英语语法总编.doc

2005-2006学年度江苏省南通地区石庄中学英语学科高考语法复习资料作者：秦建华 226531：江苏省南通如皋市石庄中学e-mail:高考英语语法系列训练（一）名词及主谓一致知识点归纳一、名 词(一)、概述：分两种专有名词：Mr. Smith, the Yellow River,the Urals, Lesson One普通名词：分四种1、 个体名词：worker, father,country, book, bird,tree(countable noun)2、 集体名词：people, family, class,team,group,army,committee,police(countable noun)3、 物质名词：iron,paper,snow,air,water,ink,grain,cotton,chalk,oil,gold(uncountable noun)4、 抽象名词：spirit,thopugh,praise,idea,courage,strength,energy, bravery,beauty (uncountable noun)名词类别的相互转换：(1).个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换Our school（学校）is not far from my home. 个体名词School（放学）is over at six. 抽象名词She held some flowers in her hand. 个体名词 The trees are now in flower（开花）. 抽象名词Youth（青春）is beautiful. 抽象名词 He is a youth（年轻人）of twenty个体名词(2). 物质名词与个体名词的相互转换Iron is a kind of metal. 铁 （物质名词） Please lend me your iron. 熨斗（个体名词）He broke a piece of glass.一块玻璃 （物质名词）He broke a glass. （个体名词）I bought a chicken this morning.（个体名词） Please help yourself to some chicken.(物质名词）I have an egg for breakfast. （个体名词） Egg is my favorite dish（物质名词）There is a pine in front of the temple.松树 （个体名词）These desks are made of pine.松木 （物质名词） (3).抽象名词与普通名词的转换A.具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连用，表示某一次短暂的动作-Id like_information about the management of your hotel,please.-Well, you could have_word with the manager. He might be helpfulA.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,aCf: They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名词） I have received word of his safe arrival. 抽象名词 Could we have a word before you go to the meeting? 话（普通名词） have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发)/make a decisionmake a change give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声) give a tryB、表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示其中的一部分 Many people agree that_knowledge of English is a must in_international trade today.A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, thea knowledge of truth(知道实际情况)give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识)a knowledge of history, English and music（历史、英语和音乐方面的知识）If there were no examination, we should have_at school.A. the happiest time B.a more happier time C. much happiest time D.a much happier timeCf: Time is moneyC、抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰Oh, John. _you gave me!A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surpriseC.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surpriseCf: She looked up in surprise when I shouted. The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surpriseIt is_work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusualOther examples:This vase is a wonderful work.(作品)She has a college education.（受到教育）His new way of teaching produced a good effect.（功效）Oil has many uses.（用途）We will face many difficulties in the future（难点、难题、难处）You have been a great help to me.（有益的东西、有帮助的人）（二）、名词的数1、规则变化。单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy boys, pen pens。以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。glass glasses（box, watch, brush）特例：stomach stomachs以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如：baby babies（lady ladies, fly flies）以“o”结尾的多数加-es。如：tomato tomatoes, potato potatoes, hero heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。 如：radio radios（ zoo /photo /piano / kilo kilos/tobacco tobaccos） 以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-es。如：wife wives （life/ knife / wolf/ self selves/leaf ）特例：handkerchief handkerchiefs（roof /chief ） gulf gulfs（belief / cliff ）penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如：pence（便士的钱数），pennies(便士的枚数)2、不规则变化。单、复数同形 如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese,Japanese, sheep, works（工厂）,cattle。合成名词的复数tooth-brushes boy-friendspassers-by sisters-in-law prisoners-of-warmen-servents women-doctorsgrown-ups go-betweenstooth teeth footfeet childchildren mousemicegoosegeese oxoxen注有些抽象名词以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。Use your brains, please.Have you made preparations for tomorrows meeting?Many thanks for your kindness.No pains, no gains.After many failures, they finally succeeded.注有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。The boy burst into tears at the bad news.The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.注物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。some coffee一些咖啡 a coffee一杯咖啡 three coffees三杯咖啡some drink一些饮料 a drink一杯饮料 three drinks三杯饮料his hair他的头发 a few grey hairs几根白发glass玻璃 a glass一只玻璃杯注有些名词的复数有其特殊的意义：papers报纸，文件考卷 manners礼貌、习俗 goods货物 works工厂 looks容貌 glasses眼镜，杯子 greens青菜 times时代，次数、倍数sands沙滩，沙地 irons脚镣，手铐,熨斗 spirits酒精，情绪 customs海关letters文学 forces军队 riches财富 wishes祝愿air(空气)airs( 气派，架子,姿态 ) arm(手臂)arms(军火)damage(损坏)damages(赔偿金) compass(指南针)compasses(圆规) water(水) waters(水域) wood(木柴) woods(树林)give ones regards to sb.向某人问侯have words with sb. 同某人吵架 in rags衣衫破烂注不可数名词要表示数时要用单位名词a piece of advice/bread/cake/chalk/cloth/equipment/furniture/information an article of clothing/furniture a bar of soap a bottle/glass of milk/ink 3、名词的所有格 Engels/Engelss works Dickens/Dickenss book her son-in-laws photo Jane and Marys room(share the same room) Janes and Marys room(share the different room) at Mr Greens to my uncles at the tailors at the barbers at the doctors 用于某些习语中：at arms length保持一定距离 within a stones throw(离很近，一箭之遥) out of harms way安全的地方表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词可加s表示所有格two years time todays newspaper Chinas industry the stations waiting room 双重所有格 “of”所有格的特殊表示方式有：表示“部分”时，一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词（a、two、several、some、no、many等）Some students of Mister Zhangs have gone to college.张老师的一些学生已经上大学了。表示“其中之一，其中一部分”的意思时a friend of Toms汤姆的一个朋友（许多朋友中的一位）a friend of my fathers a new friend of Li Mings that book of Li Mings those friends of Toms 表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时，应该用that/this/these/those + 名词（单、复数）of Marys/yours/his/hersThat invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明是属于全世界的（表赞赏）。4、名词做定语 (1)表示用什么原料 stone figures（石像）/castor oil(蓖麻油)/silk books（丝绸书）/paper money（纸币）/metal pots（金属锅）/plastic sheets（塑料布）/diamond necklace（钻石项链）/gold medals（金牌） (2)表示存在或发生的地方country music（乡村音乐）/forest land（森林土层）/post office（邮政局）/school education（学校教育）/palace ball（宫庭舞会）/space satellites（太空卫星）/tabke cloth（桌布）/street lights（街灯）/nature park（天然公园）/government office（政府机关） (3)表示部分与整体的关系 river banks(河岸)/cabbage seed(卷心菜种子)/animal bones(动物骨头)/cigarette ends(烟头)/ocean floor(洋底)/school gate(校门口)/overcoat pockets(大衣口袋)/table legs(桌脚)/tree branches(树枝)如果谈到某特定的东西时，我们要用of结构来表示the windows of the classroom (4)表示用途性质coffee cups（咖啡杯）/book stores（书店）/sports shoes（运动鞋）/food factory（食品工厂）/womenpolice officers（女警官）/design office（设计工作室）/fruit trees（水果树）/traffic lights（交通灯）/bell rope（铃绳） (5)说明后一名词的内容forest programmes（森林规划）/weight problems（体重问题）/science lab（科学实验室）/computer studies（电脑学习）/weather report（天气报）/film industry（电影工业）/wildlife project（野生动物工程）/China Daily（中国日报）/body language（体语言） (6)表示泛指的时间名词summer holidays（暑假）/winter weather（冬天的天气）/time zone（时区）/evening dress（晚礼服）/morning paper（晨报）/Sunday edition（星期日版）/rooster year stamp（鸡年邮票）/night school（夜校） 但表具体的时间名词作定语，则要用所有格结构来表达。如：yesterdays news（昨天的消息）/an hours drive（开车一小时的路程）注：名词作定语时，一般用单数形式，但在个别情况下，也有需用复数的。如：sports meet（运动会）/the United States government（美国政府）/students reading-room（学生阅览室）/goods train（货车）/two men doctors（两个男医生） 注意：a-seven-year-old child二、主 谓 一 致1.语法一致原则语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语单复数形式上保持一致。（1）.以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。His father is working on the farm.To study English well is not easy.Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.What he said is very important for us all.Between the two hills stands a monument.由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。What I bought were three English books.What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.（2）.由连接词and或bothand连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。Lucy and Lily are twins注：*若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的复数形式就用单数形式。The writer and artist has come.The writer and the artist have comeTheir teacher and friend is Mr. Li.*由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。Every student every teacher is in the classroom.Many a boy and many a girl likes it.No boy and no girl likes it.(3) 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， 谓语动词仍用单数形式； 若方语为复数，谓语用复数形式。Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.I noticed that a woman with a baby was on the bus.Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.She, like you and Tom, is very tall.The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.No one except my teachers knows anything about it.(4) either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词 和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. We each have a new book.Is everyone here today?Somebody is speaking in class.Everything around us is matter.注：*在口语中当either 或neither 后跟有of+复数名词 （或代词） 作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。Neither of the texts is (are) interesting.*若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。none of the sugar was left.None of us has (have) been to America.(5) 在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.He is one of my friends who are working hard.He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.(6) 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式。People, police, cattle, militia, poultry 等到名词都多用作复数。The police are looking for the lost child.The cattle are eating grass in the field.而有些集体名词如family, class, crow, crowd, committee, population, audience 等有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待，主要根据意思来确定。His family has moved to the south .His family are watching TV.Class Five is on the third floor.Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.(7) 由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。There are a lot of people in the classroom.Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.50 percent of the students in our class are girls.此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。如：A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.The number of pages in this book is three hundred.(8) 如果主语是由a kind of ,a series of (a species) 等+名词构成，谓语动词通常用单数形式。Is this kind of bicycle made in Shanghai? There are many kinds of pears.(梨)(9)在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。There comes the bus.On the wall are many pictures.Such is the result.Such are the facts.2. 逻辑意义一致原则 意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，钽意义为单数）。（1）.What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。Which is your bag? Which are your bags?Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen?All that can be done has been done. All is going well. All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing.(2).表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。Thirty minutes is enough for the work.Twenty pounds is too dear.如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式。Forty kilos of water are used every day.(3).若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。The United States is smaller than China.“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.(4).表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。One and a half apples is left on the table.=One apple and a half is left on the table(5).算式中表示数目字的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.但也可作复数看待，谓语动词用复数形式。Nine times two make eighteen.(6).一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990.I dont think physics is easy to study.(7).trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of 等量词修饰时（clothes被a suit of 修饰）谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken.The pair of shoes under the bed is his.但若pair 等为复数，谓语也用复数。如：The two pairs of trousers are broken.(8). “定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。The old are taken good care of there.The beautiful gives pleasure to all.三就近一致原则（1） 当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致。Either the teacher or the students are our friends.Neither he nor they are wholly right.Neither they nor he is wholly right.Is neither he nor they wholly right?(2).there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。There are two chairs and a desk in the room.There is a desk and two chairs in the room知识点训练：高考英语语法系列训练（二）冠词、数词知识点归纳1.不用冠词的情况（1）专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。China , America, SmithAir is matter.（2）可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时，不加冠词。This dictionary is mine.（3）季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词。March, May Day, National Day, Childrens Day, Womens Day Have you had supper?Spring is the best season of the year.（4）称呼语或指家用雇用的nurse、cook等名词前及表示头衔职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时，一般不加冠词。Whats this, Father? We made him our chairman.Ask nurse to put the child to bed. Professor Li.（5）学科名称、球类、棋类运动名称前不加冠词。Do you study physics?He likes playing football/chess.（6）复数名词表示泛指一类人或事物时前不用冠词。They are peasants/ workers.（7）在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。by car, by bus,by bike, by train, by air/ water/ land但：take a bus, come in a boat, on the train/ bus需注意。（8）某些固定词组中不用冠词。名词词组中： husband and wife, brother and sister, body and soul, day and night, knife and fork介词词组中：to(at, from) school, in (to,at, from)university（college）,to（in, into, from）church, to(in,into, out of)prison(hospital, bed),to(at, from, out of)work, to(in, from) town,at (from)home, to(at)sea, at night(noon, midnight), by car (bus, bicycle, plane), on foot in (to)class,注意：在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。in hospital 住院（因病） in the hospital在医院（工作、参观等） in front of在前面，指某物体之外in the front of在前部，指某物之内in charge负责，主管 out of question没问题in the charge由负责 out of the question不可能（9）as引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词不带冠词。Child as she is, she knows a lot of French.尽管他还是个孩子（10）系动词turn（作“变成”解）后作表语的单数可数名词前习惯不用冠词。The young girl has turned writer.= The young girl has become a writer.（11）在单数名词 + after + 同一单数名词（表示“一个接一个”）结构中，单数可数名词前不加冠词。She did experiment after experiment.一个又一个实验类似的还有：shop after shop, mistake after mistake（12）形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。“most + 形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时，前面不用定冠词。Oh, its most beautiful. 它太美了当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时，第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。She is the tallest and fattest girl in our school.当形容词最高级作表语，不表示与其他人或物相比时，其前不用定冠词。The market in the country is busiest in winter.形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时，不能用定冠词。A wolf in a sheeps skin is our most dangerous enemy.序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第”之意，但在second、third等词前加不定冠词表示“又一，再一”之意。why you took a second arrow注意：下句中“a first”表示“第一名、冠军”。He is a top student in our class, he often gets a first in maths. 出类拔萃的学生数学上常常得第一（13）no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后面的名词不用冠词。No such thing has ever happened in this village.这样的事情从来没有发生过。（14）有时为了节省空间、时间、金钱和精力，或为了引起注意力，省去a(n)或the,这主要用于新闻标题、工商业文件、广告、电报、公告、提纲、书名等。Conference opens.会议召开了。2.定冠词的使用情况（1）使用定冠词的一般情况。特指或第二次提到。序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的东西前。用于表示发明物的单数名词前或某些专有名词前。（2）定冠词使用特殊的场合。 She hit him in the face.她打了他的耳光。beat sb. on the nose, take sb. by the arm, pat sb. on the head the rich, the poor, the wounded 富人，穷人，伤员 the elder of the two, he more beautiful of the two两者中较年长的一位，较漂亮的一个 The sooner, the better.越快越好。 He got paid by the hour.他是按小时付工钱的。by the yard/the dozen/the month/the year但：by weight按重量 in the 50s /in the 1870s（表示年代） the Smiths/the Whites（表示一家人或夫妇俩） in the water/field/light/shade/distance/middle/country/rain tell the truth/on the other hand/on the way home 当抽象名词表示某一特定内容，特别是当它有一限定性修饰语时，它与定冠词连用：She is fond of music.He is playing the music written by Beethoven.他在演奏贝多芬写的乐曲。Good advice is beyond price.Im sorry not to have taken the advice he gave.他所给的建议3.不定冠词常用的几种情况（1）表示“一”相当于“one”。Ill return in a day or two.一两天（2）表示“每”相当于“per”。We have three meals a day.每天（3）表示“同一性”相当于“the same”。The children are of an age. 同龄（4）表示类指，表示“某类”。He wants to be a doctor.（5）表示泛指，相当于“any”。A horse is a useful animal.（6）表示某一个，相当于“a certain”。A Mr. Smith is asking to see you. 有个斯密斯先生（7）与抽象名词连用，可以表示“一场、一次、一件”，如：a pleasure一件乐事，a surprise一件令人惊讶的事，a joy一件高兴的事，a pity一件遗憾的事，an honour一个（件）引以为荣的人(事)。（8）与物质名词连用，表示“一种，一阵、一份”。What a heavy rain!多大的雨啊！What a good supper!Please give me a black coffee!请给我一份弄咖啡。4.冠词表类别的常见方式（1）定冠词 + 单数可数名词，表示一个，代表一类。The computer was invented in 1945.电脑是1954年发明的。The TV set was invented by Joan Baird.The horse is a useful animal.（2）不定冠词 + 单数可数名词（表示任意一个，某一个）。A pen is a tool for writing.A square has four sides.A horse is a useful animal.注意：man, woman表示泛指时，不用冠词，且常用单数。如：Man is fighting a battle against pollution.Man tries to be the protector of woman.（3）可数名词或不可数名词，指类别（考虑到同类中的各个情况）。Horses are useful animals.Rice is a kind of food.5.冠词位置问题（1）不定冠词 + 副词 + 形容词 + 名词。This is a very interesting story.（2）such、what、both、all、quite、rather +不定冠词+形容词+名词。Ive never seen such a film!Half a pound of pork,please!What a good idea it is!（3）as