高考阅读理解题答题技巧之 ——主旨大意.doc

高考阅读理解题答题技巧之 主旨大意主旨大意题题干表现形式： 1主旨型:l The main idea of the passage isl What is the passage mainly about?l The passage is mainly aboutl Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?2 目的类 The authors main purpose in writing the passage is_. The passage is meant to _ The purpose of this article is _3标题类l The best title for the passage might be l What is the best title for the text?应试技巧一、寻找主题句Passage 1 开门见山式 例题：(2005年全国高考重庆卷E篇)In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.71. What does this passage mainly talk about?A. Competition helps to set up self-respect.B. Opinions about competition are different among people.C. Competition is harmful to personal quality development.D. Failures are necessary experience in competition.Passage 2藏头露尾式 On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information as we can. We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our families as well as to our friends by Internet. Whats more, we can go to school on the net, read a lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages. We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on the net and play computer games. With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes. The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.1. Whats the main idea of the passage?A. Keep away from the Internet.B. Surf the net.C. The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.D. We can entertain ourselves on the Internet.Passage 3中间开花式Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.Passage 4首尾呼应式Lacrosse(曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World. People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio. At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.1.The passage is mainly about .A. How to Play LacrosseB. Lacrosse in CanadaC. The History of LacrosseD. LacrosseA Popular Game in CanadaPassage 5 抛砖引玉式：即文章的开头提出一个问题，而真正的主题则是通过责问和驳论的方式导出。Excused from recycling because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute(垃圾道)?You wont be for long. Miamis Mark Shantzis has made it simple for those living in tall buildings to use the chute and recycle too.In Shantzis Hi-Rise Recycling System, a chute leads to a pie-shaped container with six boxes that can turn around when operated. The system, which fits in the same space as the chute and container now in use, enables glass, plastic, paper, metal, and other rubbish to go into separate boxes. (2000年全国卷E篇）The purpose in writing this text is _ .A. to encourage people to recycle their rubbishB. to introduce a recycling system for high risesC. to describe the use of computer technology in recyclingD. to explain the need for rubbish collection in high rises应试技巧二：概括主题例题1：段落概括（抓关键词线索）（2005年高考英语试题 安徽卷 ）Handshaking, though a European practice, is now often seen in big cities of China. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed (无武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each others hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Lets shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached. The first paragraph mainly tells us _. A. where handshaking was first practicedB. how handshaking came aboutC. about the relationship between handshaking and tradeD. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China.例题2 ： 篇章概括（抓每段的首句）（2012年天津卷）You are given many opportunities in life to choose to be a victim or creator.Those who choose to be creators look at life quite differently.Victims and creators live in the same physical world and deal with many of the same physical realities, yet their experience of life is worlds apart.In reality, all of us play the victim or the creator at various points in our lives.In every moment and every circumstance, you can choose to have fuller, richer life by setting a clear intention to transform the victim within, and by inviting into your life the powerful creator that you are.55. What is the authors purpose in writing this passage?A. To define victims and creators.B. To evaluate victims against creators.C. To explain the relationship between victims and creators.D. To suggest the transformation from victims to creators.选项分析正确选项的特点：正确选项的特点：四个选项中, 内容与其它选项完全相反的往往是正确选项。例题：(2009年高考.新课标卷D篇)Its not easy being a teenagernor is it easy being the parent of a teenager. You can make your child feel angry, hurt, or misunderstood by what you say without realizing it yourself. It is important to give your child the space he needs to grow while gently letting him know that you youll still be there for him when he needs you. Expect a lot from your child, just not everything. Teach your teenager that the family phone is for the whole family. 68. The main purpose of the text is to tell parents _.A. how to get along with a teenagerB. how to respect a teenagerC. how to understand a teenagerD. how to help a teenager grow up错误选项的特点：1.以偏概全。只是局部信息, 或是一句没有展开论述的话.例题：(2006年上海市高考.春季卷C篇)In some children who go blind, certain parts of the brain that normally control vision appear to switch jobs and focus instead on sound, a new study has found.The study, by researchers at the University of Montreal, involved 7 adults who could see and 12 adults who had lost their vision when they were children. Each participant sat in a room with 16 loudspeakers at different locations. The room was designed so that there were no echoes. During the experiment, the speakers irregularly produced sounds. Participants had to point to where the sounds were coming from. Meanwhile, the researchers monitored blood flow in the brains of the participants to see which brain structures were working during the task. The results showed that five of the blind participants were very good at pointing to where sounds were coming from. In these people, blood flow increased in the visual cortex- an area at the back of the right side of the brain. This part of the brain is usually associated with vision. The other seven blind participants showed no increase in activity in the visual cortex. These people didnt do very well at picking out where sounds were coming from. Now, the researchers are looking at whether these people have gained an enhanced sense of touch instead of sound to replace their lost vision.The scientists say that their study shows how adaptable parts of the brain can be.Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A. Most blind people have a well - developed sense of touch.B. People go blind because of the breakdown of their visual cortex.C. Most blind people have a better sense of sound than normal people.D. Human brains can adjust themselves after the loss of a certain function.2.过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛, 与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述.例题： (2009年高考.宁夏卷A篇)I suddenly heard an elephant crying as though frightened Looking down I immediately recognized that something was wrong and ran down to the edge of the near bank There I saw Ma Shwe with her three-month-old calf struggling in the fast-rising water and it was a life-and-death struggle Her calf was floating and screaming with fear Ma Shwe was as near to the far bank as she could get, holding her whole body against the rushing water and keeping the calf pressed against her huge body Every now and then the rushing water would sweep the calf a wayThere was a sudden rise in the water and the calf was washed clean over the mothers body and was gone Ma Shwe turned quickly to reach it and pressed the calf with her head and trunk（象鼻）against the rocky bank Then with a huge effort she picked it up in her trunk and tried until she was able to place it on a narrow shelf of rock. Just at this moment she fell back into the river If she were carried down it would be certain death I knew as well as she did ,that there was one spot（地点）where she could get up the bank but it was on the other side from where she had put her calf While I was wondering what I could do next I heard the sound of a mothers love .Ma Shwe had crossed the river and got up the bank and was making her way back as fast as she could roaring（吼叫）all the time but to her calf it was music.59What can be the best title for the text? AA Mothers Love BA Brave ActCA Deadly River DA Matter of Life and Death例题：全国卷二（D篇）Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. For example, in American culture (文化) the smile is in general an expression of pleasure. Yet it also has other uses. A womans smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. A smile may show love or politeness. It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion (困惑) across cultures. For example, many people in Russia smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper. Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities). Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places; some Americans believe that Russians dont smile enough. In Southeast Asian culture, a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelings. Vietnamese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile.Our faces show emotions (情感), but we should not attempt to “read” people from another culture as we would “read” someone from our own culture. The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions. Rather, there are cultural differences in the amount of facial expressions permitted. For example, in public and in formal situations many Japanese do not show their emotions as freely as Americans do. When with friends, Japanese and Americans seem to show their emotions similarly.It is difficult to generalize about Americans and facial expressiveness because of personal and cultural differences in the United States. People from certain cultural backgrounds in the United States seem to be more facially expressive than others. The key is to try not to judge people whose ways of showing emotion are different. If we judge according to our own cultural habits, we may make the mistake of “reading” the other person incorrectly.52. What would be the best title for the test?A. Cultural Differences B. Smiles and RelationshipC. Facial Expressiveness D. Habits and Emotions3.无中生有。既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息 例题：（2002年北京市高考.春季卷B篇)There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power. First, the radioactive material must travel from its place of production to the power station. Although the power stations themselves are strongly built, the containers us