基础英语材料.doc

Unit 1Warm-up questions:1. In your opinion, what does “lock” stand for?2. What do you think of personal safety and security of property in China?3. What kinds of safeguards do people use in China?The Land of the LockYears ago in America, it was customary for families to leave their doors unlocked, day and night. In this essay, Greece regrets that people can no longer trust each other and have to resort to elaborate security systems to protect themselves and their valuables. Although the author is writing his opinion, he uses many examples to reinforce his ideas and to prove his thesis.几年前在美国，许多美国家庭的门通常都是日夜不上锁的。在本文中，格林遗憾地指出人们已经不再彼此信任，不得不求助于各种复杂的安全设备来保护自身及其贵重物品。作者在提出自己观点的同时，举出了大量的事例来证实和强调自己的观点。1 In the house where I grew up, it was our custom to leave the front door on the latch at night. I dont know if that was a local term or if it is universal; “on the latch” meant the door was closed but not locked. None of us carried keys; the last one in the evening would close up, and that was it. 在我长大成人的家里，我们的习惯是晚上把前门闩上。我不知道这是个地区用语还是普遍的说法；“闩着门”的意思是关着门但却不上锁。我们都不带钥匙;晚上最后进来的人会把门关上，如此而已。 2 Those days are over. In rural as well as in cities, doors do not stay unlocked, even for part of an evening. 那样的日子已经一去不复返了。现在不管是城市还是乡村，门不再是不上锁了，甚至天一黑门就要上锁。3 Suburbs and county areas are, in many ways, even more vulnerable than well-patrolled urban streets. Statistics show the crime rate rising more dramatically in those allegedly tranquil areas than in cities. At any rate, the era of leaving the front on the latch is over. 郊区及乡村地区在很多方面比巡视得很严密的城市街道还要容易出事。统计数字表明在那些据称是平静的地区，犯罪率的上升较之城市还要显著。不管怎么说，晚上闩着前门的日子己经结束了。4 It has been replaced by locks, security chains, electronic alarm systems and trip wires hooked up to a police station or private guard firm. Many suburban families have sliding glass doors on their patios, with steel bars elegantly built in so no one can pry the doors open. 门闩己经被锁、安全链、电子报警系统以及与警局或私人保镖公司相连的报警线所取代，许多郊区家庭在庭院里都装有滑动的玻璃门，很别致地装有暗藏的钢门，这样就没人能撬开门了。5 It is not uncommon, in the most pleasant of homes, to see pasted on the windows small notices announcing that the premises are under surveillance by this security force or that guard company. 在很多漂亮的家里，经常能见到窗户上张贴着图案显示本宅受某保安部队或某保镖公司的监护。 6 The lock is the new symbol of America. Indeed, a recent public-service advertisement by a large insurance company featured not actuarial charts but a picture of a childs bicycle with now-usual padlock attached to it. 锁是美国的新的象征。确实，最新的一家保险公司的公益广告显示的不是数据表格而是一幅画，画面上有一辆儿童自行车，其上挂着一把现在常见的挂锁。7 The ad pointed out that, yes, it is the insurance companies that pay for the stolen goods, but who is going to pay for what the new atmosphere of distrust and fear is doing to our way of life? Who is going to make the psychic payment for transformation of America from the Land of the Free to the land of the Lock?诚然，广告显示的是保险公司会为你失窃的东西负责，但是又有谁会补偿这种不信任和恐惧的气氛给我们生活方式带来的改变呢? 谁来补偿美国由自由大陆转变为上锁的大陆所造成的心理损失呢?8 For that is what has happened. We have become so used to defending ourselves against the new atmosphere of America life, so used to putting up barriers, that we have not had time to think about what it may mean. 情况就是这样。我们已经非常习惯于保护自己不受美国生活新气氛的影响，习惯于围起屏障，却没有时间去考虑这一切意味着什么。 9 For some reason we are satisfied when we think we are well protected; it does not occur to us to ask ourselves: Why has this happened? Why are we having to barricade ourselves against our neighbors and fellow citizens, and when, exactly, did this start to take over our lives? 出于某种原因，当我们受到良好的保护时，我们自会心满意足；却从没想过问问自己:为什么会这样?为什么一定要在我们自己与邻居和同胞之间设立屏障呢?而且，我们的生活受制于这一现象，究竟是从何时开始的呢?10 And it has taken over. If you work for a medium to large-size company, chances are that you dont just wander in and out of work. You probably carry some kind of access card, electronic or otherwise, that allows in and out of your place of work. Maybe the front guard of the desk knows your face and will wave you in most days, but the fact remains that the business you work for feels threatened enough to keep outsiders away via these “keys”. 的确这一现象已经控制了我们的生活。如果你在一家大中型公司工作，你很有可能不能随便出入公司。你可能要携带某种电了或非电子的出入卡，才能进出工作单位。也许前台的保安认识你，平时挥挥手就让你进去了，但是事实仍然是你所供职的单位觉得受到了威胁，要通过这样一些“钥匙”挡住外来者。11 It wasnt always like this. Even a decade ago, most private businesses had a policy of free access. It simply didnt occur to managers that the proper thing to do was to distrust people. 在过去是不曾这样的。就在10年前，大多数私人企业都是允许自由出入的。经理们从没想过怀疑别人是正常行为。12 Look at the airports. Parents used to take children out to departure gates to watch planes land and take off. Thats all gone. Airports are no longer a place of education and fun; they are the most sophisticated of security sites. 看看机场吧。过去父母经常带着孩子们到出站口去看飞机降落和起飞。这样的日子已经一去不复返了。机场不再是教育和娱乐的地方，而是高精尖的安全营地。13 With electronic X-ray equipment, we seem finally to have figured out a way to hold the terrorists, real and imagined, at bay; it was such a relief to solve this problem that we did not think much about what such a state of affairs says about the quality of our lives. We now pass through these electronic friskers without so much as a sideway glance; the machines and what they stand for have won.通过X光设备，我们似乎最终找到了遏制真实的和想象中的恐怖分子的办法;解决这样的问题使我们松了一口气，以至于我们不去考虑这种情况对我们的生活质量意味着什么。我们现在无需侧目而视地通过电了检测仪；机器以及他们所代表的东西取得了胜利。14 Businessmen, in increasing numbers, are purchasing new machines that hook up to the telephone and analyze a callers voice. The machines are supposed to tell the businessman, with a small margin of error, whether his friend or client is telling lies. 越来越多的商人都在购买一种新型机器，它与电话机连在一起就能分析出打电活者的声音。人们认为这种设备能在很小的误差范围内，判断出他的朋友或客户是否在撒谎。15 All this is being done in the name of “security”; that is what we tell ourselves. We are fearful, and so we devise ways to lock the fear out, and that, we decide, is what security means. 所有这一切都是以“安全”的名义进行的；我们对自己就是这么告诫的。我们恐惧，因此我们想出办法把恐惧锁在外面，我们认为，这样就安全。16 But no; with all this “security”, we are the most insecure nation in the history of civilized man. What better words to describe the way in which we have been forced to live? What better indictment of all that we have become in this new and puzzling time?恰恰相反。尽管有了所有这种“安全”，我们也许是人类文明史上最不安全的国度。有什么更好的词来形容强加于我们的这种生活方式呢？如何才能更好地谴责我们在这新潮而又令人迷惘的时代中的遭遇呢？17 We trust no one. We have become so smart about self-protection that, in the end, we have all outsmarted ourselves. We may have locked the evils out, but in so doing we have locked ourselves in. 我们不相信任何人。我们己经如此精于自我保护，以至于最终聪明反被聪明误。我们也许把邪恶锁在了外面，但与此同时，我们也把自己锁在了里面。 18 That may be the legacy we remember best when we look back on this age: In dealing with the unseen horrors among us, we become prisoners of ourselves. All of us prisoners, in this time of our troubles. 回首这一时代，留给我们最清楚的记忆就是：在对付我们人与人之间的无形恐怖时，我们成了自己的囚徒。我们所有的人，都成了这个多事之秋的囚徒。I. Reading comprehension: 1. The new atmosphere of American life refers to B .美国生活新氛围是指 A. feeling satisfied when we think we are well-protected感觉满足的时候，我们认为我们是很好的保护 B. distrust and fear不信任和恐惧 C. relying on the insurance company依靠保险公司 D. doing everything in the name of security一切以安全的名义2. What does we have outsmarted ourselves mean? D “我们聪明反被聪明误”是什么意思 A. We are not so smart as we think. 我们没有我们想象的那么聪明 B. Many people are smarter than us. 许多人都比我们聪明 C. You can never be too smart. 你不能太聪明 D. We are victims of our own cleverness. 我们都是我们自己的聪明的受害者3. People are buying machines that hook up to telephones to A .人们购买的机器连接到电话 A. analyze a callers voice 分析呼叫者的声音 B. know the callers phone number before answering it 回答之前知道来电者的电话号码 C. answer the phone when they are out当他们出去时接听电话 D. narrow缩小the margin幅度 of error 误差 4. From the passage, we can infer推断 that D . A. country areas are much safer than cities农村比城市更安全 B. with all the security, the US is the most secure country in the world美国是世界上最安全的国家 C. Americans take many precautions to protect themselves because they do not trust the insurance company美国人采取了许多措施来保护自己，因为他们不信任保险公司。 D. airports used to be a place for learning and enjoyment机场曾经是一个学习和享受的地方5. Which statement陈述is NOT true according依据 to the passage文章? C A. Managers a decade 十年ago thought 认为 it was natural 自然的they should应该trust 信任people. B. Modern people 现代的人have taken the security facilities 安全设施for granted许可，答应，承认 C. People nowadays dont believe in strangers陌生人, but they take neighbors 邻居as their friends. D. We are all prisoners of ourselves. 我们都是自己的囚徒。II. Getting Information: Answer the following questions in English. 1. What was the custom in the authors childhood? 1. To leave the front door on the latch at night.2. Do people there keep the custom till now? 2. No, they dont.3. Are the suburbs郊区 less likely to suffer from长期遭受 crime犯罪than the cities? 3. No. Actually suburbs are more vulnerable易受伤的，脆弱的than urban城市的areas.4. What does the lock stand for代表,象征? 4. Distrust and fear. 不信任和恐惧。5. What kinds of safeguards do people use in addition to除了regular常规keyed locks加固的锁? 5.People also use locks锁, security chains安全链, electronic alarm systems and trip绊 wires金属线 hooked钩 up to a police station警局 or private guard私人保镖公司. Some companies use access cards, electronic or otherwise.6. Since insurance companies pay for由于保险公司支付 loss of personal property个人财产损失, what else does the author worry about作者还担心什么? 6. Besides material物质 loss, what the author worries about more is the psychic 精神loss and thats why he mentions the making of the psychic payment.7. What does the psychic payment refer to in the authors opinion? 7. The “psychic payment” refers to the price we have to pay in our feelings of distrust and fear among us.8. Do people ask themselves why they have to defend防御 themselves against others? 8. No, they dont.9. What might people do when they took their children to the airport in the past? 在过去，人们带孩子去机场可能干什么9. To watch planes land and take off. 看飞机起飞降落10. What will we remember best when we look back on this age? 最会记得什么10. In dealing with the unseen无形 horrors恐怖 among us, we have become prisoners囚徒 of ourselves.III. Vocabulary and Structure词汇和结构A. Choose the correct word to fit into each sentence, using the proper form. 选择正确的单词融入句子，使用适当的形式。access访问allege宣称barrier栅栏indictment起诉sophisticated复杂的feature特征vulnerable脆弱的devise设计legacy遗产via经过transformation转变outsmart更有智慧patrol巡逻trip绊倒1. Transformation in the color of sea water from blue to green seems to be caused by high and low concentration of salt. 海水的颜色从蓝色到绿色似乎是由高浓度和低浓度的盐引起的2. Students must have access to good books. 学生必须_好书3. Poor health and lack of money may both be barriers to educational progress. 健康欠佳和缺乏资金会_教育进步4. It was so kind of you to send that message via Jim. 谢谢你_吉姆送的消息5. It has been necessary to devise a system of universal schooling. 因此有必要_普及教育系统6. The report alleged that the motive was financial. 报告_ 动机是金融7. These characteristics of British industry are a legacy of pre-war unemployment. 英国工业的这些特点是战前失业的8. These planes are among the most sophisticated aircraft now being manufactured. 这些飞机是目前正在生产的最_飞机9. It is a sinking indictment of our educational system that so many children cannot read or write. 这是一个下沉_我们的教育系统，那么多的孩子不能读和写。10. Lack of employment tends to make women vulnerable to depression. 就业不足会使女性_抑郁IV Translation:1. 如果你卷人别人的问题，你很可能会以陷人不愉快的境况而告终。(chances are that)2. 他认为保卫祖国抵御敌人是自己的职责。(defend against)3. 不要太重视他的话。(attach to)4. 住宅逐渐消失，慢慢变成了办公室。(take over)5. 他应该已经在工作，但是他却在忙别的事情。(otherwise)6. 他从来没有想过她也许是在撒谎。(occur to)7. 他还投想好将来要干什么。(figure out)8. 他们以五个坐席的微弱优势获胜。(margin)9. 回想起我们在那里度过的一个月，我们心中充满了感撤之情。(look back on)10. 这辆汽车很旧，但不管怎样，花费的钱不多。(at any rate)11. 他们不能使用煤气炉，因为还没安装好。(hook up)12. 他忘记自己应该维持秩序了。(be supposed to)1. If you get involved in other peoples problems, the chances are that you will end up in an unpleasant situation.2. He thinks it a duty to defend his country against enemies.3. Dont attach too much importance to what he said.4. The home is vanishing and the business office is taking over.5. He should have been working but he was otherwise engaged.6. It never occurs to him that she might be telling lies.7. He has not yet figured out what he is going to do.8. They won by the small margin of five seats.9. As we look back on the month we spent there, our hearts are filled with gratitude.10. It is a very old car, but at any rate, it was/is not expensive.11. They can not use the gas stove because it has not been hooked up.12. He forgot he was supposed to be keeping order.V. Write a short passage on Trust” Your writing should include the following information. (about l20 words) l. 相互信任是人与人交往的基础。 2. 现代社会更需要信任。3. 没有信任的社会是不存在的。VIOral practice：1Advances in technology have made it possible to develop very clever and sophisticated security devices. Although a person is physically safe，what is his or her psychological state like? What happens to people when trust is lost? What should they do?2. Define the word “trust” as it applies to this article. Then give and discuss examples of trust or the lack of it in specific situations around you. What conclusions can you reach about trust in contemporary society?3. What is the main idea, or theme, of this article?Unit 2Warm-up questions:1. What do you suppose to be a good managers central role?2. How do you think managers for the twenty-first century is different from managers of the past?3. What do you think will cause the difference? Managers for the Twenty-first Century21世纪的管理者1 Historical developments of the past half century and the invention of modem telecommunication and transportation technologies have created a world economy. Effectively the American economy has died and been replaced by a world economy. 1过去半个世纪的历史发展和现代通讯与运输技术的发明已创造出了世界性经济。实际上，美国式的经济已消亡，取而代之的是世界性经济。2 In the future there is no such thing as being an American manager. Even someone who spends an entire management career in Kansas City is in international management. He or she will compete with foreign firms, buy from foreign firms, sell to foreign firms, or acquire financing from foreign banks. 2展望未来，将不存在美国式的管理者。即使某人整个管理生涯都在堪萨斯度过，也是在从事国际性管理。他或她将与外国公司竞争，从外国公司采购，向外国公司销售，或者从外国银行筹措贸金。3 The globalization of the worlds capital markets that has occurred in the past 10 years will be replicated right across the economy in the next decade. An international perspective has become central to management. Without it managers are operating in ignorance and cannot understand what is happening to them and their firms. 3过去10年，世界资本市场出现全球化；未来10年这将在整个经济中重现。国际性观点己成为管理的重点。缺乏这样的观点，管理者就会处于愚昧的经营状态，也无法理解对于他们和他们的公司来说，究竟发生了什么。4 Partly because of globalization and partly because of demography, the work forces of the next century are going to be very different from those of the last century. Most firms will be employing more foreign nationals. More likely than not, you and your boss will not be of the same nationality. Demography and changing social mores mean that white males will become a smaller fraction of the work force as women and minorities grow in importance. All of these factors will require changes in the traditional methods of managing the work force. 4一部分由于经济的全球化，一部分由于人口统计学方面的原因，下个世纪的劳动力构成将与即将过去的这个世纪有很大不同。大多数公司将雇佣更多外籍人员。很可能你的老板和你不是同一国人。 人口统计学和变化中的社会习俗意味着，随着妇女和少数民族重要性的增加，白人男子在劳动力群体中所占比例将会减少。所有这些因素都将要求劳动力管理的传统方法需要变革。5 In addition, the need to produce goods and services at quality levels previously thought impossible to obtain in mass production and the spreading use of participatory management techniques will require a work force with much higher levels of education and skills. Production workers must be able to do statistical quality control; production workers must be able to do just-in-time inventories. Managers are increasingly shifting from a dont think, do what you are told to a think, I am not going to tell you what to do style of management. 5此外，提供有质量的产品和服务的需要(而过去则认为大批量生产是不可能做到这一点的)，以及参与型管理技术的推广使用，都将要求劳动力具有更高的教育和技术程度。生产工人必须能做统计质量管理；生产工人必须能进行最低存货管理。管理者正日益从“不用想，让你干什么就干什么”的管理方式转向“动脑筋, 我不会告诉你该干什么”的管理方式。6 This shift is occurring not because todays managers are more enlightened than yesterdays managers but because the evidence is rapidly mounting that the second style of management is more productive than the first style of management. But this means that problems of training and motivating the work force both become more central and require different modes of behavior. 6这一转变的发生，不是因为今天的管理者比昨天的管理者更有见识，而是因为有越来越多的证据表明、后一种管理方式要比前一种更富有成效。但是这意味着对劳动力的培训和激励，既变得更为重要, 又要求有不同的行为模式。7To be on top of this situation, tomorrows managers will have to have a strong background in organizational psychology, human relations, and labor economics The MIT Sloan School of Management attempts to advance our understanding in these areas through research and then quickly bring the fruits, of this new research to our students so that they can be leading-edge managers when it comes to the human side of the equation, 7要想控制局势，明天的管理者必须在组织心理学、人际关系和劳动经济学方面具备坚实的基础。麻省理工学院斯隆管理学院努力通过研究来促进我们对这些领域的理解，然后再迅速把我们新研究所取得的成果带给学生。这样，在管理中人的因素方面，他们能成为具有领先优势的管理者。8 The first three decades after World War II were unusual in that the United States had a huge technological lead over all of the rest in the world. In a very real sense the world was not technologically competitive. American firms did not have to worry about their technological competitiveness because they were superior. 8二战后的头30年极不寻常，因为那时美国在技术上远远领先于世界其他各国。完全可以说, 当时世界上不存在技术竞争。美国公司因为处于优势地位而不必担心自己的技术竞争力。9 But that world has disappeared. Today we live in a world where American firms no longer have automatic technological superiority; In some areas they are still ahead, in some areas they are average and in some areas they are behind, but on average they are average.