brightness, contrast, and resolution;vivid color and a decent refresh rate capable of displaying animation and possibly even video.,Electrowetting display (EWD),Developed and patented by Dutch company called LiquavistaMerges the advantages of LCDs and e-ink displaysUses a process called electrowetting, which uses small electrical charges to move colored oil within each pixelElectrowetting is a proven process, used for focus mechanisms in cameras and cellphones All the assets of LCD, but with 2x, 3x, 4x the performanceFundamentally brighter, more colourful displaysSimplified LCD-like manufacturing processInitially targeted at e-reader markets followed by mobile phones,Electrowetting display (EWD),EWD,50,Source: ,EWD,Prosuses natural forces and simple materialsframe rate 60 times per second, enough to run videoswork well in sunlight and viewed picture gets even crisper3 to 4 more efficient than LCD screens because of the higher level of backlight passing through each pixel. large number of grey scales,Consoil response speedgetting enough light to reflect back off the screen in sunshinemass-productions aspects,Electrochromic Displays,Display consists of a layer of electrochromic material sandwiched between two electrode layers. Material changes from one colour to another when stimulated by an electric current. The top electrode layer is made from transparent plasticThe electrochromic mixture used by Siemens, which enables the screen to work so rapidly, include conductive polymers such as polyaniline. The display is controlled by a printed circuit and can be powered by a very thin printable battery or a photovoltaic cell. The goal is to be able to create the entire device“ the display and its power source using the same printing method, so that manufacturing costs would be as low as possible.,mirasol displays - fullcolor e-paper,Developed by Qualcomm MEMS Technologies, Inc.Uses a reflective technology, called interferometric modulation (IMOD). The technology uses microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology to imitate the way butterfly wings shimmer - a process called biomimetics, or imitating things found in nature.In December of 2008 the Institute of Industrial Science (IIS) of the University of Tokyo developed a MEMS display by using roll-to-roll printing technologyExpected to be seen on cell phones, e-book readers and tablets by the end of 2010,Mirasol low-power MEMS display for e-readers, in a proof-of-concept built by Qualcomm. Image: Qualc