考研英语写作讲义-孙壮.doc

2006年考研英语写作讲义 孙壮Lecture on English Composition for the 2006 Post-graduate Entrance Test一、写作标准 Criteria1考研英语大纲(Syllabus) 考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。短文写作时，考生应能： 1)做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当； 2)遵循文章的特定文体格式； 3)合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯； 4)根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当选用语言。2 写作对策(Strategy)1） 根本问题(FIRST THING FIRST)：词汇、语法、句式This cartoon vividly depicted an embarrassing situation: a poor old man, who has drawed himself together like a ball at the center of four kids, is kicked away from their realms. The four children seems all competitive players in a football game, guarding against their father, who may bring up his kids with great effort and pains, from claiming his right of being supported when at a hardly viable age. （漏洞百出的作文，仔细看看，挑出毛病）The cartoon vividly depicts an unpleasing situation: Four descendents, three sons and one daughter, all stand before their goals, defending against their father, who huddles himself up like a ball, from entering their own realms. They all refuse to support their helpless and hopeless father, who has apparently been out of means of livelihood and may have fostered his children with great effort and at great pains.（更正的作文）2） 如何做到恰当(FITFULNESS)A.积累地道表达方式(Idiomatic English),句式应当多样化(Language is formulaic)，以使语言趋于正确。写作的水平的提高来自大量阅读，美文俯拾皆是：They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. 2005年考研阅读第二篇Parent shares their good with their descendants readily when the latter are still young and need care. It is never fair that To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate.(出处同上)To grant senior citizens prosper respect, we must press forward on a universal concern upon their situation. But concern is inadequate. Laws relevant with their legitimate rights should be enforced to give them a guarantee. B. 范文(exemplary writing)模板(template)，不要过度依赖“范文”。YOU CANNOT FLAY（扒皮，不是和母牛玩）THE SAME COW TWICE.熟悉大纲规定所有应用文模板，包括私人和公务信函(letter)、备忘录(memo)、摘要(summary/abstract)、报告(oral report)及便笺(note)3)写作是文字游戏(word play）、是大脑风暴(BRAIN STORM)GOOD LUCK IS ALWAYS WITH THE MAN WHO DOESNT INCLUDE IT IN HIS PLAN.写作是语言使用的最高阶段，是听说读等语言能力综合应用。(Writing is a SYNTHESIS rather than a COMPOSITION.)二、写作步骤 Composing Procedure无论何种题型的作文都要遵循常规的写作过程， 即写前(pre-writing): 审题(finding the theme)和构思(outlining/rehearsing/collecting information)写中(writing) 起草成文(drafting)写后(post-writing) 修改润色(revising/editing)Part A51. Directions: Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision stating your reason(s), and making an apology. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)Dear Mr. Wang,I am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from my current position. A few factors are given to prove my decision and make me feel intolerable. First of all, the salary in reality is much lower than you have promised and you can see it is difficult for me to support such a big family with such a low salary. What is more, the office politics are so complex that I feel so uneasy because human relationship seems to be more important than your achievement. Most importantly, the office is located in the downtown area, yet I live in the suburbs, it is so inconvenient for me the commute for such a long distance and long hours.I sincerely hope that you approve of my resignation. I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.Yours sincerely, Li MingAs is vividly depicted in the cartoon, three sons and a daughter treat their old, helpless father very badly and violently. The striking feature is that they each stand in a different corner of a football field and the eldest son kicks out the father, who huddles up into a ball. Surprisingly, the children all wear fashionable clothes which indicate that they are rich enough but they still intend to ward him off. The phenomenon that old people are abandoned caused our concerns and should be brought into focus. Simple as the picture shows, yet the symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given into enough consideration. Recently, many grown-ups have, who have the ability to support their parents and live a comfortable life, often neglected and abandoned their parents even though their parents live in great poverty and suffer great illnesses. As we can see, their parents must be hurt not only physically but also mentally and no longer have an enjoyable life and feel so isolated and humiliated. I think these children have betrayed their own conscience and see the gloomy future of their own if they will be treated the same way by their own children. We should respect the old people and support them both physically and mentally. In the first place, being kind to old people is the Chinese virtue. In the second place, owe so much to our parents in that they not only gave us life but have done much in bringing us up. In order to solve the problem, efforts should be made to make old people under the responsibility of the young people. On the one hand，we should strengthen the peoples awareness that old people deserve to be better cared. On the other hand, it is demanding for us to strengthen the enforcement of laws to protect the old peoples legal rights. (312 words)功夫在写作之外IF YOU HAVE NO HAND, YOU CANNOT MAKE A FIST.IDLENESS IS THE RUST OF THE MIND.1)熟悉大纲词汇用法2005大纲新增词汇：scrutiny strenuous, suffice, acclaim, benign, blossom, discreet, discrepancy, dissipate, doom, eminent, evade, grim, harassment, hazard, incentive, inhibit, intervene, malignant, meditate, menace, pathetic, preclude, prevalent, prone, prosecute, refrain, retrospect, susceptible, toll, transcend, vulnerable, A closer scrutiny may reveal that Strenuous effort should be made to A reliance on common sense does not suffice. It is widely acclaimed that To achieve a benign consequence, measures should be taken to Industries producing health products blossomTHERE IS ONLY ONE CORNER IN THE UNIVERSE THAT YOU CAN BE CERTAIN OF IMPROVING, AND THAT IS YOURSELF.三、应用文写作模板 Formats of Practical Writing1 信函私信信函常用语言 I (Formulaic Usages)1、Id like .to come to dinner.非常希望.共进晚餐2、request the pleasure of恭请.3、The favor of a reply is requested. 敬赐复函4、May I have the honor of your company at dinner? 敬备菲酌，恭请光临5、Thank you for inviting us to dinner.谢谢您邀请我们共进晚餐6、I hope youre not too busy to come.我期望您会在百忙中光临7、The reception will be held in .,on .招待会定于.在.举行8、We sincerely hope you can attend.我们期待您的光临9、We are looking forward to .我们期待着.10、We have decided to have a party in honor of the occasion. 为此我们决定举办一次晚会11、Please confirm your participation at your earliest convenience.是否参加，请早日告之公函1)信函的组成: Heading 信头 Inside Address 信内地址(多用于公务,商业信件) Salutation 称呼 Body of Letter 信的正文 Complimentary Close 结束语 Signature 签名 Enclosure 附件 Postscript 再启 Superscription 信封的写法 其中信头到签名是主要部分信头 Heading包括地址以及发信日期。位置在信纸的右上角，可以从靠近信纸的中央写起，先写发信人地址，后写日期。地址按由小到大的规则。日期既可月日年，又可日月年。Sample:English DepartmentForeign Languages SchoolJilin UniversityChangchun, Jilin Province130012P. R. ChinaJan. 14th, 2006十二个月的英文缩写：Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 信内地址 Inside Address即收信人的姓名，职务，地址，按英、美习惯，凡属公务商洽或商业往来的信件，都必须有此内容。而写给亲友、熟人的信件则可省。它位于信纸左侧低于信头一二行处，顶格写，其顺序可先写职位姓名，再写地址。Sample: ChairmanDept. of Electronics EngineeringUniversity of MassachusettsAmherst, MA 01003 U.S.A.称 呼 Salutation 即收信人的称呼，写于信内地址下一二行处。在左侧顶格写，用逗号结束。最常用的称呼有：Dear+姓名,或Dear Mr./Mrs./Miss/Ms.+姓，学术界可以用Dr. / Prof. Hon. (honorable)用于市长，议员，大使，法官等姓名前。Pres.(president)用于称呼董事长，总经理，会长，大学校长。 Rev. (Reverend) 称呼牧师。如果不知道对方姓名可以说 To whom it may concern. 也可以说Dear Sir/Madam。非正式：Hi, Joe, Greetings, 正式：Dear Sir, / Dear Mr. Zhang, / My dear Mr. Rose, / Dear Chairman, / Gentlemen,/ Ladies, etc.信的正文 Body of Letter 即信的内容，位于收信人称呼下方，隔两行。在左称呼对齐处后移35个字母处开头，另起段时与第一行对齐。但，第一段亦可顶格，而以下各段则要留空格。一封好的英文书信的标准是:内容清楚，语言简练，谦虚礼貌。(5Cs: Clear, Complete, Concise, Courteous, Correct)结束语 Complimentary Close写信人对收信人的谦称即客套语。结束语在正文下两三行的位置，大都从信纸中间写起，可以和信头(heading)同列。第一个字母要大写，末尾用逗号。在非正式的社交信中常用Yours sincerely。若收信人是亲密朋友，可用Yours, Yours truly, Sincerely等。To relatives or close friends: Yours, / With love, / With best wishes, / Yours affectionately, / Yours sincerely, / Yours, cordially, To general friends: Yours sincerely, / Always truthfully, yours, / With best wishes, /As ever, yours,To seniors or superiors: Yours respectfully, / Obediently yours, / Very respectfully yours,.To strangers, organizations or in business letters: Faithfully, yours, /Very sincerely, yours,.签名 Signature即写信人署名，位置在结束语下面，偏向右下角。附件 Enclosure如果书信还有附件，应在签名下方左下角注明Encl.或Enc.: Invoices 4 (附发票四张)， Encl.: Name list of students (附学生名单一份)。再启 Postscript补叙遗漏，常以P. S缩写形式出现。写于信笺的左下角，比较正式的信件最好少用或不用。信封 Superscription 信封左上角写发信人姓名和地址。收信人姓名，地址要居信封中央(或稍右)，上边比下边多空些。每行末尾最好不用标点，要注意与信纸里的地址写法一致。full block (齐头式) AmE.Li Ming(Stamp)Jilin UniversityChangchun, Jilin Province, 130012P. R. ChinaProf. Robert LeeDepartment of Applied LinguisticsSouthern Rhode Island UniversityBesachpoint, RI 12901U.S.A.indented form (缩行式) BrE.Li Ming(Stamp)Jilin UniversityChangchun, Jilin Province, 130012P. R. ChinaProf. Robert LeeDepartment of Applied LinguisticsSouthern Rhode Island UniversityBesachpoint, RI 12901U.S.A.2)常用模板Format710 West 80 StreetTempe, AZ 85282January 24, 1989Mr. Richard LevyFirst Security Bank2250 Sixth AvenueSan Diego, Ca 91201Dear Mr. Levy:Is there a place at First Security for a person with a thorough business education, experience in the business world, and an earnest desire to accept responsibility and handle challenges? If so, I believe that I can meet your need.On December 20, 1988, I received a BBA degree from Brigham Young University besides courses in accounting, management, and marketing. I have taken speech, industrial psychology, and business communications to better prepare myself to work effectively with people.As an employee at Sears, Roebuck in Provo, Utah, I have performed various duties from receiving clerk to cashier to candidate for management trainee. I believe that my supervisor there (see the enclosed resume) will tell you that I was a dependable, conscientious worker. My part time work of approximately 25 hours a week enabled me to pay the major part of my college expenses.Yours very truly,(Signature)Li MingEnclosure: Resume3)信函的种类求职信、投诉信、邀请信、订购信、询问信、感谢信、道歉信、推荐信求职信(Letters of Application)开头段：表明信息来源，说明写作意图。 主体段：介绍自己相关的工作经历、学习经历，以此证明你能胜任这个职位。SampleDear Ms. Hendrady:I would like to be considered for the post of sales representative with your corporation, as advertised in the May 28 edition of the China Daily.I had successfully completed the courses directly related to marketing four years ago. In these courses, I had acquired skills in marketing, management relations and communication. This background enables me to work effectively with employees, customers and the general public.As a graduate from the Foreign Trade University, I feel very confident that I can meet your special requirements that the candidate must have a high command of English, for I had got an excellent score in TOEFL. Furthermore, I learned to communicate well with English speaking customers when I worked as a salesman with the Great Wall Corporation Limited.The main reason for changing my employment is to gain more experience with a company of outstanding international reputation such as yours. I believe that my education and experience will prove useful for work in your office. Enclosed are my resume and three photos. I would appreciate the opportunity to discuss my qualification with you. Would you please write to let me know a convenient time for you to talk with me?Sincerely yours,Li Ming投诉信(Letters of Complaint)开头段：说明与收信人的相关性，点明你写作的意图。 主体段：写明投诉的原因，要展开说明，或者讲具体理由，或者谈问题的具体体现方式。 结束段：表达你希望上述问题得到尽快解决的强烈愿望，并对有关人员做出的努力表示感谢。Sample 1Dear Sir:With reference to our order No. W 98, the 120 computer sets supplies to the above order were delivered the day before yesterday, but we regret that 20 sets were badly damaged.The packages containing the computer sets appeared to be in good condition and we accepted and signed for them without question. We unpacked the computer sets with care and can only assume that damage must be due to careless handling at some stage prior to packing.We shall be glad if you will replace all 20 sets as soon as possible. Meanwhile, we have put the damaged computer sets aside in case you need them to support a claim on your suppliers for compensation.Yours sincerely,Li MingSample 2Dear Mr. Chang:On September 10, our order for 280 womens cotton sweaters was duly received, but we regret to say that 40 cotton sweaters in white color were seriously soiled.We had the case investigated immediately, and the result shows the damage was due to improper packing, for which the suppliers are definitely responsible.Needless to say, we have suffered a great loss from this, as we cannot sell the sweaters in this condition to our customers. We ask you to conduct investigation at your end and reply to us.Sincerely yours,Li Ming邀请信(Letters of Invitation)开头段：表明写作意图，向某人发出邀请。 主体段：说明邀请的具体原因，邀请的内容。 结束段：表明强烈的期盼，并希望尽快得到答复。Sample 1Dear Mr. Harrison,Our new factory will be commencing production on April 10 and we should like to invite you and your wife to be present at a celebration to mark the occasion.As you will appreciate this is an important milestone for this organization, and is the result of continued demand for our products, both at home and overseas. We are inviting all those individuals and trust that you will pay us the compliments of accepting.Please confirm that you will be able to attend by advising us of your time we can arrange for you to be met. All arrangements for your stay overnight on April 10 will, of course, be made by us at our expense.Yours faithfully,Li MingSample 2Dear Dr. Rodger,The English Department of Nankai University would like to extend to you an invitation to be our guest speaker at the annual conference to be held at the meeting room at eight oclock, Saturday morning, December the thirtieth, 2005.As you know, the department is interested in the 20th century English literature. Since you are familiar with the field, we know your views will be extremely interesting to us.You will receive further details later, but we would appreciate having your acceptance soon so we may complete our agenda. Cordially,Li Ming拒绝邀请信(Letters of Declining) But unfortunately I expect guests myself on Friday, the seventh of May; and therefore cannot accept your invitation for luncheon on that day. It was thoughtful of you to invite me, and I am extremely sorry I cannot accept, I do hope you will ask me again some time! 订购信(Letters of Order)开头段：开篇点出写信的目的，定购你要的东西。 主体段：详细说明你订购货物的规格、大小、颜色、尺寸等。 结束段：表示对方回函以便确认。SampleDirections: You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for:1) detailed information about the books you want,2) methods of payment,3) time and way of delivery.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address.Dear Sir or Madam，As a customer of your bookstore, I write this letter to ask for some information about some reference books on English tests. I am planning to take part in the NETEM, which is to be held in the spring of 2005. Since it is a difficult test, I am in need of a comprehensive and well-written reference book. Because I am fully occupied with my work and studies, I can only remit the payment to you when I hear from you. I wish you could send the book by mail as soon as possible. Please reply at your earliest convenience.Sincerely yours,Li Ming询问信(Letters of Inquiry)开头段：明确写信的目的，说明写这封信的目的是寻求某信息或帮助。 主体段：询问具体问题，强调所需信息的重要性。 结束段：表达获取信息的强烈愿望，提供联系方式以便收信人与你联系，并对有关人员表示感谢。SampleAs part of a student social survey project, you are leading a group to visit an exhibition in a small town. Write a letter:1) ask for information regarding such things as the contents of the exhibition, 2) the dates of its opening and closing, 3) any discounts.Dear Sir/Madam:I am organizing a group of students to pay a visit to the historical exhibition in your town. Therefore, I would be grateful if you could supply me with the following information.First of all, what is the size of the exhibition, what is its theme and what objects are on display? Secondly, what are the dates between which the exhibition will be held, and what are the daily opening hours?I must point out that I hope to bring over students to the exhibition. So I would like to inquire if there is any discount available on entrance tickets for students. I look forward to your reply. Sincerely yours,Li Ming感谢信(Thank You Letters)Useful Expressions: Thank you for your hel