IGCSE-Biology课本summary.docx

1. Vertebrates: fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, mammal 2. Arthropod节肢动物: crustacean甲壳纲动物: claw antenna, arachnid住蛛形纲动物:4pairs of jointed legs, book lungs insects:3, 2pairs of wings, trachea, thorax胸 myriapods多足节肢动物: segmented body3. Annelids环节动物: clitellum生殖带 mollusc软体动物: soft unsegmented body, may a shell Nematodes线虫纲：Long thin unsegmented body.4. Monocotyledonous单子叶植物: strap-shaped leaves with parallel veins ,one cotyledon inside each seed.5. dicotyledonous双子叶植物：have leaves which can be broad, and which have a network of branching veins. Have two cotyledons inside each seed. 6. Bacteria: unicellular单细胞的 , flagellum鞭毛, cell wall, may chloroplasts.7.Fungi: multicellular, cell wall, no chlorophyll, feed by saprophytic nutrition腐生, parasitic nutrition. Sporangium孢子囊 containing spores, feeding hypha菌丝, mycelium菌丝体. 8. Dichotomous key.9. Cell wall : fully permeable .10. Basement membrane, vacuole containing digestive enzymes on cells lining the stomach .11. Organelle细胞器= cells= tissues= organ= organ system= organism.12. Visking tube.13. Turgid膨胀, flaccid萎, wilt枯萎, plasmolysed质壁分离的,shink14. Active transport, carrier protein15. metabolism, carbohydrates: starch+sugar, simple sugars or monosaccharide: glucose, complex sugar or disaccharide: sucrose and maltosePolysaccharide: cellulose and starchBenedicts solution If reducing sugar, blue=orange-red16. Fat=glycerol甘油 + fatty acid17. Testing for starch: iodine solution , if starch , brown= blue-black.18. Adipose tissue 脂肪组织19. Testing for fat : ethanol, forming tiny globules , milky , called emulsion.20. Testing for proteins , biuret reagent( KOH+CuSO4) . If protein, then purple21. Phenolphthalein22. Amylase淀粉酶 protease蛋白酶 catalase过氧化氢酶 carbohydrases糖酶 Maltase麦芽糖酶 sucrase蔗糖酶lipase脂肪酶Active site, substrate, pectinase， denature, optimum temperature.23. fungus, fermenter, Penicillium make penicillin.Photosynthesis, chlorophyll24. Petiole柄Midrib中脉, lamina叶片, vascular bundle, Cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade layer, spongy layer , Lower epidermis . Mesophyll layer, stomata， guard cell. Xylem, Phloem.mesophyll25. Guard cell contains chloroplasts.26. Stem and petiolelimiting factors27.constipation, peristalsis, deficiency disease, alimentary canal28.obesity, heart attack, starvation, malnutrition, kwashiorkor蛋白质营养不良29. Microorganism are used to make yoghurt .Lactose= lactic acid + energy.30, single cell protein.Ingestion:taking substance into the body through the mouth, digestion:the break-down of large, insoluable food molecules into small, water-soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processes, absorption, egestion31. Enamel珐琅质, dentine牙本质, pulp cavity齿髓腔, cement牙骨质, jawbone颌骨, crown牙冠, root.32.incisor切牙: sharp-edged, chisel-shaped Canine犬牙, premolars前臼齿, molars臼齿, milk teeth or deciduous teeth乳牙, permanent teeth恒牙Plaque牙菌斑, tartar牙垢, gum disease, tooth decayFluoride helps to reduce tooth decay33. Alimentary canal, liver, pancreas, peristalsis, sphincter, mucus, saliva, bolus, mucus, bolus, oesophagus食管, chyme食糜, goblet cell, pepsin胃蛋白酶, rennin凝乳酶, pancreatic juice, pancreatic duct, amylase=starch to maltose, trypsin胰蛋白酶=proteins to polypeptides, lipase=fats to fatty acids and glycerol34. Bile duct, gall bladder. Emulsification.35. Bile pigment from haemoglobin36 villi/villus.microvilli. Mucus.37.Caecum盲肠, appendix阑尾, colon结肠, ileum回肠, rectum直肠, anus肛门. Hepatic portal vein, assimilation, glycogen38.double circulatory system, Cardiac muscle心肌, atria心房, ventricles心室, septum中隔, pulmonary veins肺静脉, vanae cavae腔静脉, aorta主动脉 ,pulmonary artery肺静脉39.coronary arteries冠状动脉, heart attack, cardiac arrest, systole收缩, diastole舒张, statin, atrioventricular valves房室瓣, left-hand Bicuspid valve二尖瓣, right-hand tricuspid valve三尖瓣40. Tendon.Capillaries, veins, arteriesLumen腔41. sphygmomanometer血压计Thrombosis血栓, pulmonary embolismrenal artery肾动脉, jugular vine颈静脉, subclavian vein锁骨下静脉, hepatic artery肝动脉, hepatic portal vein肝门静脉42. Doughnut_shaped red cell, with no nucleus.Lymphocyte淋巴细胞 with a large nucleusPhagocyte吞噬细胞can engulf bacteria, with lobed nucleus.Platelets help blood coltBone marrowPlasma, haemoglobinPathogens molecules are called antigensImmune response, tissue rejectionFibrinogen血纤维蛋白, fibrin43. Lymph, tissue fluid44. Vascular bundle, 五角星的xylem in root.Ring like in stemXylem vessels=water and mineralsPhloem tunes=organic nutrients45.cortex, phloem , xylem, endodermis , cambium, stele.46. Companion cell.47. Potometer.48, source , sink, translocation, tubers , dormant.49. Anaerobic respiration, alveoli, trachea.50. Epiglottis, larynx, vocal cords, bronchi, cilia.51. Intercostal muscle, diaphragm.52. Oxygen debt.53. Stimuli, receptor, effector, coordination. Endocrine system.54. Homeostasis, poikilothermic, homoeothermic.55. Peripheral nervous system, central nervous system. 56. Motor neurone, relay neurone, sensory neurone .57. Regina, conjunctiva, lysozyme, eyelid, sclera, fovea, rod , cone. Pupil, accommodation, suspensory ligaments, ciliary muscle.58. Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle. Striated muscle.59. Synovial joint, tibia, ulna, radius, humerus. 60. Pituitary gland. Adrenal gland. Adrenaline.61. Geotropism , phototropism .62. Auxin, etiolated.63. Eutrophication富营养作用64. Carpel: stigma, style, ovary, ovule.Stamen: anther, filament. Petal, receptacle, flower stalk. Micropyle, pollen grain, pollen tube.Micropyle, hilum, testa, embryo:plumule, radicle.cotyledon.65. Self dispersal, wind dispersal.66. Poikilothermic = ectothermic . 67. Malpighian layer, mitosis.68. Keratin, cornified layer, melanin , hair follicle, sebaceous gland, adipose tissue, hair erector muscle.69. Blood capillaries, venule, arteriole. Epidermis, dermis.70. Hypothalamus. Negative feedback. Vasoconstriction. Vasodilation.71. Islets of langerhans. Insulin, glucagon. Glycogen, pancreas, liver72. CO2 and its like = excretory product. Excretion.73. Nitrogenous waste. Urea, deamination.74. Liver: a.converts excess amino acids into urea and carbohydrates, in a process called deamination .B.Control the amount of glucose in the blood, with the aid of hormones insulin and glucagon.C.Stores carbohydrate as the polysaccharide glycogen.D.Makes bileE.break down old red blood cells, storing the iron and excreting the remains of the haemoglobin as bile pigment.F.stores vitamin A, B, D, E and K .G. Stores potassium.H. Makes cholesterol , which is needed to make and repair cell membranes.75. Cortex, medulla, pelvis, ureter, bladder. 76. Nephrons, loop of Henley , tubule, collecting duct. Urine, urethra.77. Renal capsule, glomerulus. 78. Filtration : small molecules such as water, glucose, salts and urea, are squeezed out of the blood into a renal capsule.79.Reabsorption: any useful substances, such as water and glucose, are taken back into the blood. 80. The remaining liquid, called urine , flows into the ureter.81. Dialysis. 66. Poikilothermic = ectothermic . 67. Malpighian layer, mitosis.68. Keratin, cornified layer, melanin , hair follicle, sebaceous gland, adipose tissue, hair erector muscle.69. Blood capillaries, venule, arteriole. Epidermis, dermis.70. Hypothalamus. Negative feedback. Vasoconstriction血管收缩. Vasodilation.71. Islets of langerhans. Insulin, glucagon. Glycogen, pancreas, liver72. CO2 and its like = excretory product. Excretion.73. Nitrogenous waste. Urea, deamination.74. Liver:A.converts excess amino acids into urea and carbohydrates, in a process called deamination .B.Control the amount of glucose in the blood, with the aid of hormones insulin and glucagon.C.Stores carbohydrate as the polysaccharide glycogen.D.Makes bileE.break down old red blood cells, storing the iron and excreting the remains of the haemoglobin as bile pigment.F.stores vitamin A, B, D, E and K .G. Stores potassium.H. Makes cholesterol , which is needed to make and repair cell membranes.75. Cortex, medulla, pelvis, ureter, bladder. 76. Nephrons, loop of Henley , tubule, collecting duct. Urine, urethra.77. Renal capsule, glomerulus. 78. Filtration : small molecules such as water, glucose, salts and urea, are squeezed out of the blood into a renal capsule.79.Reabsorption: any useful substances, such as water and glucose, are taken back into the blood. 80. The remaining liquid, called urine , flows into the ureter.81. Dialysis. 82. Heroin , addictive, depressant, cirrhosis. 83. Hypertension. Tumor, malignant, cancer. 84. Smoke particles , emphysema. 85. Asexual reproduction, mycelium菌丝体, hyphae菌丝, sporangium包子囊, spores孢子, Gamete配子, fertilization受精, zygote受精卵, Diploid二倍体 cell, haploid单倍体 cell, Meiosis减数分裂88. Sexual reproduction, Egg, sperm, hermaphrodite雌雄同体(earthworms, slugs)89. Oviduct/Fallopian tube, ovary, uterus wall, vagina, cervix宫颈, urethra尿道90. Seminal vesicles精囊, bladder, prostate gland前列腺, erectile tissue海绵体, urethra尿道, penis, Epididymis , sperm duct, scrotum阴囊, testis91. embryo胚胎, implantation, placenta胎盘 and umbilical cord脐带Amnion羊膜, amniotic fluid羊水, labour, Ante- natal care. Lactation哺乳. rubella风疹92. Menstruation, menstrual cycle. Puberty/adolescence青春期, ovulation93. Male hormone: testosterone. Female hormone: oestrogen.oestrogen makes the lining of the uterus grow thick and spongy.Corpus luteum黄体, follicle小囊Progesterone keeps the uterus lining thick , spongy, and well supplied with blood, control LH and FSH secreted by pituitary gland.94. LH:FSH95. Natural method:avoid sexual intercourse/abstinencechemical method: spermicides, contraceptives pill避孕药mechanical method: condom, femidom, diaphragm子宫帽, IUD节育环Surgical method: vasectomy输精管切除术, surgical cutting of the oviductArtificial insemination人工受孕, fertility drugsGonorrhea淋病 caused by bacteria. In a man, unpleasant discharge and pain when urinating. In a woman, mostly in the cervix, do not suffer pain. not being sexually active having only one sexual partner ensure that the man uses a condom tracing, warning and treating all possible sexual contacts.AIDS is caused by HIVHermaphrodite flower双性花Sepal萼片, petal花瓣, stamen雄蕊: anther, filament. Nectary. Carpel雌蕊: stigma, style, ovary, ovule. Receptacle, flower stalkPollen grain, pollination. Self-pollination, cross-pollination, micropyle珠孔, integuments珠被96. Zygote=embryo plant. Ovule= seed. Integuments= testa外种皮Embryo contains radicle胚根 = root, plumule胚芽= shoot. 97. Micropyle , hilum种脐, pericarp, cotyledon子叶,ovary=fruitdispersal散播98.cheomosomes, gene, inheritance, homologous chromosomes同源染色体mitosis有丝分裂 genetically identica