高一英语人教版不定式、分词、动名词知识精讲.doc

用心 爱心 专心 高一英语人教版高一英语人教版不定式 分词 动名词不定式 分词 动名词 同步教育信息同步教育信息 一 本周教学内容 不定式 分词 动名词 1 动名词与不定式的区别 动名词起名词作用 在句子中可以作主语 宾语 表语 定语 主语补足语 宾语补 足语 不定式起名词 形容词 副词作用 在句子中除了动名词所起的作用外 还可以作状 语 但两者之间也有差别 1 不定式的逻辑主语必须与主语一致 而动名词的逻辑主语范围较大 它可以指 主语 也可以是泛指 如 I hate to work on weekends 我讨厌周末干活 指自己干活 I hate working on weekends 我讨厌周末干活 可以指自己 也可以泛指 2 动名词多指抽象的 概念性的动作 可以是多次的 经常的行为 不定式多表 示具体的动作 尤其是某一次的动作 如 Reading in bed is a pleasure I like swimming but I don t like to swim in the pool today 我喜欢游泳 但是今天我不喜欢在游泳池里游泳 Talking for hours at a stretch is more exhausting than you seem to think 一连讲几个小时的话会比你想像的似乎要累 泛指讲话 To talk for hours at a stretch is more exhausting than you seem to think 一连讲几个小时的话可比你想像的似乎要累 指个人的感受 3 在某些动词之后只能用动名词 而另一些动词之后只能用不定式 后接动名词的动词有 admit avoid consider defer delay deny dislike enjoy escape fancy fini sh imagine include keep mind miss postpone practise recall recollect resent resist risk stop suggest 等 短语动词有 have done give up 等 后接不定式的动词有 afford agree aim ask claim choose decide decline demand desine determ ine expect fail hope manage offer plan pretend promise refuse resolve threaten wish 等 4 有不少动词既可后接动名词也可接不定式 常见的有 begin continue dread fear forget hate help intend learn like love ne ed neglect proceed propose regret remember start try want 等 上述动词后接的动名词与不定式在意义上往往没有什么区别 但有时二者的意义却有 不同 remember 和 forget 后接不定式时 表示没有发生的动作 而接动名词时 表示已 经发生过的动作 如 Did you remember to lock the door 你记住锁门了吗 I remember seeing her before 我记得以前见过她 I forgot to buy the book 我忘买书了 Shall you ever forget hearing her sing 你会忘记听她唱歌吗 stop 接动名词 表示 停止正在做的事 stop 后接不定式表示 停下来去做某 用心 爱心 专心 事 该不定式不是宾语 而是目的状语 如 You d better stop smoking 你最好不要吸烟了 At the newsagent s she stopped to buy a magazine 在报摊那儿她停下来买了一本杂志 try 接不定式 表示 努力做某事 try 接动名词 表示 尝试做某事 如 Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door 前门如没有人应答 就敲后门试试看 Try to get some sleep 试图去睡一会儿 regret 后接不定式时 指将来或现在的动作 regret 后接动名词时 指过去或现 在的动作 regret 后接动名词的完成式时 指过去的动作 如 I regret missing the film 我懊悔没有看上那部电影 I regret to say that I cannot come 我很抱歉 不能来了 help 后接动名词意谓 避免 help 后接不定式意为 帮助 如 I can t help laughing 我不禁笑起来 I can t help to clean the place up 我不能帮助打扫这地方 mean 后接动名词意为 意味着 mean 后接不定式意为 打算 如 Doing morning exercises means getting up early 做早操意味着要早起 I meant to help you 我意在帮你 5 有些动名词主动式可表被动意义 而不定式则须用其被动式表被动意义 如 它需要修理 It needs repairing It needs to be repaired 6 有些动词有书面语中后多接动名词 在口语中后多接不定式 如 开始下雨了 It started raining It started to rain 我害怕冒犯她 I fear offending her I fear to offend her 7 在 should would like love 等之后须用不定式 如 I d like to thank you again 我愿再次感谢你 I d love to come sometime 日后我愿意来的 2 现在分词与过去分词的区别 分词有现在分词和过去分词 它们在语态和时间方面有较大差别 1 在语态上现在分词表示主动的意思 表示它所修饰的人或物的行为 过去分 词则表示被动的意思 表示它修饰的人或物是动作的承受者 如 an exciting story 令人激动的故事 excited people 激动的人们 surprising news 令人惊讶的消息 a surprised man 受惊的人 an inspiring leader 具有号召力的领袖 the inspired soldiers 受到鼓舞的士兵 a delighting speech 令人高兴的演说 the delighted audience 受感动的观念 2 在时间上现在分词一般表示正在进行的动作 过去分词则往往表示已经完成的 动作 如 boiling water 沸腾的水 boiled water 开水 falling snow 正在下的雪 fallen snow 落在地上的雪 用心 爱心 专心 3 过去分词可以作定语 表示被动 表示已经完成的动作 现在分词的被动式也 可以作定语 表示被动 但表示正在进行的动作 如 The bridge being built will be important in this area s traffic 正在建造的这座桥在该地区的交通中将起重要作用 The bridge built last year has played an important part in this area s traffic 去年建造的这座桥在该地区的交通中起了重要作用 4 过去分词可以作宾语补足语 表示被动 有时表示已经完成的动作 有时并不 表示已经完成 现在分词的被动式也可以作宾语补足语 表示被动 表示正在进行的动作 如 He found his wallet stolen 他发现钱包被偷走了 I ll have my bike repaired this afternoon We found the flat being decorated 我们发现公寓房正在装修 3 现在分词和动名词的区别 1 动名词作定语时要放在被修饰词之前 动名词通常表示目的或用途 现在分词 作定语时 单个的分词放在被修饰之前 分词短语要放在被修饰词之后 现在分词作定语 时与被修饰词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系 如 分词 动名词 a waiting carwaiting room the car that is waiting the room for waiting working people 劳动人民working method 工作方法 a sleeping child 熟睡的孩子sleeping car 卧车 2 动名词作表语时 相当于名词 由于名词作表语时可以和主语互换位置 意思 和语法上都保持正确 故可用这种方法检验 另外 动名词作表语时可带宾语 状语 现 在分词作表语时起形容词作用 不可与主语互换位置 也不可带宾语 如 His job is raising pigs 动名词 Her favorite sport is swimming 动名词 Her job is interesting 现在分词 4 现在分词和不定式的区别 现在分词起形容词和副词的作用 在句子中可以起除主语 宾语外的所有其他句子成 份的作用 不定式可以起名词 形容词 副词作用 可以在句子中作主语 宾语 表语 补足语 定语 状语等 1 现在分词作表语时 相当于一个形容词 不可与主语互换位置 也不可带宾语 不定式作表语时 相当于一个名词 名词作表语时可以和主语互换位置 意思上和语法上 都保持正确 如 Her proposal was misleading 她的建议有些误导 Her proposal was to go there at once 她的建议是马上到那儿去 2 现在分词和不定式都可以用在感官动词后作宾语补足语 通常现在分词表示重 复性的动作 表示动作正在进行 还没有结束 不定式表示某一次的动作 表示动作的全 过程 如 I saw him waiting at the bus stop I saw him enter the building just now 用在这种结构里时 现在分词常用延续性动词 如 reading studying standing waiting watching sitting 等 不定式常用非延续性 用心 爱心 专心 动词 如 come go enter arrive climb 等 3 现在分词和不定式都可以作定语 单个现在分词放在被修饰词之前 现在分词 短语放在被修饰词之后 不定式要放在被修饰词后 如 His amusing story made us laugh 他的逗人的故事使我们大笑 I have a letter to write 我要写一封信 另外 从时间上讲 现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作 不定式作定语表示将来的 动作 如 The building being built is a hospital The building to be built is a library 将要建造的大楼是图书馆 4 现在分词和不定式都可以作状语 现在分词可以表示时间 原因 条件 结果 方式和伴随状态 但不能用在表语形容词后作状语 不定式常用来表示目的 结果和原因 还可用在表语形容词后 模拟试题模拟试题 1 They knew her very well They had seen her up from childhood A grow B grew C was growing D to grow 2 The chair looks rather hard but in fact it is very comfortable to A sit B sit on C be sat D be sat on 3 She didn t remember him before A having met B have met C to meet D to having met 4 Mother us stories when we were young A was used to tell B is used to telling C used to tellD used to telling 5 Go on the other exercise after you have finished this one A to do B doing C with D to be doing 6 What do you think of the book Oh excellent It s worth a second time A to read B to be read C reading D being read 7 Do you know the boy under the big tree A lay B lain C laying D lying 8 There was a terrible noise the sudden burst of light A followed B following C to be followed D being followed 9 Good morning Can I help you I d like to have this package madam A be weighed B to be weighed C to weigh D weighed 10 She pretended me when I passed by A not to see B not seeing C to not see D having not seen 11 more attention the tree could have grown better A Given B To give C Giving D Having given 12 Most of the artists to the party were from South Africa A invited B to invite C being invited D had been invited 13 Tom kept quiet about the accident lose his job A so not as to B so as not to C so as to not D not so as to 14 She searched the top of the hill and stopped on a big rock by the 用心 爱心 专心 side of the path A to have rested B resting C to rest D rest 15 Last summer I took a course on A how to make dressB how dress be made C how to be made dressD how dress to be made 16 The secretary worked late into the night a long speech for the president A to prepare B preparing C prepared D was preparing 17 She s upstairs letters A writes B is writing C write D writing 18 The speaker raised his voice but still couldn t make himself A hear B to hear C hearing D heard 19 The murderer was brought in with his hands behind his back A being tied B having tied C to be tied D tied 20 On Saturday afternoon Mr Green went to the market some bananas and visited his cousin A bought B buying C to buy D buy 21 Jane was made the truck for a week as a punishment A to wash B washing C wash D to be washing 22 Mr smith warned her daughter after drinking A never to drive B to never drive C never driving D never drive 23 The light in the office is still on Oh I forgot A turning it off B turn it off C to turn it off D having turned it off 24 I can hardly imagine Peter across the Atlantic Ocean in five days A sail B to sail C sailing D to have sailed 25 Shall we go skating or stay at home Which do yourself A do you rather B would you rather C will you rather D should you rather 26 a reply he decided to write again A Not receiving B Receiving not C Not having received D Having not received 27 The salesman scolded the girl caught and let her off A to have stolen B to be stealing C to steal D stealing 28 Little Jim should love to the theatre this evening A to be taken B to take C being taken D taking 29 I usually go there by train Why not by boat for a change A to try going B trying to go C to try and go D try going 30 I would appreciate back this afternoon A you to call B you call C your calling D you re calling 用心 爱心 专心 31 is a good form of exercise for both young and old A The walk B Walking C To walk D Walk 32 Can t you read Mary said to the notice A angrily pointing B and point angrily C angrily pointed D and angrily pointing 33 The computer centre last year is very popular among the students in this school A open B opening C having opened D opened 34 Charles Babbage is generally considered the first computer A to invent B inventing C to have invented D having invented 35 How about the two of us a walk down the garden A to take B take C taking D to be taking 36 down the radio the baby s asleep in the next room A Turning B To turn C Turned D Turn 37 The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with his talks that he had enjoyed his stay here A having added B to add C adding D added 38 The first text books forteaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century A having written B to be written C being written D written 39 She set out soon after dark home an hour later A arriving B to arrive C having arrived D and arrived 40 The missing boys were last seen near the river A playing B to be playing C play D to play 41 Rather than on a crowded bus he always prefers a bicycle A ride ride B riding ride C ride to ride D to ride riding 42 I must apologize for ahead of time That s all right A letting you not know B not letting you know C letting you know not D letting not you know 43 Paul doesn t have to be made He always works hard A learn B to learn C learned D learning 44 We agreed here but so far she hasn t turned up yet A having met B meeting C to meet D to have met 45 You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting Well now I regret that A to do B to be doing C to have done D having done 46 The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street but his mother told him A not to B not to do C not do it D do not to 47 in thought he almost ran into the car in front of him A Losing B Having lost C Lost D To lose 48 The patient was warned only food after the operation 用心 爱心 专心 A to eat not B eating not C not to eat D not eating 49 I would love to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report A to go B to have gone C going D having gone 50 The Olympic Games in 776 B C did not in