专业英语材料.doc

一、 词汇中央处理器:cpu(central processing unit)控制单元:control unit寄存器: register算术逻辑单元:alu(arithmetic and logic unit)基本输入输出系统:BIOS(basic input/output system)前端总线:fsb(front side bus)操作系统: Operating system双处理器: Dual-processor动态随机访问存储器: Dynamic Random Access Memory虚拟存储器(虚拟内存)：virtual memory一级缓存: level 1 cache(primany cache)二级缓存：level 2 cache（secondyary cache）硬件: Hardware主板: Motherboard主机箱:PC case声卡:sound card硬盘: Hard disk液晶显示器:LCD(liquid crystal display)光电鼠标: Optical Mouse集成设备电路:IDE(integrated device electronics)电源:prower supply扩展卡:expansion card数码相机: Digital Camera计算机体系结构: Computer Architecture并行处理: Parallel processing2的4次方:the 4th power 2二进制: Binary八进制:octal十进制:decimal十六进制:hexadecimal扩展计数法: Extended counting method数据结构: Data structures数据类型:data type链表:linked lists先进先出:fifo(first in first out)后进后出last in first out根结点:root node数据库管理系统:DBMS(data base management system)关系型数据库管理系统:RDBMS(Relational data base management system)多用户系统:multi-user system结构化查询语言SQL(structured query language)并发控制: Concurrency Control文件扩展名:filename extension文件格式: File format动画animated motion有损压缩Lossy compression/lossy codec磁盘存储器 disc storage红外发射机 infrared transmitter转变 convert二、 句子1、 CPU is the abbreviation of central processing unit, and pronounced as separate letters.Cpu是中央处理器的缩写，每个字母单独发音。2、 The ALU is made up of devices called gates.算术逻辑运算单元是由称为门的设备组成。3、 Processor：Short for microprocessor or CPU.处理器是cpu或者微处理器的简称。4、 On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single chip called a microprocessor.在个人计算机和型工作站上，cpu被集成在一个被称为微处理器的单独芯片里5、 The CPU is the brains of the computer, it is responsible for handling all instructions and calculations it receives from other hardware components in the computer and software programs running on the computer.Cpu犹如计算机的大脑。它负责处理所有的指令和进行计算，这些指令或者在计算是该计算机的其他硬件的部件或者运行在的计算机的软件发出的。6、 The central processor is where most calculations take place.7、 大部分计算是在中央处理器进行的。8、 Integrated circuit: Another name for a chip, an integrated circuit (IC) is a small electronic device made out of a semiconductor material.集成电路：芯片的别名，由半导体材料制成的小型电子设备9、 All the information in memory is encoded in fixed size cell called bytes.存储器上的所有信息都以固定的大小单元为单位进行编码的，这样的单元被称为字节10、 Information is prioritized in terms of importance and stability to determine which form of memory would hold the data. 信息按照重要性和稳定性被划分为不同的优先级，这样做的目的是决定用那种存储器保存这些数据。11、 ROM is sustained by a small long-life battery in your computer.在电脑里只读存储器的长时间运行是靠电池支撑的。12、 Each form of memory feeds the CPU at differing speeds and efficiency due to their different technological make up.每种存储器向cpu提供信息的速度和效率都不一样，这是由存储器不同的制作技术决定。13、 All the elements that make up a PC can be purchased individually.所有的个人电脑组成器件使计算机可以单独购买14、 Power supply converts 120v ac (standard house power) into DC voltages that are used by other components in the PC.电源把120伏的交流电（标准居民供电）转为直流电压，供个人电脑的其他部件使用。15、 PC is a system, consisting of many components.个人电脑是由多个组件组成的系统16、 The Von Neumann Architecture bases on three ideas: four subsystems, stored program concept and sequential execution of instructions.冯.诺伊曼体系结构基于三大概念：四大子系统，程序存储概念和指令的顺序执行17、 He defined the control organ as that which would automatically execute the coded instructions stored in memory.他把控制器定义为：能够自动执行存储部件的结构18、 The number system is a way of counting things.数字系统是一种数字的计数方式19、 Another way to make this clear is to write decimal numbers in expanded notation.另外一种说明的方法是以扩展计数方法写出十进制数字20、 The binary number 11010110111 is equal to the octal number _ or hexadecimal number _.二进制数11010110111是八进制数_ 3267 _或十六进制数等于_ 6b7 _21、 Much of programming involves the storage and retrieval of data.许多编程都涉及数据存储和检索22、 Data structures are an important way of organizing information.数据结构是信息存储的一种重要方式23、 Many of the most efficient algorithms for important problems are based on the use of specific data structure; the efficiency of the algorithm depends on the efficiency of the underlying data structure.重要问题的有效算法大多建立在特定的数据结构基础之上，算法的效率依赖于其潜在数据结构的效率24、 Basic operations of a stack are push and pop.一个堆栈的基本操作是进栈和出栈25、 In handling user requests, the DBMS ensures the integrity of the data and security.在处理用户请求，数据库管理系统，确保数据的完整性和安全。26、 Databases are designed to manage concurrency control if the system is shared by multiple users.如果系统被多个用户使用，数据库能够执行并行控制管理27、 JPEG compression takes advantage of the human eyes inability to see minute change.JPEG压缩技术利用了人眼无法看见细微颜色的特点进行变化的28、 Most formats were developed for particular programs , some have become the standards , and a few formats were developed specifically for interchanging files between different programs and computers.29、 期中大部分格式是专门的程序开发的，一部分格式已经成为标准格式，还有一些格式是专门为不同的程序以及不同的计算机之间进行文件交换而开发的。30、 DBMS ensures the integrity of the data.数据库管理系统确保数据的完整性。31、 There are a large number of formats used for storing digital images.有大量的格式可以存储数字图像32、 Although they contain the complete formatting of the original document , including fonts and images , PDF files are highly compressed , allowing complex information to be downloaded efficiently.33、 虽然PDE文件包含了原始文档中包括字体和图像在内的全部格式，但是这种文件是经过高度压缩的，因此支持高速下载。1、On personal computers(PC) and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single chip called a microprocessor.2、Information is prioritized in terms of importance and stability to determine which form of memory would hold the data. 3、He defined the control organ as that which would automatically execute the coded instructions stored in memory. 4、Much of programming involves the storage and _retrieval_ of data. 5、In handling user requests, the DBMS ensures the _integrity_ of the data and security. 6、TIFF is a _flexible_ container format for digital still images. 三、 课外复习材料Topic 1: Artificial intelligence (AI) Artificial intelligence (AI) is the field of engineering(工程学) which builds systems, primarily computer systems, to perform tasks which require intelligence. The key aspects of intelligence around which AI research is usually focused include automated reasoning(推理), decision making, machine learning, machine vision, natural language processing, pattern recognition, planning, problem-solving, and robot control. This field of research has often set itself ambitious goals, seeking to build machines which can out think humans in particular domains(领域) of skill and knowledge, and has achieved some success in this. 人工智能是工程学的一个领域，它通过搭建系统，主要是计算机系统，来执行需要“智能”的任务。人工智能研究集中在“智能”的几个主要方面，包括自动推理、决策、机器学习、机器视觉（计算机视觉）、自然语言处理、模式识别、计划、问题解决、机器人控制等等。这一领域的研究常定下远大的目标，力求制造出能在特定知识技能领域战胜人类的机器，并在这方面已取得了一定的成果。Topic 2: CacheThere are two levels of cache: level 1 cache