E必·看·英语阅读.doc

高考英语阅读题型特征1、 A选项与原文一致，其他三个选项都有与原文不一致的地方2、 四个选项都没有错误，但是A选项比其他选项更好些3、 四个选项都与原文不完全一致，但是A选项相对好高考的简单题中，情况1不少；但高考难题中，情况2和3比较多。解题思路(1) 不要试图从原文去“得到”答案，而是按照标准化试题的固有规律，采用选项比较、找相对最好的答案。(2) 原文的作用：能很容易地告诉你哪个选项是肯定不对的与原文一点关系都没有的选项肯定不对，要排除掉；能告诉你哪些选项可能正确部分意思与原文沾边的选项，留下来比较；原文很难告诉你哪一个选项就肯定是正确答案，除非是极简单的个别题目或者你的英语能力超极高。(3)答案是比出来的，不是从原文中去得出来的：对比留下的选项中哪个相对最好，而不是对比每个选项与原文是否完全一致。解题技巧 考场上快速选出答案是最重要的，这里说一下考试中较多出现的，就是所有选项与原文都沾边的情况。英语阅读选项比较原则掌握这3个原则，基本可以将英语阅读拿下！1、英语main idea（文章观点）题型选项原则2、比较原则（A推B原则）：如果A选项能够证明B选项成立，那么证明B比A好，依次类推，直接得出答案。注意：该原则只能用在选项有共同点，且待选选项都与原文沾边，但是较难排除的情况3、虚实原则：答案中描述的范围越大，表达的越虚幻，则更加正确，因为英语表述中越实在，表示他描述的越片面，哪怕和原文语句一致。有时A推B原则符合虚实原则下面我们看例题（07年北京卷）：例1：This passage is mainly about .ATeacher of the Year 2004 in the United States （描述一个老师）BMs Mellors English teaching instruction（他是英语老师）CMs Mellors teaching skills of learning English（教英语技巧的老师）Dpraises to Ms Mellor from other teachers（得到表扬的老师）我们看BCD选项都能证明A对（描述一个老师），那么就直接选A，我们不要管为什么，也不必从原文去验证。从虚实角度上说，A的范围最大，所以也选A。 例2：（题目不用看了）A. 如何使用幽默 B. 演讲中加入幽默 C. 不同的幽默战术ABC三个选项都是与原文沾边的待选答案，那么按A推B原则，BC都可说明A“如何使用幽默”，直接选A。例3：人们在做梦时，刚开始都是好梦，随着时间的推移，这个好梦会变成噩梦A. 人在做梦时，开始时都是好梦 B. 随着时间的推移，好梦会变成噩梦答案都与原文一致，那么大家看由B可证明A成立，A成立则不能说明B成立，那么直接选A上面应用的是A推B原则，下面我们来看虚实原则：例4 This text is most probably written by _.A. a specialist in teenager studies B. a headmaster of a middle schoolC. a parent with teenage children D. a doctor for mental health problems看原文可知道只有A选项与原文沾边，但是对原文不理解的话，大家可看出A选项范围最广，含义最虚。英语main idea原则：判断选项与原文沾边与否排除后，大多可应用虚实原则及A推B原则，如果有两个选项互为相反，则答案必为其中之一，其他两个选项直接排除。因为博文篇幅关系，就不列出更多例题了，需要大家自行验证，直接放出课程视频。本期视频包括英语、语文选择题技巧，都是即学即用的方法技巧，大家一定要在这里分享心得哦To: 2011年 月 日 VIP学员补课专用高考英语阅读吴军精品决战教案C5-1沈阳铁西区英语家教吴军精品高分教案主编人：吴军（本阅读教案共5套，600元/1.5时）做题顺序【这是读文章的重点，也是难点，一定多多练习】1扫描题干，确定题型，划出关键信息词。2扫描文章，划出以下内容。【阅读文章的主要目的：抓框架，抓考点】(1)首段、各段首句、末段末句(2)与提干信息词相关内容(3)因果关系(because, thus, therefore等)(4)转折关系 (but, however, yet)(5)强调信息：1)绝对词汇 2)比较级最高级 3)强调句 4)强信息词(6)并列/列举：扫过标记(7)举例：扫过，知目的(8)指示性的具体信息： 1) 时间对比 2) 专有名词 3) 数字3再次阅读题目，联系文章，解决简单题目。4对于难以确定的题目，再次回原文反复的看相关的信息点。略读 一篇文章的主题信息通常会出现在以下几处：文章各段的首句和尾句 这些处于较明显、较特殊位置的句子往往是段落和文章的主题句，具有相当大的重要性;强转折处 通常以but, however, rather, yet, instead等词为标志，这些词汇后面的句子是主题性信息;因果关系处 通常以therefore, as a result, thus, so, That is why等词语或句式为标志，这些词汇或句式后面的句子是主题性信息;递进处 通常以moreover, furthermore, whats more, whats the most important, most important of all, most importantly等词汇或短语为标志，这些词汇或短语后面出现的信息是被强调的信息，即主题信息出现的地方;例证处 通常以for example, for instance, Lets take, Consider等词汇、短语或句式为标志，这些词汇、短语或句式表示举例，也是支持性的细节信息，位于例子前后的句子一般都是例子要说明的主题;并列处 通常以firstly, secondlyfinally, someothers, for one thingfor another, on the one handon the other hand等组合为标志，这些组合都是支持性的细节信息，位于这些组合前后的句子一般都是这些细节信息所要支持的主题。跳读 可以作为略读的辅助。跳读旨在掌握文章的全貌和要点，但又不必将文章中所有的词句全部都读进眼帘，句子中期补充说明、修饰限定作用的，在跳读过程中就可以略去不读。因此，跳读主要是为了抓住句子的主干部分，忽略次要部分，这种阅读方法并不影响读者对于文章主题信息的把握。当主题信息处是长难句时，这种方式尤为有效。跳读可以分为以下三种形式：根据特殊的标点符号提示，采用跳读法 文章中的标点符号都有其一定的含义。如：两个逗号之间是插入成分或同位语;括号内表示举例或补充说明;冒号通常用来列举事物、附加解释说明性内容;破折号通常放在解释性分句或句子前，或是用来列举前面总括的若干内容，或是放在解释性的插入语之前或之后等。阅读时，可以将两个逗号之间的部分、括号内的部分、冒号后的部分、破折号后的部分和两个破折号之间的部分省略不读;根据句法结构，采用跳读法 主要是在遇到长难句时，抓住句子的主干部分，即主语部分、谓语部分和宾语部分，而其它补充成分，即定语(从句)、状语(从句)和补语部分可以略去不读;根据文章结构和组织形式及段落间逻辑关系、主题句等，采用跳读法 阅读时，重点关注主题句、表明作者观点的词句，对于举例论证、引用论证、数据论证、正反论证、比喻论证等部分则一带而过，跳过不读。出题顺序题目顺序基本与行文顺序一致解题技巧:一般情况下，快速阅读的题目顺序与原文的行文顺序是保持一致的，也就是说，下一道题的出处一般位于前一道题出处后面。总体的试题顺序与文章的行文顺序一致的。把握题目顺序与行文顺序一致的基本规律，将节省我们的寻读时间。数字、年代解题技巧1 数字和年代在文章中通常以阿拉伯叔祖的形式出现，在周围都是英文字母的背景中就显得比较突出。因此，如果考题中含有数字，往往可以用来快速定位题目的出处。解题技巧2 数字和年代在文章中通常以阿拉伯数字的形式出现，但题干中可能对数字的形式有一定改动，如在数字的精确性和模糊性上变化。这时需要主义从逻辑关系上正确理解数字之间的包含与被包含关系。第一次出现的人名、地名等专有名词解题技巧： 专有名词以大写字母开头，在文章中显得比较突出，容易寻找。但是如果通篇都是讲与这个专有名词有关的事情时，这个专有名词有可能在全文中多次出现，而题目中也多次出现，这时就不建议用它来定位题目出处，而应该使用其他的定位词。题型与信息词1. 主旨题：询问主旨无需信息词;放于最后答题2. 词汇题：询问词汇、短语或句子含义询问内容为信息词 3. 细节题：询问文中具体细节信息词不确定4. 态度题：询问作者或他人对某物的态度一般无信息词5. 推断题：对段落或全文进行推理信息词不确定快速阅读原文作路标（划关键词），明确题型找题区（与题干有关的句子或段落），大部分题目的题干都在原文题区的基础上进行了变通，使用了不同的表达方式：词性转化、同义、近义替代、反义叙述、状语提示、概括总结、例子证明观点等。解答细节理解题，定位能力很重要；最基本方法是：定位+改写=正确答案，就近原则，核心名词，缩小范围，同义替换！照抄原文的不是解，同义替换的是解。原文、问题、选项三者相比较，重要性最高的是问题！其次是选项！最后是原文！必要性思维正确选项未必能充分完整地表达原文意思，而只要沾边即可。反之，不沾边的必错！问题中的细节和小词是关键！注意小词，比如：题干主语是people 就在文章中找we,they；题干中有used to就要找含过去式的was，而不是is，即使就近含关键字；题干中有now 就到文章中找today，题干中有toy lions就找shopping而不是parks或forests，定位+改写=正确答案!概括的、抽象的、与中心思想核心名词沾边的是正确选项。在遇到两个意思很相近的选项时：特别是假设A选项正确，还能推出B选项也正确的时候，究竟选哪个？要选B项！因为B项的范围包括了A，即B大于A，所以B正确。some Much same certain still different 。被动 measures should be taken 系表结构 It is in danger! There be句型将来时 3G mobile phone is coming首末句原则，即首段和末段原则（不要怕重复和回读）首段的作用：中心段 抛砖引玉. 定位+改写=正确答案!定位+改写=正确答案! 务必要用排除法。排除法在此类题型中发挥着不可磨灭的作用。根据在文章中找到的事实依据和常识排除错误信息，再排除和文章中一词不差的信息(文章里的原句不会是推理判断出来的结果，但通过同义词或句型转换过的选项有可能是正确答案)，最后再排除无关或偏离信息，正确答案就不言而喻了。解的十个特征1、 体现中心思想（包括段落中心）的是解；2、 照抄原文的不是解，同义替换的是解；3、 含义不肯定的是解，如：can could may usually might most more or less be likely to；含义绝对的不是解： must always never the most all any none 含义相反的是解；4、 具体的不是解，概括性的、抽象的是解；5、 带有some的是解：someone somebody sometime something certain；6、 简单的不是解，复杂的是解，字面意思不是解，含义深刻的是解；7、 带虚词的解：another other more either both also beside additional extra different same nearly not enough； 8、 “变化”是解：change delay improve increase；9、 “重要的、基础的”是解：important necessary essential basis be based on；10、 二选一：反义项有解；形似项有解；近义项有解阅读文章的两大原则：知难而退、抓大放小原文对等的思想：像【这个思想在做题时要时时体会，务必掌握】1、错误选项不是让你不选的 2、正确选项不是让你选的3、题干也不是随便出的 4、题目不是随便凑的 主旨题1)读文章时重点关注文章的首段和首末句。按照西方人习惯性的思维方式和写作习惯，他们惯用的是演绎法：即文章一开始先扔出自己的核心观点，然后具体一步步论证。根据我的统计，每一段的第一句、第二句和最后一句话为本段的主题句的概率分别为50%、20%、20%，三句话成为主题句的概率超过九成，当然也就成为我们阅读的重中之重。 2)关注一篇文章或者一段话中有没有重复出现的词或词组、有没有黑体字或者是斜体字。如果有，通常这就是文章的核心概念。 3)问句不会是主题句。问句通常作为过渡或者是引子，因此应该忽略，真正的主题应该是这个问题的答案。 4)关注一些表征强转折关系的连词“but,yet,however,infact,indeed,practically,virtually”等，这些词后面连接的通常都是一段话的主题句。 5)关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词： “inbrief/short,above/in/after/allinall,conclusion,tosum”等，这些词后面连接的通常也都是一段话的主题句。 6)如果主题句含有show和suggest等词，重点看其后的宾语从句。 7)掌握一些词组强调的重点。“notonly,butalso*,*aswellas,more*than,less,than*(*为强调的重点)”。A. 根据文章第一段或首句确定文章的主旨。新闻报道的第一段一般首先概括全文的中心，另外有些说明性或议论性文章也会开门见山地提出文章的中心或阐述的观点，文章的第一句话或第一段就是对全文主旨大意的概括。后文对此进一步解释说明，一般上具体的事例或信息，全文具有先总后分的特点。我们在捕捉文章的主题句时，应该对包含主题句的段落进行适当的分析。例：Fear and its companion pain are two of the most useful things that men and animals possess if they are properly used. If fire didnt hurt when it burned, children would play with it until their hands were burned away. Similarly, if pain existed but fear didnt, a child could burn itself again and again because fear would not warn it to keep away from the fire that had burnt it before. A really fearless soldier-and some do exist-is not a good soldier because he is soon killed; and a dead soldier is of no use to his army. Fear and pain are therefore two guards without which men and animals might soon die out.Q: The best title for this passage should be_.A. No pains, No GainsB. Pain and ActionsC. The Value of Fear D. The Reason Why People Fear分析：B. 主题句在篇尾。主题句位于段末的文章的特点是作者采用了先摆事实，后下结论的写作手法。作者在表述细节后，归纳要点、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。我们在做题时，要判断所读内容是细节性的描述还是对所涉及问题的集中表达。如果文章首先提及的内容多为一般性的事实、细节的描写或具体的事例，则对文章中心的归纳或作者观点及意图的体现极有可能在最后，可以重点细读最后一段，然后回过头来利用主题句进一步理解文章的细节。例：Free time increased considerably following the shortening of the working week, i.e. from six days to five days, and from ten hours to eight hours a day. In fact, the working day couldnt be too long, otherwise people wouldnt have the time to spend their money. The amount of a familys budget spent on outside entertainment, such as parties, films and concerts has increased from just under 6% in Fords day to about 9% today. On the other hand, we spend only a quarter of what our great-grandparents paid for reading materials.It is difficult to see how our spending patterns may change in the future. We already know that our population is aging and this will have an effect on the amount of money we spend on medical care.Q: What is the subject discussed in the text?A. Changing patterns in spendingB. Changes in family planningC. Decrease in food demandD. Increase in family income分析：C. 主旨出现在文章的中间。在有些议论文或说明文中作者首先列举或说明人们的错误观点或认识误区，然后再点明自己的观点或说明的中心，最后点题，这样文章的主题句就出现在篇中。例：A close friend siad: “If I could only figure this out, I think I could find happiness.” I have heard this before and will hear it again I am sure.Many people believe that finding happiness is all about finding something else they want. Not many have ever found long term happiness by achieving another goal. The answer to finding happiness is to look within yourself.In other words, happiness is a completely inside job. The most important piece to finding happiness is to comprehend happiness is a choice and not the result of an experience. If all happiness could be found as the result of an acquisition(成就), meeting a goal, or having anything, then a persons happiness would always be subject to something else.Q: Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. Look within to find happiness.B. Happiness, a choice or the result of an experience?C. The definition of happinessD. How can we create happiness?分析：细节题 阅读理解题目中的重量级选手。占的比重大，最少一篇文章考查3个，最多考查5个。正确选项答题方法：(1)同义改写词汇转换，含义相同(2)同义转述含义不同，本质相同答题方法：干扰项(1) 无中生有 (2) 偷梁换柱 (3) 自相矛盾 (4) 过于绝对第一、二种是出题人常常采用的方法，尤其以第二种最难，对于干扰项，一定要掌握“像”这个特征，这是核心。关键信息词定位：同义、同形、混合定位。绝对词出现的处理方式：(1)文章中：作为重点信息标记出。(2)题干中：作为关键信息词标出。(3)选项中：只有与文章一致方为正确选项。(4)选项中：一般作为干扰选项出现; 假如与文章标记一致，才是正确选项。绝对词：must, always, never, the most, all, no, each, only, have to, any(任何), completely, totally, hardly, every, rarely, seldom不肯定语气词(作标记)：can, could, may, might, should, some, usually, might, most, often, more or less, relatively, be likely to, possible, possibly, perhaps, maybe, to some degree, seem A. 从原文直接找到答案所需的信息。在解答这类题时，我们可采用“对号入座”的方法。先找到原文的关键信息，然后把原文中的信息跟后面的题目对照，即可得到答案。例：The new strategy involves fuel cells, which are devices that use chemical reactions to produce electrical currents. Researchers from St. Louis University used a type of protein called enzymes(酶). In the cells of living things, including people, enzymes are what spark chemical reactions. To keep up with the pace that our bodies demand, our cells constantly produce new enzymes as the old ones break down.Scientists had tried using enzymes in fuel cells before, but they had trouble keeping the electricity flowing. Thats because, unlike the enzymes in our cells, the enzymes in fuel cells break down faster than they can be replaced.To get around this problem, the St. Louis researchers invented molecules that wrap around an enzyme and protect it. Inside this molecular pocket, an enzyme can last for months instead of days.Q: Researchers have molecules wrap around an enzyme in order to_.A. make the enzymes in fuel cells break down slowerB. produce enough enzymes to break downC. keep up with the pace that our bodies demandD. keep the enzymes in fuel cells from breaking down分析：B. 对信息进行加工。这类题目我们能够在文章中找到信息，但原文信息又不是做题所直接需要的，需要我们对原文信息进行合理的加工处理，据此作简单推理。它是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型。例：In the summer of 1941, I was 5 years old. It was a time when the Nickles Bakery sent salesmen in red-and-white trucks door-to-door in our town of Greenville, Pennsylvania, selling baked goods.One day, a Nickles salesman drove his truck, loaded with goodies, into our driveway. He opened the rear doors, took out his display of baked goods and went into our home to offer my mother the specialties of the day.While he was inside, I sneaked around to the rear of his truck, with its doors wide open, and I took a package of oatmeal(燕麦) cookies, hurried to the rear of the house and ate the entire package of cookies.Soon, the truck sped away, and I never gave what I had done another thoughtuntil 27 years later, during the summer of 1968.Q: In the 27 years after he ate the oatmeal cookies, the author_.A. felt sorry all the timeB. tried to find the salesman and pay himC. never thought about what he had doneD. often remembered the scene分析：C. 综合信息题。这类题目的信息不仅仅涉及文章的某一句话，还可能涉及文章的几句话，而且有时可能散落在文章的不同段落，因此要求我们把原文提供的信息综合起来分析，不能断章取义，张冠李戴。例：I located the bakery and told the superintendent(主管) my story, expecting him to understand my plight and tally up the charges.Id pay up and my conscience would be put at ease.Instead, he laughed out loud and said, “You mean to tell me that you want to pay for something that happened 27 years ago, when you were only 5 years old?”He laughed again and said, “Reverend(牧师), consider the debt paid.”I felt relieved and my conscience was right.Q: Why did the author feel his conscience was right in the end?A. Because he paid for those cookies, plus 27 years of interest.B .Because he was respected as a minister by the superintendent.C. Because the superintendent told him the debt had been paid.D. Because he was pardoned by the superintendent.分析: 推断题提问中需含有词汇：infer，imply，Learn from，Conclude，Suggest，seen from等推断类型：全文推断，局部推断。判断标准：题目出现位置;位置重于表述。什么是推断：(1)来自于原文相关处; (2)与其含义一致【注意，一定是原文对等】全文推断：判断依据：(1)最后一题； (2)倒数第二题：假如最后一题为主旨题或者作者对全文的态度题时。答题方法：1. 对全文最后一段的推断。定位三句：最后一段最后一句(或倒数第二句)，最后一段主题句(可能是第一句)，最后一段强调句。一般来讲，四选项中有涉及全文最后一段的相关内容，特别是全文最后一句或者倒数第二句时，此为答案。2. 对全文中心观点的推断。查找与中心观点一致的选项。3. 对文中不同信息点的推断，逐个定位，进行推断。推断题目中最难的题目，数量少。局部推断：分为两种：(1)根据给定段落进行推断(段落推断);(2)根据给定的某个信息进行推断(信息点推断)。答题方法：定位信息点和作者观点。干扰项：无根据推断(无中生有)，推断过头，推断错误(自相矛盾)。需要强调的是：推断的本质：一定是来自原文，且含义一致。任何一个推断题，找不到定位处，或者感觉模模糊糊，就要考虑是不是一个错误选项。A. 写作意图题。有些文章作者不点明自己的写作意图，而是让读者自己去体会，这种情况多出现在记叙文或夹叙夹议的文章中。例：ALBANY, New York- Students who rely on working at night to improve their grades might want to sleep on that strategy: a new survey in the U.S. says those who never study all night have slightly higher grades than those who do.A survey of 120 students at St. Lawrence University found that students who have never pulled an all-nighter on average have higher grades than those who have. The survey found those who do not study through the night have a grade point average of 3.2 compared to 2.95 for those who have.Q: The purpose of the passage is to tell us_.A. the bad effects of pulling an all-nighter B. pulling an all-nighter leads to sleep problemsC. doubts about all-nighters D. all-nighters hurt students grades分析:B. 态度倾向题。作者的态度倾向往往隐含在文章中，而不会明确说明，因此态度倾向题也是比较有难度的推理判断题型。这类题目一般分为两类：一是作者对某一具体事物的观点、看法；另一类是作者对某一人、物的评价。议论文或记叙文往往考查作者的态度倾向。如果是论文，应该抓住作者的论点和论据；如果是记叙文，应该特别注意作者总结性的文字。例：The NBA now has a serious image problem; more than any other sport, its pulled in two opposite directions. As its been for years, whites make up a majority of the fans; blacks make up a majority of the players. And as those players have benefited from ever-upward-spiraling(不断上升的) paychecks, theyve exercised their influence to shape the sight of the game around them in their own image.The NBA has the potential to be a bridge between cultures, a way to bring both sides together in cheering some of the best athletes of any color. But its a fragile bridge indeed, where every black or white element apparently forces out its ethnic(种族的) opposite. And its not hard to imagine a time when nobody will be interested in crossing over.Q: The authors attitude towards the NBA culture could be described as_.A. supportive B. doubtfulC. criticalD. neutral分析:C. 细节推断题。细节推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而复出符合文章原意的结论的一种推断方法。此类题要求我们根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、具体信息等。解答此类题要从文章提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维、哲学原理，并借助一定的常识，进行分析、推理、判断。进行细节推断，必须吃透相关文段的意思。例：In many countries the standard of living enjoyed by their people had increased rapidly in recent years. Sadly, not everyone in these countries is so fortunate and many people in rich countries are homeless.The reasons for homelessness are various, but poverty is undoubtedly one of the main causes. The homeless people may have become jobless and then unable to pay their rent and so no longer have a roof over their heads. Often, the fact that unemployed people get help from the government prevents this from happening, but not always.Some cynics(愤世嫉俗的人) declare that homeless people choose to live the life which they lead. But who would willingly choose to live in a shop doorway, under a bridge or in a cardboard box?Q: It can be inferred from the text that_.A. you will not find homeless people in countries with a high standard of living.B. the mental ill live on the street because they want the company of other homeless peopleC. The unemployed who receive help may still be among the homelessD. the homeless are willing to live under a bridge or in a cardboad box分析:D. 逻辑结论题。逻辑结论型试题的特点是考查我们的逻辑思维及判断能力，要求我们根据文章提供的细节，推断出合乎逻辑的内容。解答此类题我们首先要找出短文的主题，然后按题意要求进行推断。例：Chapman feels it his duty to help the rural areas that get left behind. Ask him about the satisfaction of setting up the community wireless network and hell mention two women who are attending online universities-or grandparents easily e-mailing their grandchildren far away.“When the members of the community contribute their effort like this, they feel a sense of ownership,” Chapman says, “We may operate the network, but its owned by the citizens of the community. Its for the public good.”Q: From the last two paragraphs we know that_.A. West Virginia Broadhand only does good to old citizensB. West Virginia Broadhand is operated by the communityC. Chapman is a man of social responsibilitiesD. Chapman isnt very much satisfied with his work分析:E. 预测想象题。预测想象型试题考查的内容一般在文意中没有明确说明，因此我们要根据语篇，把握作者的写作思路，对事件可能出现的结局后文可能涉及的内容以及上文的内容进行科学的、合理的预测。例：C