语法：宾语从句.doc

语法宾语从句讲解在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 1语序 无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句连词宾语从句（主语谓语）”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下四种： 1）连接词谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有： who，what，which等。如： Could you tell me who knows the answer，please？你能告诉我谁知道答案吗？ The small children dont know what is in their stockings这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西？ 2）连接词名词谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有：whose，what，which，how many，how much等。如： He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class他问我们班上谁的书法最好。 The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room老师问我们房间里有多少人。 3）连接词主语谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有：who（m），what，which，how many，how much， when，why，how，where，if whether（在句中不充当任何成分）等。如： He hasnt decided if hell go on a trip to Wuxi他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。 Could you tell me what I should do with the money ？你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗？ 4）连接词名词主语谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有：what，which，how many，how much，how等。如： Do you know which class he is in ？你知道他在哪个班吗？ She asked me if I knew whose pen it was她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。 2连接词 1）当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如： He said that he could finish his work before supper他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。 2）当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如： I dont know if whether he still lives here after so many years我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。 但在下列情况下只能用whether： 在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether（ifor not也可以使用）。如： Let me know whether if he will come or not（Let me know whether or not he will come）让我知道他是否能来。 I dont know whether if he does any washing or not（I dont know whether or not he does any washing）我不知道他洗不洗衣服。 I wonder whether we stay or whether wego我不知道我们是去还是留。 在介词之后用whether。如： Im interested in whether he likes English我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。 Were thinking about whether we can finish the work on time我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。 I worry about whether I hurt her feelings我担心是否伤了她的感情。 在不定式前用whether。如： He hasnt decided whether to visit the old man他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。 I dont know whether to go我不知去否。 He hasnt decided whether to go by bus or by train他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。 whether置于句首时，不能换用if。如： Whether this is true or not，I cant say这是否真的我说不上来。 引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如： Whether she will come or not is still a question她是否能来还是个问题。 The question is whether we can catch the bus问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。 若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether。如： Please let me know if you like the book可理解为： aPlease let me know whether you like the book请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。 bIf you like the book，please let me know你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我。 3）如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如： Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning？你能告诉我今天早上你为什么开会迟到吗？ 3时态 含宾语从句的复合句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容： 1）如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。如： I dont know when he will come back我不知道他将何时回来。 He tells me that his sister came back yesterday他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。 2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如： The children didnt know who he was孩子们不知道他是谁。 He asked his father how it happened他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。 3）如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。如： The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun老师说地球绕着太阳转。 4注意： if和when既可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导状语从句，应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引导宾语从句时，分别意为“是否”和“何时”，其时态应和主句时态相呼应；它们引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果，假如”和“当时候”，当主句时态是一般将来时时，其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如： Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ？你知道他明天什么时候回来吗？ Sorry，I dont knowWhen he comes back，Ill tell you对不起，不知道。当他回来了，我将告诉你。 I dont know if he will come我不知道他是否会来。 He will come if it doesnt rain如果不下雨，他会来的。二、 状语从句2（从句在句子中充当状语成分）1、原因状语从句：because,since , as , for,now that(既然，由于)回答以why引出的问句只能用because，并且有了because，就不能用so了。since和as表示的原因多是既成事实，两者多用于句首。As its raining outside, we stay at home.Since you have no license, you are not allowed to drive.because表示因果关系，语气最强；for引导的只是并列句，只是对前面分句加以解释，说明推断理由，并且只能后置。It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.Its morning, for the birds are singing.复合连词引导的原因状语从句：now thatNow that you are ready, well start working at once.2、目的状语从句：so that,in order thatWe left early so that/in order that we could catch the first train.He came in quietly so that/in order that he shouldnt wake up his children.*复合句转化为简单句：so that +从句=so as to do /so that +从句中有否定=so as not to do in order that +从句=in order (not) to do/ in order that +从句中有否定=in order not to doWe left early so as to /in order to catch the first train.He came in quietly so as not to/in order not to wake up his children.3、结果状语从句：so+adj/adv+that , such a(n)+名词单数+that,such +名词复数+thatHe ran so fast that I couldnt catch up with him. It was such a bad accident that hundreds of people were killed.三、 定语从句：从句起定语的作用，由关系词（关系代词、关系副词）引导。关系词除了起引导作用外，还在从句中指代前面的先行词，并在从句中有一定的成分。关系代词(who/ whom /whose/ which /that)引导的定语从句The boy whom you saw yesterday is here now.These are the pictures that/which I took in Shanghai.The house whose windows are broken is locked.*以下几种情况只能用关系代词that：当先行词是all /everything/ nothing/ anything /something /little /few /much /none： He knew everything that happened in the village. Much that I learned from the book is very useful. I hope that the little that I have done can be useful to you. 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时： The first thing that Im going to do this evening is to write to my parents. This is the most interesting film that has been produced in recent years. 当先行词被no/ every /some /any /only/ very much等词修饰时： This is the very book that I have been looking for. This is the only thing that we can do now.关系副词(when/ where/ why)引导的定语从句I would never forget the day when I entered the university.This is the factory where I worked three years ago.Can you tell me the reason why you were late again?*time做先行词，若前面有序数词或last修饰时，只能用that或省去不用；若前面无序数词或last修饰，则when/that都可以用。This is the last time that we meet here.The first time (that) I entered the college was in 2000.The time that / when we expect is coming.从下列A、B、C、D中选择一个正确选项填空。 字串9 1I dont know _ he will come tomorrow_ he comes，Ill tell you Aif；Whether Bwhether；Whether Cif；That Dif；If 2I dont know _ the day after tomorrow Awhen does he come Bhow will he come Cif he comes Dwhether hell come 字串1 3Could you tell me _ the nearest hospital is？ Awhat Bhow Cwhether Dwhere 字串4 4Could you tell me _ the radio without any help？ Ahow did he mend Bwhat did he mend Chow he mended Dwhat he mended 5I want to know _ Awhom is she looking afte