短文改错专项

短文改错应试策略第一部分备考策略题型解读短文改错着重考查学生的语言基本功和正确使用英语进行表达的能力。它涉及词汇，语法，句型结构等多方面的知识和行文逻辑的推断和综合辨析能力，是专门针对考生平时学习英语尤其是写作练习中常犯的较为普遍的错误而设计的。短文改错是一篇100词左右的学生习作式短文，短文中10处错误，10处错误的分布不再是每行一错，而是每句中最多两个错误，这在一定程度上增加了该题型的难度。考查类型：缺词多词错词考点分布短文改错的错词一般分为两类：语法错误和逻辑错误。错误一般出现在语法错误上，涉及逻辑错误的每年1-3处。多一词主要出现在冠词，介词，助动词，连接词和语义重复等方面。缺一词主要出现在冠词（名词前），介词（不及物动词后和固定结构中），助动词，不定式符号，连接词，语义不完整等方面。解题技巧两原则：错误以改动一词为原则 改正以一个层次为原则四注意：增词以虚词居多 改形式以实词居多 句子原意保持不变 小心局部通顺陷阱短文改错通关口诀动词形，名词数；注意形和副；习惯用法要记住；句子成分多分析；逻辑错误须关注；连词冠词常光顾。（1） 动词形指动词因时态和语态使用错误，主谓不一致错误，谓语与非谓语错误等导致动词形式有误。主要体现在：1. 一般过去时和一般过去时，一般过去时和现在完成时，一般现在时和一般将来时，现在完成时和过去完成时等的错用；2. 主动语态和被动语态的错用；3. 连词前后动词形式不一致；4. 主谓不一致；5. 谓语部分不完整；6. 现在分词与过去分词，不定式有无符号to, 动词原形与动名词等的错用。（2） 名次数指名词的单复数形式用错。（3） 注意形和副短文改错中考查形容词和副词，注意集中在其基本功能与比较级时。形容词一般作定语和表语，副词一般作状语，修饰形容词、动词、副词或句子，改错中常常设置这类词的混用。形容词及副词有比较级和最高级，这种情况下，句子里常有than 或表示范围的提示词。（4） 习惯用法要记住主要考查习惯搭配和习惯用法等方面的基础知识，如使用冠词的固定短语，动词、名词或形容词与介词的固定搭配，强调句以及一些使用it的固定句型等。解决这类问题的关键就是在学习中善于总结，牢记这些固定用法。（5） 句子成分多分析不同的句子成分要用不同的此类，如主语和宾语一般由名词、代词、动名词、不定式等充当。只有对句子结构和成分作细致地分析，才能找出用词不当的错误。（6） 逻辑错误须关注短文改错这一题型中的错误设置都是借助语篇材料，所以上下文是否一致、逻辑是否合理、称谓或指代是否一致等都是解题时要关注的点。（7） 连词冠词常光顾连词、冠词都是虚词，虽然它们不单独在句子中作成分，但是使用非常灵活、频繁，所以处理这类问题时要明确名词的数、泛指还是特指，上下文之间的意义，从句的属性及引导词在句中的作用等。第二部分第1节 多一词的情况（1） 多一介词和副词介词多余主要体现在介词的用法错误，尤其是其搭配方面的错误，在不用介词的地方用了介词。常考的介词有in，at,on,for,to,about等。多一副词主要是因为句子成分重复造成的。常考的多为in，out,away,off,up,down,far等表示地点和方位的副词。考点突破1. 在next, last, this, these, one, any, every, each, all, today, yesterday, tomorrow等词前，一般不用表示时间的介词at, on, in等。(1) The secretary told me that the manager was busy and I should come at some other time.(2) I met my uncle on last Sunday.2. 表示时间的名词短语，如the moment, the first/last time, every time，the minute, each time直接充当连词，引导状语从句时，其前无介词。I liked the oil painting very much at the moment I saw it.3. 句子成分重复使副词成为一种累赘。When we got to his house, we found him in home.基础演练1. He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop.2. Farther in the distance, I could not enjoy the view of snowy mountains.3. Here I am in the middle of a city, 350 miles far away from our farmhouse.4. Please help with me and give me some advice.5. The book Im reading of talks about afternoon tea in Britain.6. I believe in that nobody can change my mind.7. She often goes to abroad on business.8. Three million of people worked on digging a long canal.9. I talked with the writer and learned a lot of.10. An article said that all UFO reports could be explained for quite naturally by aircraft movements.11. My mother couldnt find her handbag when we arrived at there.12. We greeted with each other and began to talk about the weather.13. We had a good time on last Monday.(2) 多一连词考点突破1. 并列连词连接两个并列的成分或句子，从属连词则用来引导从句，作主句中的某一个成分，二者不能混用。例如，表示因果关系时，because和so不能同时使用；表示让步关系时，although/though和but不能同时使用。Although he is very young, but he can retell the story very fluently.2. 两个或多个从属连词不能并列使用。My parents sent me an e-mail to ask whether how I was getting along with my studies.3. 受汉语表达习惯和思维定势的影响，在不需要用连词的地方用了连词。In some parts of the forest that you can find large groups of monkeys, which are jumping up and down.基础演练 1. With little sleep and hardly any break, so he works from morning till night.2. If you notice that when someone is missing or hurt, tell your teacher immediately.3. We didnt enjoy the day because that the weather was so awful.4. Cleaver as he is, but he works very hard.5. Once that they fail in these shows, they will suffer a lot.6. I will not buy the tickets until when I hear from you.7. More and more people have realized that how serious this problem is.8. As Jim is busy, so he cant help you with your math.9. The reason was because that more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.10. Even if I fail again, but I will not lose heart.11. Following the doctors advice, or you will recover soon.12. I was very unhappy and scared as well as because my teacher hates the students coming late for school.(3) 多一代词 多一代词的考查主要围绕人称代词、物主代词、不定代词、关系代词等的错误运用，这些错误运用容易造成句子成分的重复、指代不明、理解困难等。考点突破1. 主语与谓语之间多一关系代词。Some people dont like basketball, but many people who do like it.2. 关系代词和其他代词同时出现在句子中。This is the very person that I am looking for him.3. it 用法广泛，在很多情况下会因指代不明造成成分重复。This math problem is too hard to solve it for the little girl.基础演练1. Whatever the result it is, the most important thing is that we are enjoying ourselves.2. First of all, as it is known to people, pets make too much noise troubling residents a lot.3. The only thing I have to do it is studying.4. She is the girl we talked about her.5. To the students who they spend too much time playing computer games, it can do harm to their sight.6. He is very sorry about all the whole thing.7. He said ha would never go to the restaurant which it had bad service.8. There are two letters which that I have to reply to.9. People who drink coffee at breakfast, at launch, or between meals.10. He wouldnt go to see a play that no one liked it.11. Now I really enjoy studying because Im growing old and know what I want it.12. I read your e-mail to my parents and showed them the photo you sent it to me.13. Many student feel it that a popular teacher must be kind and easy-going.(4) 多一助动词考点突破1. 在时间状语和时间状语从句中，常有一般现在时代替一般将来时，现在完成时代替将来完成时，一般过去时代替过去将来时。If you will study hard, you will succeed.2. 错用时态容易导致出现多余的助动词，尤其是把过去完成时和一般过去时用混，极易出错。She had taught us English when I attended training courses two years ago.3. 有时，句子主语和谓语之间不存在被动关系或有些不及物动词，如happen, take place, belong to, last, break out被误用作及物动词，以被动语态的形式出现，致使出现助动词多余的情况。This experience has been shown that traveling by train actually is the safest way of making journeys.Great changes have been taken place in the past years.基础演练1. I was taking a train to Londons Victoria Station. I had noticed that the carriage was noisy and filled with people.2. It was turned out to be her own cup, which shed left on the shelf by mistake.3. He has been sent his secretary to bring the passport here.4. The school-leavers are called on to give away their being used books to the students in the lower grades.5. We will can also download software for use now.6. The man returned the handbag after he made sure it was belonged to her.7. She carried on as if nothing had been happened.8. I was used to come here every week.9. When he was a child, he had played basketball in the street often.10. Only if do you obey the rules can you prevent yourself becoming short-sighted.(5) 多一冠词考点突破1. 表示泛指意义的物质名词、抽象名词前不用冠词。Music can bring people a pleasure.2. 表示泛指概念的可数名词复数前不用冠词。Young people like to read the books.3. 表示季节、月份、星期、节假日的名词前一般不用冠词。School begins in the September.4. 呼语或作表语、同位语、补足语的表示独一无二的职务、头衔的名词前不用冠词。The young man is the captain of this ship.5. 表示三餐、球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠词。Lets go and watch them play the football.6. by后接名词表示交通方式，名词前不用冠词。Now many people want to travel by the air.7. 表示学科、语言的名词前一般不用冠词。I like the math though its a bit difficult.8. 在某些短语中，有无定冠词意思大不一样。They traveled by the day, and stayed at hotels by night.基础演练1. In a fact, he even scared my classmates away when they came over to play or do homework with me.2. He never watches where he is going, so he often gets into the trouble.3. There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.4. You can also turn to your dance teacher for the help.5. I was born in the Hebei Province and I am in good heath.6. I really hope that you can give me a good advice on how to memorize new words.7. There is the water all over the bathroom floor.8. I dont think going to the university is the only way to success.9. We are going to climb the Mount Tai tomorrow.(6) 多一不定式符号技巧点拨考生应熟记一些常见的后面跟不带to的不定式的情况，如使役动词make, let, have和感官动词后用不定式作宾语补足语时要省略to；其次要牢记一些最常用的固定结构，以免出现误用to的现象。基础演练1. Would you please to help me, Miss Tracy?2. Many parents would rather let their children to stay at home.3. To stay healthy, youd better to do some sports after school.4. Novels that have wrong ideas will make us to do something wrong.5. When it rains, you cannot help but to stay at home.6. Many students have their parents to pay the fees.7. He knew she dared not to see horror movies.8. I would rather read books than to watch TV.9. We often heard her to sing next door.10. Find a chance and do something for them or to have a sincere talk with them.第2节 缺一词的情况（1） 缺一介词考点突破1. 作定语用的不定式与修饰词有逻辑上的动宾关系时，该不定式如果是不及物动词，其后需有与之搭配的介词。I want to find a hotel to live.2. too.to.结构中的不定式如果是不及物动词，其后常需有与之搭配的介词。The ice is too thin for us to skate.基础演练1. We have to stay at home because the heavy rain.2. If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside.3. Then everyone in the carriage began searching the ticket, which was eventually found under a seat several rows from its owner.4. We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listening music.5. I feel lucky that Im so interested English.6. I wanted to apologize her for that, but my vanity prevented me.7. We need to deal problems like pollution and climate change.8. The South Lake is 10 kilometers away the city.9. The company is proud its achievements.10. She often plays a trick me because Im fat.11. I was so encouraged that I ran faster and faster till I caught up all the other runners.12. The way I worked out the problem is different yours.(2) 缺一连词 考点突破1. 关系密切的句子与句子之间容易漏掉连词。It must have rained much, the river is so high.2. 在结构复杂的各种从句，如主语从句、表语从句中容易漏掉的连词，尤其是连词that.The reason why I didnt go to France was I got a new job.It doesnt matter he cant come to help us.3. 有些固定结构中，如hardly.when., no sooner.than., neither.nor., either.or.等容易漏掉连词。We had hardly finished our housework Wang Ping cane to our house for a visit.基础演练1. He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful.2. Their familys income reached as much 100000 yuan last year.3. He is busy every day that he never pays attention to his health.4. We have invited the boss, she may decide not to come.5. I can see children playing on the playground, young couples walking quietly, old people sitting on the benches.6. According to studies, many children spend more time watching television that they spend in school.7. I was just wondering to stay for another hour or just start off right away.(3) 缺一代词技巧点拨it 的用法应该留意，避免遗漏基础演练1. Through these activities we can learn many things cannot be learned in class.2. I found difficult to follow my teacher in the first English class.3. They were much impressed by the changes had taken place in the past few years.4. One day I draw a picture and showed to my teacher.5. I hate when the weather suddenly becomes so cold.6. What a beautiful baby-is a boy or a girl?(4) 缺一助动词短文改错对缺一助动词的考查主要出现在各种时态或被动语态中，特别是较为复杂的时态的构成及其用法中。基础演练1. We often think insects to harmful.2. Last summer, I invited to a summer camp in America.3. At the station, I told that an old lady had all her money stolen.4. For years I have interested in engineering.5. In our studies, pressure cannot avoided.6. He pretended to reading when his mother came in.7. When the police arrived, the thieves run away.8. By next month, I have studied here for three years.9. In the future, I take part in different kinds of school activities.10. The meeting room cleaned by Mary every day.(五) 缺一冠词考点突破1. 抽象名词前通常不用冠词，但具体化了的抽象名词已成为可数名词。使用时前面常漏掉不定冠词。It is pleasure to help others when they are in trouble.者，是被动关系，就用被动2. 物质名词表示“一场、一种、一杯、一个.”时 ,已转化为可数名词,其前的不定冠词常被漏掉。I would like coffee and two beers.3. 集体名问侧重整体概念时,也常作单数看，前面的不定冠词有时易漏掉。This house isnt big enough for family of seven.4. 常用的含不定冠词的固定搭配和习惯用法。He glanced at his watch and left in hurry.5. 再次提到上文提到过的特定的人或事物时容易漏掉定冠词，I have been living in the city for five years, and five years makes a deep impression on me.6. 表示天体, 方位, 演奏的西洋乐器等的名词前以及序数词，形容词最高级前容易漏掉定冠词。The sky is blue and sun is shining.7. 表示江河湖海、运河等的专有名词前通常加定冠词。We all know Yangtze River is the longest in China.8. 固定搭配。基础演练1. In order to celebrate such important day with my parents，I wrote them a letter.2. The first refrigerators were sold in late 1880s and they soon became very popular.3. 1 like playing piano and singing English songs.4. Why not give me call or come for a get-together this weekend?5. We should play active part in creating a better society.6. Kunming is a famous city with long history.7. Go along this street, and take third turning on the left.8. My dentist had just pulled out one of my teeth and had told me to rest for while.9. In order to realize his dream, Bill Gates, richest man in the world, gave up his study at a university.10. One day, the school held party, where I was invited to talk about myself.(六) 缺一不定式符号to基础演练1. Id like start a snow globe collection club.2. In order build more houses, people cut down many more trees.3. In 2005, a British teenager became the first person receive treatment for an addiction to text messaging.4. One evening, Mr Smith asked some friends get together.5. I think it will be more convenient for you look after your parents as they are getting old.6. They sang a folk song, which was a little hard understand.7. Last Sunday, the class that I was on held a get-together, which took us a long time prepare.8. Im writing a letter ask you for some help.9. I am very happy have you as our English teacher.10. Im good at all the subjects, and always ready help others.11. 1 suppose he dares tell the manager the truth.12. There is no need examine him, said the doctor.13. It was very difficult for a child work out this problem.第3节词汇错用的情况(一)时态和语态错误时态和语态的使用错误导致词汇错用在高考组文改错中主要表现为：1. 时态的不一致性:全篇用的都是现在时态,而在短文某一个地方却出现了不合逻辑的过去时，或全篇使用的都是过去时，而在短文的某一个地方却出现了现在时，或者主句用的是过去时，后面跟的从句却用了现在时等。2.语态的使用混乱:有些地方该用主动语态却用了被动语态，该用被动语态却用了主动语态或本没有被动语态的词误用了被动语态，这些都会导致词汇错用。考点突破1. 根据全文的时态或行文逻辑进行改错。Some think smoking was a pleasure.2. 根据句中的时间状语进行改错。读 Last Sunday, police cars hurry to the tallest building in New York.3. 在主从复合句中，主句用一般现在时，从句可以根据需要用各种时态;主句用一般过去时，从句通常要目相应的过去时态。I thought I have sent the letter a week before.4. 根据连词连接的成分的对称原则进行改错。He not only came to see me but also tell me the news.5. 根据固定句式里面的时态要求进行改错。1) It/This is/was the first time that sb. have/had done something.(2) Where have you been since I last saw you?(3) I was about to go out when the telephone rang.(4) Hardly had I got home when the telephone rang.(5) No sooner had I left my house than it began to snow.(6) I didnt manage to understand it until he had explained it again.It is ten years since he moves to Australia.6. 仔细辨别主语和谓语是主动关系还是被动关系，看动词是及物动词还是不及物动词。如果是及物动词要看其后有无宾语，是否是跟双宾语的动词等Tom didnt see me wave to him. He was looked in the opposite direction.基础演练1. When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city, I think I would be happy there.2. Tony was scared and begun to cry. (新课标卷1)3. A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop. 4. As I tell you last time, I made three new friends here. (四川卷)5. If you are me, would you talk to them? (四川卷)6. This morning she starts barking even before 5 oclock.7. He said before long a train inspector comes to check our tickets.8. He said if he decides to do something, it usually takes us much time to stop him.9. Unfortunately, by the time I got back, they have finished the scene and the actor couldnt be seen anywhere.10. People suffered from more typhoons and tornadoes now.11. This coastal area is named a national wildlife reserve last year.12. Our teacher told us that light traveled faster than sound.13. Hardly had the doctor gone to bed when there is a knock on the door.14. Waste water is pouring into rivers by some factories.15. Gary was behaved as if nothing had happened.(2) 非谓语动词形式错误基础演练1. After looks at the toy for some time, he turned around and found his parents were missing. 2. My favorite picture at the party is of my coach and me enjoy the biscuits with happy laughter.3. I enjoyed sit close to the windows and looking at the view.(浙江卷)4. The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming. (浙江卷)5. Weve been spending a lot of time sing in karaoke bars.(四川卷)6. One evening at sunset, we sat by the fire, have our barbecue.7. Last Sunday morning, when I was having a walk in the park near my home, I came across a crew make a new film with one of my favorite actors.8. When he saw others learning English, he shook his head, said it was too hard to remember new words.9. Take a part-time job is a good form of social practice.10. Thanks for send me the snow globe of the monster.11. Of course, you must promise that you will not spend too much time attend it.12. On September 7, 2011， a severe earthquake destroyed almost everything in the school, left badly damaged buildings.13. One with perseverance will not give up easily when face challenges.(三) 主谓一致错误技巧点拨主谓一致三原则： 语法一致原则 意义一致原则 就近原则基础演练1. In early January this year， the rate of UFO reports were steady, around three per week. (辽宁卷)2. Hard work have made him very ill. (辽宁卷)3. Today, I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm go off. (四川卷)4. If you know anyone else who collect them, please tell me.5. All the things my mother did was to want me to have a better life.6. In my opinion. copying others homework are a bad habit.7. Suddenly, he cried out, Oh, there is thirteen people here!8. Every one of us have the responsibility keep them up.9. The number of people invited are one hundred, but only a small number of them have come.10. Im sure that ei