英语专业四级语法重点总结(精).doc

形容词副词1 前置修饰语的排列顺序可以置于冠词前的形容词(all both such -冠词,指示形容词,所有格形容词,不定形容词(a an the this your his any some-基数词(one 序数词(first- 表示性质,状态,质量的形容词(good useful-表示大小,长短,形状的形容词-表示年龄,新旧,温度的形容词-表示颜色的形容词-表示国籍,产地,区域的形容词-表示材料,用做形容词的名词-动名词,分词2.后置修饰语由前缀a-构成的形容词3.形容词修饰由some-,any-,every-,no-,-body,-one,-thing等组成的复合不定代词时,必须后置4.enough作形容词修饰名词时既可放前又可放后,但当它作副词修饰形容词或副词时,必须后置5.有些形容词本身就有比年长,比优等的意思这些形容词后面用介词to 而不用than6.much too 作为副词短语修饰形容词或副词,不修饰名词7.more 不能用来修饰比较级8.与名词连用的more of a . ./ as much of a. / more of a. 意为更像9.as much of a意为称得上,less of a 意为算不上10.none other than(不是别人,正是=no other than11.any/sone/every与other连用时,其后若用可数名词,一般为单数情态动词1.can 用于否定句cannot(helpbut表示不能不,只能(but后跟不带to的动词不定式2.must 表示禁止,一定不要时的否定式为mustnt当它表示有把握的推断时意为一定准是时它的否定形式为cant3.need doing=need to be done 这个句型表示被动意味4.need not have done sth 表示本来没有必要做某事(经常考虚拟语气1.It is (high/about/thetime. 谓语动词用过去式指现在或将来的情况表示早该做某事而现在已经有点晚了2.It is the first(second/thirdtime后的that从句中,谓语动词要用完成体来表示一种经验3.as if/though 的虚拟要点1 对当时事实的假设,从句谓语用过去式,be动词一律用were2对过去事实的假设,从句谓语用过去完成式3对未来事实的假设,从句谓语用would+动词原型专四语法重点总结比较级比较等级的含义英语中形容词与副词有三个比较等级,即原级,比较级和最高级。一般来说,表示等于时用原级。Eg. Im just as busy today as I was yesterday.表示二者的比较时用比较级eg. Im much busier today than I was yesterday.表示“最”时用最高级Eg. That was the busiest day of my life.存在句形容词与副词比较等级的构成构成原级比较级最高级单音节词尾加er, est great greater greatest单音节词尾e, 加r, st fine finer finest闭音节单音节词尾只有一个辅音字母,双写big bigger biggest辅音字母加er,est少数以y,er,ow, ble结尾双音节词尾加er,est happy happier happiest(y前为辅音字母去y加clever cleverer cleverester,est其它双音节词和多音节词,前加more, difficult more difficult most difficultmost不规则变化副词比较等级的构成副词比较等级的构成大致与形容词比较等级的构成相同,但以后缀ly结尾的副词用more和most。hard hardest hardestearly earlier earliestquickly more quickly most quickly不规则变化形容词与副词比较等级的基本用法A. 基本形式“as +原级+as” 结构eg. Hes as tall as I.B.否定的同级比较常用not as as或not so aseg. He does not smoke so heavily as his brother.C.变体1 as + much/many + 名词+ as2 as +形原级+ a + 名词+as3 as + 形+ 不可数名词+ as4 名词复数+as +形+ as5 the same as/ be similar to比较级A.基本结构“比较级+than” 结构eg.He is taller than I .She sees me more often than she sees her brother.B.变体1形比较级+ 名+ than2名+ 形比较级+ than3the + 形比较级+ of + the two4superior/ inferior to最高级A. 常用“the +最高级+比较范围”eg. This is the best picture in the hall.He sings the best in the class.B. 变体1 more than any other2 Not + 比较等级关于比较结构用法的补充说明1morethan是而不是,与其说是不如说是eg.She is more been than wise.He is more a writer than an artist.2not so much as与其说是不如说是eg. It wasnt so much that I disliked her as that I just wasnt interested.3not more/er than与no more/er thaneg.He is no richer than I= as poor asHe is not richer than I4 more and moreeg. He is becoming fatter and fatter.5. The more the moreeg. The harder she worked, the more progress she made.6more than 多于eg. More than 1000 people attended the meeting.7more than 不止,超过eg. She is more than pretty.8 more than 简直不eg. My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing.专四语法重点总结并列结构并列结构两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能也相同、并由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的语法结构序列叫做并列结构。1. 并列结构的各种形式1词与词的并列you and me2词组与词组的并列 a teacher and a student3分句与分句的并列you can go or you can stay with us.2. 并列结构的连接手段1并列连词2标点符号3.并列结构的插入语在最后一个项目之前插入一个词语,使这个项目处于更加突出的地位。4.并列结构的对称组合成对组合的办法使整个结构更加紧凑。3. 并列连词的意义和用法1.以and为代表的表示语义引申的并列连词and, bothand, not only but also, notnor, neithernor等。这一类并列连词在语义上表示其连接的成分是对前项的补充和引申,包括肯定和否定两种意义的引申。And除表示语义增补外还有其他意义.还有一些and连接的语法结构形似并列结构实际并非并列结构.Eg. This room is nice and warm. = ( nicely warm. Ill go and see my friend. = ( go to see2.以or 为代表的表示选择的并列连词这类连词包括or和eitheror3.以but为代表的表示语义转折和对比的并列连词这类连词包括but, not but, while, whereas, only, yet.4. 补充说明:1 bothand 只连结成分不连接句子;只连对等结构Eg. Both the student and the teacher are pleased to hear the news.2 not only but also连结成分和连接句子;只连对等结构Eg.Not only I but also he will take part in the meeting.Not only did he help me, but also he sent me home.3 either or连结成分和连接句子;连对等结构或不对等结构Eg.Either you or I am going to shanghai.He can either stay at home or leave.He has either gone to the movies or ( gone to the theatre.4 neither nor连结成分和连接句子;连对等结构或不对等结构Eg. He neither likes fiction nor (likes poetry.并列连词与连接性状语And与moreover;furthermore whats more Eg.He is a good teacher and a good friend.He is a good teacher. Moreover, he is a good friend.but与howeveror与otherwiseSo与as a result , consequently .存在句(There be存在句的结构特征存在句的结构模式是:There + be + NP + Locative Expression (+ Temporal Expression存在句的引导词There在句中位于主语位置,实义主语是随后的名词词组,There起形式主语的作用,在疑问句中,它和操作词倒装。注意存在句的引导词There和句首状语There的区别。存在句的实义主语实义主语的名词词组通常是非确定特指,即通常带有不定冠词、零冠词及其他非确定意义的限定词, some, any, many, much, a lot of, enough, littl e基本句型凡带有非确定特指的名词词组,一般都可用There 存在句转化。存在句的谓语动词存在句的谓语动词主要是动词be的某种形式,分限定形式和非限定形式。限定形式:一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成体、过去完成体和情态助动词+不定式。除be外,某些表示存在意义的不及物动词如:exist, remain, occur, stand, lie.等,能用于there 存在句。地点状语前移,there可省。Eg.There can be very little about his guilt.There are many desks in the classroom.There used to be a hospital round the corner.There appears to be no doubt about it.There stands a house behind the tree.Behind the tree (there stands a house.存在句的非限定形式1存在句的非限定形式there to be 和there being结构2there to be 和there being结构用法与区别there to be:作for 介词补语作动词(except, want, like, prefer, hate的宾语eg.They planned for there to be another meetingMembers like there to be plenty of choice.there being : 作除for外的介词的补语作主语和状语eg.John was relying on there being another opportunity.There being a bus stop so near the house is a good advantage.存在句的非限定形式与限定形式的转化eg. For there to be so few people in the street was unusual. = It was unusual that there were so few people in the street.专四语法重点总结It 句型It 句型1. Basic structure:There + be + subject + adverbial2. Non-finite structureThere to be - for ; VerbThere being -in,on.; noun;adverbialThere being a lawn extends from the river to the house.There is a lawn extending from the river to the house.There extends a lawn from the house to the river.From the house to the river lies a lawn.From the wall comes the voice of the doctor.It:1. Reference it:Beijing is a big city. It is the capital of China.2. Non-reference itA. Empty itB. Anticipatory itC. Cleft itIt 句型包括由“非指代性it”作型式主语的三种句子:第一种是以it作形式主语的表示时间、距离、天气等意义的句子;第二种是以it作先行主语的句子;第三种是以it作引导词的分裂句。Empty it虚义it是一种非指代性it,以区别于人称代词it,常用作没有具体意义的主语,出现于表示气候、天气、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。也用来表示一般的笼统的情况。也用于一些结构及习惯语中。Eg.Its fine today, isnt it.It was dull when Mary was away.It looks as if the college is very small.Hop it. (Go away专四语法重点总结It 句型Anticipatory itit用来充当形式主语或形式宾语,后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、动名词或名词性分句。It的这种用法叫作先行it。eg.It is quite important for us to form a good studying habit.I think it important to finish the task in time.it用来充当形式主语,后置的真正主语往往可以取代先行it的位置,出现在句首。Eg. To form a good studying habit is quite important for us并非所有先行it结构都可转化,下边句子只能作如下转化。eg.It seems that John is not coming after all.John doesnt seem to be coming after all.Cleft it :Task1. 句子的基本结构2 .分裂句的本质3 . 分裂句的结构4 .假拟分裂句句子结构主语+谓语已知信息新信息末端中心末端重心Eg. I told him the news yesterday.分裂句的本质Eg. I told him the news yesterday.Eg. It is I that told him the news yesterday分裂it分裂句是以it为引导词的强调句型。它的结构形式是:It +be 的一定形式+中心成分+that /who分句。通过这种结构可以强调除谓语动词以外的大多数句子成分。说话人通过分裂句分别强调主语、间接宾语、直接宾语、状语,使之成为信息中心。分裂句中的谓语可以采取复杂形式Eg.It is I who am to blame.It may have been at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag.It was in Shanghai that I got my Masters Degree.主语补语通常不作分裂句的中心成分。宾语补语可以这样用。*It is beautiful that she is.It is Chairman of the committee that they elected him.专四语法重点总结动词的强调形式动词的强调形式Do 的适当形式Eg. I Do give you the book.拟似分裂句Pesudo cleft要强调谓语动词,就得采用另外一种强调句型。这种句型叫作拟似分裂句。拟似分裂句的主语通常是由what引导的名词性分句,分句的主动词通常是do的一定形式。分句的主语补语根据主动词do的适当形式而采取相应的形式。拟似分裂句可采用下列几种形式what分句+be + 动词的不定式eg. He gave her a book.-What he did was (to give her a book.what分句+be + 动词的分词He will be taking a plane to Beijing-What he will be doing is taking a plane to BeijingHe has finished his homework.-What he has done is finished(finish/to finish his homework. Pesudo - cleftI gave him a letter.What I did is give him a letterdo/did/does-dodoing -doingdone -donewhat分句+be + 名词词组名词词组+be+ what分句Eg. He gave her a book.What he gave her was a book.A book was what he gave her.专四语法重点总结动词的强调形式动词的强调形式Do 的适当形式Eg. I Do give you the book.拟似分裂句Pesudo cleft要强调谓语动词,就得采用另外一种强调句型。这种句型叫作拟似分裂句。拟似分裂句的主语通常是由what引导的名词性分句,分句的主动词通常是do的一定形式。分句的主语补语根据主动词do的适当形式而采取相应的形式。拟似分裂句可采用下列几种形式what分句+be + 动词的不定式eg. He gave her a book.-What he did was (to give her a book.what分句+be + 动词的分词He will be taking a plane to Beijing-What he will be doing is taking a plane to BeijingHe has finished his homework.-What he has done is finished(finish/to finish his homework. Pesudo - cleftI gave him a letter.What I did is give him a letterdo/did/does-dodoing -doingdone -donewhat分句+be + 名词词组名词词组+be+ what分句Eg. He gave her a book.What he gave her was a book.A book was what he gave her.专四语法重点总结附加疑问句Tag QuestionHe must be a clever boy, _?He must be studying in the room,_?He must have worked hard last night, _?He must have finished his work, _?He said he would go with Mary, _?If he had worked hard, he would have passed the examination, _?I think he is a good student, _?I dont think he is a good student, _?You have a new book, _?He had to go now,_?I have read the book , _?Mary has milk for breakfast everyday,_?We used to live in the country,_?We never used to live in the country, _?There beThere is a book on the desk.There is a book and two pens on the desk.There _( come the last bus .There _(go the last spoon of ice-cream.并列结构both and 只连接词与词组Not only but also; either or ; neithernor 不但连接词与词组,还