英语试卷与答案最终版TORATE ENGLISH QUALIFYING TEST.doc

Answers for DOCTORATE ENGLISH QUALIFYING TESTEnglish for Academic CommunicationGraduate School, Nanjing UniversityDec 29, 2011（本试卷共由三部分组成：中英互译、实用和学术英语写作、学术信息检索。答卷中除手写部分外，请均按以下要求打印：Times New Roman 12, single spaced, A4 paper。）SECTION I TRANSLATION （20%）（注：本部分英译汉与汉译英，必须用深色墨迹钢笔或签字笔手写答案。在外地远程参加考试的同学请用传真或扫描、照片等格式的文件发给代交纸质答卷的同学。没有考生本人真实手迹的试卷视为无效。只提交打印稿或由他人代写的考生将被取消本次英语成绩，并按学籍管理的相关规定予以处理。）I. From English to Chinese：This transfer agreement must be completed, signed and returned to AAAS before the manuscript can be accepted for publication. By signing the enclosed form you warrant and represent that, if any of the content of your paper is copyrighted to a third party, you have obtained written permission from such other party granting AAAS the right to use and authorize use of the material in both print and online formats. Copies of the written permission must be submitted to the AAAS along with your signed Copyright Assignment form. 作者必须在文章接受发表前将签字的版权转让书交回AAAS。将你授权的内容填于所附表格，并且意味着，如果你文章中的任一部分版权属于第三方，你已经获得了书面允许证明，授权AAAS可以以印刷和网页形式使用。而书面许可证明的复件必须随你签字的版权转让书一同提交给AAAS。After publication of the work in SCIENCE, the AAAS authorizes the author to do the following without further permission but subject to the requirement that credit be given to the works first publication in the appropriate issue of SCIENCE: 1) Reprint the work in print collections of the authors own writings; 2) Present the work orally; 3) Make photocopied handouts of the work for use in courses the author is teaching; 4) Distribute photocopies of the work to colleagues for non-commercial purposes only (providing that recipients are informed that they may not further distribute or copy the work; and 5) If the work is prepared as a work made for hire, the authors employer may make photocopies for internal use only. 在作者文章发表于SCIENCE之后，AAAS授权作者可以不经许可做下面的事情，但必须注明该工作首次是在SCIENCE上发表及其正确期次。（1）以作者论文集的形式再次印刷；（2）做大会口头报告；（3）以教学资料的散页形式影印给学生；（4）可以以影印形式将文章发给同事用于非商业用途，但必须告知他们不能再进一步传播该内容；（5）如果作业在聘任中用到该工作，作者的老板可以以影印形式在内部使用该材料。Additionally, AAAS authorizes the author to post the work on preprint servers according to the following conditions: 1) Author is authorized to post the work only on preprint servers that are both publicly funded and non-profit; 2) The work may be posted at the time of its publication in SCIENCE, but not sooner. 另外，AAAS授权作者在以下几种情况下可以在预印文本服务器上张贴他们的工作：（1）作者可以在公众基金或者非营利的预印文本服务器上张贴他们的工作；（2）作品公布的时间可与在SCIENCE发布的时间一致，但不许提前；II. From Chinese to English:我是南京大学环境学院博士候选人，我准备将贵刊2011年春季号上题为二十一世纪中国西部环境与可持续发展的文章译成中文，在中国一家杂志发表。兹致此函询问有关版权事宜，如果贵刊同意我免费使用，我将不胜感激，并在“致谢”中标明此事。译文将由一家发行量10万册的杂志刊载，我想这也会有助于扩大社会环境杂志在中国大陆的影响力。（注：手写体中杂志名无法用斜体显示，请用传统的下划线方式表示。） I am a PhD. Candidate, School of Environment, Nanjing University. I am writing to you to acquire permission to translate the work “environment and sustainable development of Western China in 21st Century” which is published in your journal, Spring issue, 2011, and publish it in a Chinese journal. If the copyright is available free, I would appreciate your generosity and give credit in the acknowledgements. In addition, we plan to publish the translation edition in Chinese by a magazine of 100000 volumes, and I think this will also enhance the influence of social environment journal” in China. SECTION II ACADEMIC WRITING (50%)（注：本部分实用英语写作和学术英语写作，可以打字。）1. Suppose you want to attend an important conference in your field to be held next summer in the US. (You decide what this conference is about and where it will be held.) The conference will offer financial assistance to a limited number of attendants. You are now writing an email to the conference organizer to show your interest in attending the conference and apply for the financial assistance. (You should explain why you think you deserve the financial assistance.) Dear Prof. Liu, Ive learnt about International Conference on Materials, Energy and Environment (ICMEE) will be held in Toledo, Ohio, USA , on May 09-11, 2012 from your website. I am Jingxue Wang, Ph.D. candidate, Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University, P.R.China. I am very interested in attending the meeting and Ive registered myself online. I noticed that there is a column “Opportunities for Students”, which said you would provide conference participation scholarship to some of the attendants and speakers on the conference. Since Condensed Matter Physics session is the biggest group of physics and Ive just got my paper accepted by APL about “Competition Between the Ferroelectric Order and Quantum Critical Fluctuation and Quantum Manipulation on Quantum Paraelectrics” last month and the paper I am preparing is just on this issue. Ive been studied condensed matter physics for over six years and obtained my MS degree at Nanjing University. After several years hard work Ive got several papers published. The abstract and a copy of my CV as well as related forms are attached for the financial support application. I would be very glad if you could accept my abstract and support my attendance. I am looking forward to your kindly reply and meeting you in Toledo in May. Sincerely yours Jingxue Wang Laboratory of Solid State MicrostructureNanjing University, P.R. China2. Suppose you are a department head at a university. Your department is going to host an international conference and you want to invite a well-known scholar in your field to give a keynote speech at the conference. (You decide what the conference is about and whom the scholar should be.) You actually met with this scholar two years ago and had a very pleasant conversation about some important issues in your field. (You decide where and how you two met and what you two talked about.) Please write an email to this scholar to extend your invitation. Dear Prof. Johnson, I am Jingxue Wang, the president of physics department of Nanjing University, China. I went to the Center of Material Science, UC Santa Barbara, which is directed by you in the summer of 2009 as a visiting scholar. I still remember clearly that we had many great talks about various strategies used to combine the ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity into a single-phased material and the novel mechanisms for multiferroicity generation in your office and the laboratory. I really appreciate your profound learning, great experience, superior wisdom and high-praised personalities.On behalf of the organizing committee, its my pleasure to invite you to present a keynote speech at the “9th international Symposium on ferroelectrics, ferromagnetics and multiferroics”. The forthcoming conference will be held in Tang Zhongying Building, Nanjing University, Nanjing city, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China on March 6-9, 2012. I believe that your scienctific work presents an important benchmark to reinforce this broad scope.I sincerely hope you will accept the invitation to attend the Symposium and Your participation will be among the highlights of the conference. We are looking forward to your favorable reply and welcoming to you to Nanjing.Sincerely yours,Jingxue WangPhysics DepartmentNanjing University3. Suppose you are going to apply for an international scholarship or fellowship program to support your study and/or research work outside China. For application, you need to submit a research proposal written in English. In the proposal, you should state what your research is about and why it is important, summarize previous findings on your topic and indicate the gaps, describe your methods and envision possible findings, explain what benefits your research would bring and why you are capable of fulfilling it. Your proposal should be no less than 600 words.Quantum Manipulation Based On Quantum ParaelectricsIn the physical world，the competition among different interactions is always the immortal soul, and so is ferroelectric physics. There always exists a competition between the long range dipole order and thermal fluctuations in ferroelectrics. When the strength of the former surpasses the latter, the ferroelectric transition will ensue, and vice versa. However, the characters among the competition in the ferroelectric are more than this couple. For quantum paraelectrics strontium titanate, SrTiO3, it is possible that the long range dipole order will appear only at very low temperature at which the thermal fluctuations are significantly suppressed because dipole-dipole interaction in it is quite weak. What is frustrated, when the temperature down to 0 K, this long range dipole order encounters the quantum critical fluctuation, which makes transverse optical phononic soft mode in Brillouin center cant freeze into long-range ferroelectric order, and causes a steep increase of the dielectric constant and leveling-off at high values as the temperature approaches 0 K.For those quantum paraelectrics, the dipole correlation and quantum fluctuations are both in a scale of meV or even less, which allows a manipulation of the quantum phase transitions when the thermal fluctuations are significantly suppressed or other fluctuations are applied. Thus, it is a pleasure to modulate competition between the ferroelectric order and thermal fluctuation, to study irregular change of various physical properties in the quantum critical regions to find richly and remarkably new physical effect, new physical performance. On the one hand, Restraining quantum fluctuations and thermal fluctuations can highlight all kinds of ferroelectric orders. On the other hand，we also can develop various methods to promote quantum fluctuations and suppress ferroelectric orders. Some unique polarization configuration, local structural correlations and abnormal Hall effects exist in quantum critical regions. Furthermore, quantum fluctuations can have more significant influence on the structure character of low dimensional materials. To sum up, the coexistence, competition and regulation is the root of the rich quantum critical physics and this is our basic research driving force.Universally, quantum paraelectrics exhibits a high dielectric constant and low losses, is highly controllable by electric field and temperature, as well as even possesses extremely high piezoelectricity, properties of light-operated dielectric storage, nonlinear optics flips and pyroelectricity. Based on the competition between quantum criticality and ferroelectricity, we may discover many other potential applications of it. This is our applied research driving force.SrTiO3 has been a subject of interest both for experimentalists and theorists since 1950 owing to its quantum paraelectric behaviorleveling-off with high dielectric constant at finite low temperature, which is bonded together the softening of the transverse optical phononic soft mode. Quantum fluctuations make the great ferroelectric fluctuations near the phase transition point stable and the highly polarizable state not to freeze into long range order. We can divide the study stage of quantum paraelectrics as following: 1970-1989 is defined as the first stage of quantum paraelectrics study, although there is still some controversy. The new study boom on quantum paraelectrics began in the 1990s, the electronic paramagnet resonance spectrum on it reveals that a similar superfluid Helium phase transition, which may come from the coupling of the lowest transverse phonon and the soft transverse optical phonon, exists in the quantum paraelectrics region, and for the first time, the coherent quantum state and quantum criticality were defined in quantum paraelectrics. Our study on quantum paraelectrics has certain representative.After classification, generalization and improvement on these works, we can induce the research idea and key problems. (1) The concept of quantum critical fluctuation should be promoted and extended. The quantum process to suppress the ferroelectric order freezing should be regarded as one part of quantum fluctuation. For example, firstly, addition a few itinerant electrons to paraelectronics may make a possibility of controlling the crystal lattice distortion and local crystal lattice symmetry, however, not destroy the ferroelectric long range order significantly. This should be a new question whether it is equal to elevating the quantum critical fluctuation. Secondly, a few magnetic dopants will not break down the ferroelectric long range order greatly, but we can introduce a kind of spin fluctuation and relevance to modulate the local crystal symmetry. Does it mean that this is new kind of quantum fluctuation? Finally, Topological Defects without itinerant electrons and spin structure may also bring in some quantum fluctuations too. (2) New quantum paraelectrics may be constructed. The dipole correlation of new type ferroelectrics, which varies with quantum factor, also should be in a scale of meV or e