国际货代英语教案Unit 1.doc

Unit 1 International Trade教学目的和要求：1、 了解我国国际货运代理的发展和国际货运代理专业英语的重要性2、 掌握重点词汇3、 了解International Trade的基本概念和特征4、 了解重要的相关国际组织（WTO, IMF, the World Bank）教学重点：1、 重要的单词和短语2、 难点句型3、 International Trade的定义和重要性4、 重要的国际组织教学过程：一、 课程介绍与考核要求Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade (billion dollars)Country Export Value Rank Import Value Rank EU 1924.9 1 2282.2 1China 1428.3 2 1132.5 3United States 1287.4 3 2169.5 2本课程主要注重于英语的学习，但是必须处在国际货代专业的背景下。专业基础知识和英语相辅相成。本课程教学过程中，除向学生讲解课本内容外，还将辅之大量的阅读材料供课堂讨论的学习方式，全面提高学生对专业英语听、说、读、写的运用能力。考核时平时成绩占30%，主要包括出勤、课堂参与、作业等几个方面；期末考试占70%。 二、重点单词(1) claim 通用义：要求文中义：索赔settle claims 理赔(2) license 通用义：执照文中义：许可import license 进口许可证drivers license 驾驶执照(3) offer 通用义：提供文中义：出价quotations or offers 报价或者出价(4) order 通用义：命令文中义：订单(5) outsourcing外包外包是指企业整合利用其外部最优秀的专业化资源，从而达到降低成本、提高效率、充分发挥自身核心竞争力和增强企业对环境的应变能力的一种管理模式。最为流行的外包服务形式主要包括：IT资源外包服务、客户服务中心外包、营销外包、人力资源管理外包、应收帐款外包等。外包是一个集合概念名词，它实际上包括许多不同的内容和途径。例如：它涉及从外部采购用来执行组织内部活动的服务，在这种情况下，组织就与服务提供商建立了一种合同关系，从而减少和清除了原公司对相应活动的直接管理和控制。Outsourcing is subcontracting a process, such as product design or manufacturing, to a third-party company.1 The decision to outsource is often made in the interest of lowering cost or making better use of time and energy costs, redirecting or conserving energy directed at the competencies of a particular business, or to make more efficient use of land, labor, capital, (information) technology and resourcesOutsourcing involves the transfer of the management and/or day-to-day execution of an entire business function to an external service provider.2 The client organization and the supplier enter into a contractual agreement that defines the transferred services. Under the agreement the supplier acquires the means of production in the form of a transfer of people, assets and other resources from the client. The client agrees to procure the services from the supplier for the term of the contract.(6) quotation通用义：引用文中义：报价单quotations or offers 报价或者出价三、Definition and Importance （一）Definition。International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories.阅读材料：国际贸易（International Trade） 是人类社会发展到一定历史阶段的产物，是指世界各国（地区）之间进行交换。它既包括有形商品（ 实物商品 ）交换，也包括无形商品（劳务、技术、教育、咨询等）交换。这种交换活动，从一个国家（地区）的角度看，称为该国（ 地区 ）的对外贸易(Foreign Trade)；从世界范围看，世界各国（地区）对外贸易的总和构成了国际贸易，也称世界贸易(World Trade)。2007年，中国出口总量排在德国、美国之后位列世界第三。中国贸易顺差很可能世界第一。世界贸易组织在9日公布的年度全球贸易报告中说，鉴于中国经济持续增长，贸易顺差不断扩大，中国有望在明年超过德国，成为继美国之后世界第二大贸易国。2008年前8个月中国进出口贸易总额累计达到17233.8亿美元，比上年同期增长25.7%。其中出口9376.9亿美元，同比增长22.4%；进口7856.9亿美元，同比增长30%；累计贸易顺差1519.9亿美元。(裴长洪,2009, /zggk/gqbg/2009/200905/t316241.htm)由此可见，中国已经在世界贸易中占有举足轻重的位置。同时，世界贸易的发展和变化对我国的经济形势也有重大的影响。（二）Importancea significant share of GDPcrucial to the continuance of globalizationa major source of economic revenue World Power （三）阅读材料Global trade is the exchange of raw materials, goods and services across the geographical borders of countries across the globe. Foreign trade got its first impetus from the industrial revolution in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Rapid development in transportation facilities resulted in a surge in international trade in the twentieth century. Today, international trade has taken the form of outsourcing and multinational companies (companies that have a presence in several countries).The History of World TradeWorld trade was prevalent much before the formation of nation states. Some important examples of ancient long distance trade are:The Egyptians imported spices from Arabia and the Land of Punt (present day Somalia). The Ptolemaic dynasty, which ruled in Egypt from 305 BC to 30 BC, traded with India. Arabian vessels were used to transport Indian goods to Aden. Chinese goods made their way to India, Persia and Rome through the silk route. From the eighteenth century, industrialization and colonization went hand in hand. The European nations increased their political power through trade. They exploited trading opportunities in eastern countries like India.四、Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade （一）CostInternational trade is typically more costly than domestic trade.（二）Factors of productionFactors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across national borders. International trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services.2008年中国一般贸易进出口12352.6亿美元，增长27.6%。其中，出口6625.8亿美元，增长22.9%；进口5726.8亿美元，增长33.6%。同期，加工贸易进出口10535.9亿美元，增长6.8%。其中，出口6751.8亿美元，增长9.3%；进口3784亿美元，增长2.7%。（三）阅读材料：1. Mobility in Factor Of Production Domestic Trade: Free to move around factors of production like land, labor, capital and labor capital and entrepreneurship from one state to another within the same country International Trade: Quite restricted 2. Movement Of Goods Domestic trade: easier to move goods without much restrictions. Maybe need to pay sales tax,etc International Trade: Restricted due to complicated custom procedures and trade barriers like tariff, quotas or embargo 3. Usage of different currencies Domestic trade: same type of currency used International trade: different countries used different currencies 4. Broader markets Domestic trade: limited market due to limits in population, etc International trade: Broader markets 5. Language And Cultural Barriers Domestic trade: speak same language and practice same culture International trade: Communication challenges due to language and cultural barriers (BasicCollegeA, 2009, /the-differences-between-domestic-trade-and-international-trade/)五、Risks in International Trade（一）Economic Risks（二）Political Risks（三）单词import ban 进口限额（四）阅读材料 Risks in international trade can be divided under several types, such as, Economic risksRisk of concession in economic control Risk of insolvency of the buyer Risk of non-acceptance Risk of protracted default i.e. the failure of the buyer to pay off the due amount after six months of the due date Risk of Exchange ratePolitical risksRisk of non- renewal of import and exports licenses Risks due to war Risk of the imposition of an import ban after the delivery of the goods Surrendering of political sovereignty Buyer Country risks Changes in the policies of the government Exchange control regulations Lack of foreign currency Trade embargoes Commercial riskA banks lack of ability to honor its responsibilities A buyers failure pertaining to payment due to financial limitations A sellers inability to provide the required quantity or quality of goods Others Risks Cultural differences e.g., some cultures consider the payment of an incentive to help trading is absolutely lawful Lack of knowledge of overseas markets Language barriers Inclination to corrupt business associates Legal protection for breach of contract or non-payment is low Effects of unpredictable business environment and fluctuating exchange rates Sovereign risk - the ability of the government of a country to pay off its debts Natural risk due to the various kinds of natural catastrophes, which cannot be controlled六、World Trade Organization （一）WTO:1、 an umbrella organization under which the agreements that came out of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations are gathered2、 The Uruguay Round was the 8th round of multilateral trade negotiations (MTN) conducted within the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), spanning from 1986-1993 and embracing 110 countries as “contracting parties”. The Round transformed the GATT into the World Trade Organization.3、 basic functions:a) To implement, administer, and carry out the WTO Agreement and its annexesb) To act as a forum for ongoing multilateral trade negotiationsc) To serve as a tribunal for resolving disputesd) To review the trade policies and practices of member states4、 阅读材料：The World Trade Organization (WTO) was founded in 1995 by the members of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO is the worlds only international organization that supervises 95% of the worlds global trade. It assists trade related issues of its member nations that produce, export and import goods and services in a smooth manner. Comprising 153 member nations, the agreements pertaining to the WTO have been signed and confirmed by respective member nations. The predecessor of WTO is General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). WTO is an International body dealing with the rules of trade among states and separate customs territories. The agreements in WTO provide the legal ground-rules for international trade and commerce. They are mainly contracts, binding governments to conduct their trade and trade policies according to principles and rules. Although negotiated and signed by governments, the goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters and importers over the Globe and bringing them under one roof. Why was WTO established?The WTO was founded with the purpose of liberalizing international trade. Its aim was to help member nations reach cordial solutions to their trade-related problems.The main principles of WTO are: To promote fair competition To encourage economic and development reforms To increase predictability through transparency To lower trade barriers for freer trade To ensure fair treatment to locals and foreigners Objectives of the WTO With manifold objectives like helping trade flow smoothly, freely, fairly and predictably it has become capable of organizing trade and commerce over the Globe through the mantra of liberalization, privatization and globalization. It is stepping forward with objectives like: 1) Rejecting all forms of protectionism. 2) Removing trade barriers and eliminating discriminatory treatment in international trade through successive multilateral trade negotiations. 3) Providing a fair, predictable and open rule-based trading system through overseeing the implementation of multilateral trade rules and enforcing legally binding obligations. 4) Providing a mechanism for settling trade disputes. 5) Integrates developing and least developed economies into the world trading system. How the WTO WorksAll important decisions are made by the Ministerial Committee which meets every two years. Trade disputes are resolved by the WTO through negotiations. In case any nation puts up trade barriers in the guise of customs duty against another country or for a specific good, the WTO can issue trade related sanctions against the violating country.（二）the International Monetary FundThe International Monetary Fund or IMF came into existence in 1945, after the end of World War II and at the beginning of the Cold War. Currently, the IMF has its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and comprises 185 member nations. Considering its growing relevance as an international lender that offers financial and technical aid to its member nations, understanding the IMF is key understanding modern global economics.Reasons for Founding the IMFIn an American town called Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, representatives of 45 western countries, led by the US and UK, and not including the Soviet Union and communist bloc countries, agreed to establish a global economic institution. Of these, 29 countries signed the Articles of Agreement that included the following objectives:l Eliminate any disastrous repetitions of the Great Depression. l Facilitate global financial stability by stabilizing prevailing exchange rates. l Reduce poverty so that economic growth is triggered. l Increase international trade and employment. l main responsibilities of IMF which are as follows,l Promoting international monetary cooperation. l Facilitating the expansion and balanced growth of international trade.l Promoting exchange stability.l Assisting in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments and l Making its resources available (under adequate safeguards) to members experiencing balance of payments difficulties.Generally, the IMF is responsible for ensuring the stability of the international monetary and financial system - the system of international payments and exchange rates among national currencies that enables trade to take place between countries. The Fund seeks to promote economic stability and prevent crises; to help resolve crises when they do occur; and to promote growth and alleviate poverty.How the IMF WorksThe main functions of IMF can be divided into three categories:l Surveillance: This involves collaboration between the IMF and its member nations. The IMF continues to assess the economic conditions of its members and offers in-depth advice to help them formulate sound economic policies.l Lending: Financial aid is provided to member countries who are struggling with balance of payment problems. Through Exogenous Shocks Facility (ESF) and the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF), the IMF helps its members and even collaborates with the World Bank to lend money to them.l Technical Assistance: The IMF offers technical assistance in areas such as banking, fiscal and economic policies as well as exchange rate policies. It also helps its member nations to fight threats such as terrorism and money-laundering.（三）the World BankThe World Bank (WB) is a multinational corporation aiming at the alleviation of poverty. It facilitates various economies of the world in following sustainable economic growth. The World Bank was formed in 1944 as a part of the Bretton Woods system for reconstructing countries devastated during WW-II.The World Bank comprises of the following two institutions: l International Bank for Reconstruction and Development: The IBRD focuses on low-income economies that have little access to global credit markets. l International Development Association: The IDA focuses on helping the poorest nations.The World Bank earns funds through bonds traded in the financial market, interest received on loans and funds provided by developed nations. The bank offers financial and technical assistance based on its Six Strategic Themes: The poorest nations Fragile states Middle income nations Global public goods The Arab world Learning and education The bank provides loans for social and economic growth and investment loans as financial aid for institutional reforms. It also provides grants and advisory services to developing nations. The World Bank provides analysis reports to members on poverty assessments, sector reports, country economic reports and public expenditure reviews.七、Barriers to International Trade（一）A trade barrier is a general term that describes any government policy or regulation that restricts international trade.Most trade barriers work on the same principle: the imposition of some sort of cost on trade that raises the price of trade products.（二）单词Import quotas 进口配额Subsidies 补贴(三)阅读材料Trade barriers refer to government-imposed policies to restrict international trade. Most commonly, a countrys government employs tariffs, duties, embargoes and subsidies as trade barriers. However, imposing trade barriers are agains