定语从句的关系词

一、原理知识梳理在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。关系代词或者关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。定语从句的基本结构： 先行词关系词句子句型转换：The little boy can recite quite a lot of Chinese poems and he is singing there now.The little boy (who is singing there now) can recite quite a lot of Chinese poems.括号里的成分都是修饰前面的the little boy boy，即修饰名词，我们称之为定语从句；被修饰的这个名词叫先行词；连接先行词和定语从句并在定语从句中充当成分的叫做关系词。二、关系词代词的基本用法：引导定语从句的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as。它们在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、或定语，作宾语时可省略。2.1 基本用法如下：先行词关系代词从句中的成分例句物人who主语，宾语，表语The boys who are playing football are from Class One.This is the girl who I talked with just nowwhom宾语This is the girl whom I talked with just now物which主语，宾语，表语The house which is by the lake looks niceThis is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.人，物that主语，宾语，表语He number of people that come to visit this city each year reaches one million.Where is the man that I saw this morning?Whose (of which, of whom)定语I visited a scientist whose names known all over thecountry.as主语，宾语，表语As I know, she hasnt got married.He is such a person as is respected by all of us.真题解析：（2012 江苏）After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive. A.which B.who C.where D.whatB 句意：洪灾过后，那个地区的人们正在受苦。为了生存，他们急需干净的水、药品和住所。本题考查非限制性定语从句。讲先行词people带入定语从句后为：people urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive,可知先行词在从句中作主语，所以排除C项；D项不能引导定语从句，故排除；因为先行词为“人”，所以排除A项。故答案为B项。(2010.扬州)The volunteers are doing a great job in Yushu.Yes. They are helping the people _ are suffering from the earthquake.A. which B. what C. / D. who D: “志愿者们在玉树表现得很好。对，他们正在帮助那些在地震中受灾的人。”“在地震中受灾的人”是修饰“the people”，所以“the people”是先行词，代入从句是原词带入，即选用关系代词，又修饰人，应选D项。(2010.常州）They want to develop a kind of dog-friendly food _ will help dog owners cool down pets.A. who B. what C. which D. whetherC: “他们想要研制一种让狗变得友好的狗粮，狗主人们可以用它让宠物们安静下来。”先行词是food，定语从句修饰物，代入从句是原词带入，即选用关系代词，选C。(2012.南京）The English-Chinese dictionary _ my father bought for me many years ago is still of great value.A. whose B. when C. who D. thatD：“我爸爸几年前买给我的英汉辞典现在仍然很有用。”先行词The English-Chinese dictionary，定语从句修饰物，代入从句是原词带入，即选用关系代词，选D。（2013 江苏 ）The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China,_ he remembers starting as early as his childhood. A.where B.which C.what D.whenB 句意：世界银行主席说他非常喜欢中国，他记得这种喜爱之情始于他的儿童时代，本题考查定于从句。先行词是a passion for China,在定语从句中作宾语，要用关系代词，所以选B项。A和D是关系副词，在定语从句中作状语；C项不引导定语从句，均可排除。练习：Lu Xun, whose real name was Zhou Shuren, wrote many political novels and essays.The boy who/that is playing ping-pong is my classmate.The e-mail which/that I received yesterday was from my sister.Ive never heard of the people and things that you talked about just now.Ive never heard such stories as he tells.2.2 关系代词只用that的情形（1）当先行词是all， any， few， little， none， anything， everything， nothing， everybody，nobody，everyone， no one 或被它们修饰时Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said?李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。All that can be done has been done.所有能做的都做好了。There is little that I can do for you.我不能为你干什么。He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed.他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。真题解析：（2014 陕西）Please send us all the information _ you have about the candiate for the positon. A. that B.which C.as D.when 先行词 the information被all修饰，定语从句的关系代词只能用that（2015 江苏）I hope that the little I have been able to do has been of some use. A.what B.which C.that D.as C 句意：我希望我能够做的那点小事已经有所帮助。本题考查定语从句。由于先行词是不定代词little，关系代词只能用that，不能用which，在从句中作do的宾语，故选C项(2) 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时 This is the first composition that he has written in English 这是他用英语写的第一篇作文。 This is the mose beautiful park that I have visied. 这是我见过的最美丽的公园.真题解析：(2012.扬州)Zhang Lili is considered as the most beautiful teacher _ gave her love to her students in danger.A. who B. that C. whom D. whichB： 先行词是 teacher，并且先行词被形容词最高级修饰，只能选B。(2011.扬州）One of the most interesting places in Yangzhou _ are often visited by foreigners is the West Slender Lake.A. what B. who C. that D. /C: 先行词places，并且最高级修饰先行词，所以只能选C项。本题的难点在于先行词的定位，本题最靠近定语从句的是“in Yangzhou”，因此很多同学会误将“Yangzhou”当作先行词。但是“in Yangzhou”是介词短语修饰前面的名词places，先行词是名词（或代词），所以应当是“places”作先行词。并且分析句意可知，外国人常去游玩的地点是瘦西湖，不是指整个扬州。（3）先行词里同时含人和物They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的毛驴。（4） 当先行词有the very， the only， the same等修饰时This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.这正是我要买的词典。After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。（5） 当主句以who或which开头时Who is the man that is standing by the gate?站在门口的那个人是谁？Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?哪件T恤衫最合我的身？（6） 有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词用which，另外一个用thatThey secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution. (7) 先行词在从句中担任表语，从句的关系词用that Pu dong is no longer the city that it used to be.判断先行词是否正确1、The man and his dog that I always meet are standing by the gate.（）2、Is there anything which I can do for you？ （）3、He answered few questions which the teacher asked. （）4、That is the most interesting book that I have ever read. （）5、The first thing that I should do is to review my lessons. （）关系代词不使用that的情况;1) 介词之后 Chemistry deals with changes in matter, as a result of which it is possible to form a new substance. Last night I had a dream in which I became a Nobel Prize winner. The house in which my family live used to be a garage. which my family live in used that my family live in used to my family live in used to 2) 在非限制性定语从句中 He reads English every day, which does good to his English study. They did rather badly in the maths exam, which was not what I had expected. He has won the first prize in the maths contest, which is a great honor to our school. He decided to become a doctor, which is a very unselfish. He made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of great importance to science. They send my daughter to school every morning, which I consider a great help to me. 2.3关系代词as与which的区分同：两者都可指代主句的全部内容，而不仅限于指代某个词。The meeting was put off, as /which was exactly what we wanted.异：1、as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能在主句之后。2.在非限制性从句中，which后的be动词不可省；as而后的be动词可以省略。She told me she won the match , which was a lie.The material is elastic, as (was) shown in the figure.3. which在非限制性定语从句做主语时可用各类动词做谓语；而在非限制性定语从句做主语时，谓语常用连系动词，如be, seem, become等，一般不用其他行为动词。He saw the girl, which delighted him.He didnt say anything at the meeting , as/which seemed very strange.4. 如果主句中叙述的事情与从句所涉及的意向一致，多用as，用以对主句的意义进行补充She has married again, as was expected.He broke the rules again, which was unexpected.5. 关系代词as引导限制性定语从句常用下列句式：a). such + n + as. 像.一样的 the same + n + as. 和.同样的 例：We have found such materials as are used in their factory. He is not the same man as he was.注意：such.as.引导的定语从句与such.that.引导的状语从句的区别：A. He is such a clever boy as everyone likes. （定语从句）B. He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him. （状语从句）解析：A句中的从句缺少成分，B句的从句不缺少成分。b). .such as. such为代词，意为“这样的人或物”，as在从句中做成分，修饰先行词such。 例：This book is not such as I expect. （as作宾语）6.如表示“如同那样，按照，正如”含义，as固定搭配：as anybody can seeas we had expected as often happens as is mentioned above as we all knowas is reported三、关系副词引导的定语从句1 when(at which, on which, in which, during which.)指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。I still remember the day when I first came to this school.我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。The time when we got together finally arrived.我们团聚的时刻终于到了。？真题解析：（2011 江苏）Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, the audience can buy ice cream.A. when B. where C. that D. which句意：音乐会两部分之间是休息时间，那时候观众可以买冰淇淋。本题考查定语从句。先行词是interval，此处指时间，还原到从句中为：During the interval the audience can buy ice cream. 关系词在从句中作时间状语，故选择A。2where (in which, at which.) 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。Shanghai is the city where I was born.上海是我出生的城市。The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。真题解析：(2014 江苏) The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work a good impression is a must. A.which B.when C.as D.whereD 句意：这本书对我的日常交流很有帮助，尤其是在那些必须给人留下良好印象的工作中，本题考查定语从句。关系副词where引导定语从句，修试先行词work，且where在从句中作地点状语。地点模糊化与关系副词where的应用当先行词是point，case，situation，stage，scene，circumstance，condition，phase，position，state等词表示一个模糊的地点概念，且定语从句不缺成分时，从句的引导词是where。 例：They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other. 3why ( for which) 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.请告诉我你误机的原因。The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.他受惩罚