土建专业毕业设计外文翻译.docx

Strategies and Sustainability Consideration in HighriseBuilding- A Malaysian Case Study.ABSTRACT ： High-rise building is a growing phenomenon in many cities around the world. If international building and urbanization trends are any indication, more and more people the world over will have to live and work in high-rise building due to the lack of developable land in the urban area. Tall buildings also provide a sensible solution for sustaining a high-density development by optimizing the use of air space while relieving more ground floor space for amenity and greenery. This paper is focusing on a case study in Kuala Lumpur in the form of a proposed mixed development designed by the author in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The total gross floor area of the project is about 400,000 square meter or 4.3 million square feet. It is consisting of a car park and retail cum commercial podium with five tower blocks ranging from 37 stories to 77 stories consisting of offices, condominiums and service apartments. The proposed project is situated in a very interesting part of town. The development is partially to be built above the Klang River that runs through the heart of Kuala Lumpur. On the south of the river is the established part of Kuala Lumpur with building such as Petronas Twin Tower which until recently was the tallest building in the world. On the north of the river is Kampung Baru, an area mostly neglected in the overall development of the city. This project will use the opportunity of building across the river to connect two parts of the city together and helps to speed up the physical and social development of Kampung Baru which is lack behind the rest of the city in the overall development of the city. A number of design principles for the tropical high-rise prototype are explored in this project beginning with the study of suns path and geometry. Many environmentally friendly devices such as sky terrace, sky garden and open to sky central court are introduced. The project also looks at the aspect of climatically appropriate form for the high-rise building in the hot-humid tropical climate. On the issues of architectural planning, this project is also planned as “cities in the tropical sky”, with carefully planned sky garden at podium and roof levels, sky pedestrian linkages, public zones, a wide variety of uses, stunning vistas and a sense of place extended upwards. During the early 1980s, increasing urban migration to the cities of Kuala Lumpur and a rising middle-class population resulted in an extraordinary demand for mass residential housing in Malaysia, ranging from high-end and luxury bungalows for upper income people, medium-cost linkhouses to low-cost apartments and condominiums for middle and lower income people respectively. Infact not only the population of Kuala Lumpur expand, but outside the capital residential development expanded rapidly to cope with the demand for housing. Mass housing implies housing on a large scale. It is a challenge to provide mass housing and residential designs that are interesting, user-oriented, personalized, image giving, architecturally innovative, pleasing and at the same time cost effective. Since housing is for a group of people, the designers task is to ensure that the majoritys needs are fulfilled. 1.Social Consideration It is important to understand the housing design requirements especially in a multiracial society like Malaysia, where the diverse cultures and races as well as various income groups demand different housing solution. 1.1 Racial GroupsThere are three major races in Malaysia: Malay, Chinese and Indian. Each has distinctive cultural practice and traditions. However, having lived together in the country for more than three decades since Independence in 1957, a great deal of integration has taken place. In cities, where Western influence is most obvious, the diversity in life expressed through preference of housing needs between several racial groups has lessen. In fact, in this urban context, the main factors that categories various housing groups are the income level rather than racial differences. Income level determines the scope of choice. The higher the income levels; the wider and more flexibles would be the housing choice. Likewise, as the economic level of a housing group reduces, the housing choice would be more basic and restrictive. 1.2 DensityDensity is normally measured either in number of units per acre or number of persons per acre. In Kuala Lumpur, density at 60 persons per acre or equivalent to 20 units per acre would be considered to be average. In the city center of Kuala Lumpur nowadays, density of up to 400 persons per acre, equivalent to 134 units per acre or more is becoming common. Density determines the housing forms and buildings types. Certain configuration would be able to achieve higher density. However, this would leave minimum open space for recreational use. Information such as this would allow us to formulate development and design decisions. 1.3 Climatic Considerations 1.3.1 Orientation Most of the Malaysian favored orientation to the north-south direction to minimize solar penetration into the living quarters. East orientation is also desirable as this direction is considered to be tolerable since the morning sun is not as hot as the afternoon sun. Features such as overhangs, hoods or even balconies should be provided to serve as shading devices. 1.3.2 Ventilation This is a very important consideration in the Malaysian context where the climate is both hot and humid. For reason of comfort and economy, natural ventilation is always preferred and provided to all useable and habitable rooms. 1.4 Housing Estate in Kuala LumpurSince the late 1970s, housing developments have mushroomed in all parts of the country particularly in the city of Kuala Lumpur. The housing projects are all home to ten of thousands of people who either work in the surrounding areas or who commute daily to the nations capital, Kuala Lumpur. The design and planning of houses built in the many township across the country is fairly standard and similarly. Derive from the planning of the 18th century shophouses, the deep designs of the typical units often result in a lack of adequate daylight and natural ventilation in the inner spaces. This rapid in-migration resulted in the growth of squatter areas in major towns, which were characterized by over-crowding, poor living conditions and inadequate amenities. The inadequate of land, amenities and services in this case exacerbate the poor housing condition. During 1984 various regulation were imposed, Uniform Building By-laws to ensure that clerestory windows and high-volume spaces were incorporated in the design to circumvent these inadequacies. Most, however were implemented purely to satisfy the by-law requirements without any serious thought to the practically and workability of such elements. 2. Vernacular Architecture 2.1 BungalowsThe bungalow in Malaysia refers to a much more substantial detached house. As in a Malay Village, the typical bungalow and its cluster of ancillary buildings were set in large compound, emerged as a large, airly, detached, two-storey house. Constructed of timber or brick, covered by a hipped pantile roof with a porte-cochere. The main building usually connected to the kitchen and servants quarters by means of a covered walkway, forming an I-shaped plan. Around all sides of the house was a series of full-length windows with moulded reveals, timber shutters and balustrade rails. The surrounding compound was planted with tropical produce. Trend however, was very much set by the suburban lifestyle of the Europeans. The true colonial bungalow was taken to new heights by European settlers such as government, officials, merchants and planters. Set in extensive gardens, this house tended to be dignified and plain, with deep verandah protected by bamboo chiks and constructed using the best timber from the Malaysia forest. As soon as plumbing was introduced, large bathrooms were installed. Houses like this today are beyond the affordability of most Malaysian especially those with medium to low income people. A bungalow in an affluent neighborhood of Kuala Lumpur designed by the author. 2.2 Malay House In the traditional of vernacular houses, the Malay house is not professionally designed but has evolved over a period of time using readily available local materials, which suited the local climatic and environmental conditions. Allow ventilation at the body level by having many full lenght fully openable windows and doors.Coconut trees provides good shade and allow direct wind movement into the space.An excellent thermal insulator, holds little heat and cools adequately at night.The elongated open plans allow easy passage of air and cross ventilation.Large overhangs and wall opening provide protection against rain,ventilation, shading and glare.Properly ventilated by the provision of ventilation joints and panels in the roof construction.Main features The house is not only reflects the creative and aesthetic skills of the Malays, but also meets their socio economic, cultural and environmental needs. The house is distinguished by its roof form, raised floor construction, flexible addition of spaces, and the materials. The basic design of the Malay house and its construction methods give it great flexibility so that extensions can be carried out whenever necessary. Its high, steepy sloping lightweight roof, an excellent thermal insulator made from the fronds of the palm, which holds little heat during the day and cool down at night. Another feature is the practice of raising the house on post above the ground, an ideal for coping with ground dampness in the hot and humid tropical climate and flash floods. It also secured from the attacks of wild animals and allow ventilation through cracks in the raised floor. The design of the house has also been dictated by the social mores of the Malays, such as the provision of a private space for womenfolk and a public space for the entertainment of male guests, because the Malay house is always considered a unit of a larger community in the village. 2.3The Chinese Shophouse The commercial center of every Malaysian town before World War II was characterized by one or more main streets lined with shophouses, usually two storeys high, with the lower floor used for trading and upper for residential purposes. The shophouses built in the 19th century were usually around 6-7 meters wide and 30-60 meters deep. They were built in rows with uniform facades and a continuous, covered five-foot way. The other typical features included a small jack roof raised above the main roof for air circulation. The shop front on the ground floor without wall where goods were displayed along the full width facing the five-foot way. Inside the shophouse there was a central courtyard, which later reduced to an airwell when space became more spacious. Courtyards were located at the center of the building layoutoften surrounded with high walls. In 1980s, the newfound affluence of urban Malaysians sparked a booming car population and a consequent demand for car parks. Shophouses were replaced by highrise buildings, complete with parking bays and surrounded by roads, which often became island, isolated from adjacent buildings. Shophouses were representing the typical Malaysian urban form, one that was particularly well suited to the climatic conditions of the country. Hence, it is seen again, in modern guise, in housing estates and new towns built after the 1980s. Conclusion The proposed project is based on the creation of an understanding between the regional climate and building enclosure system. The designer should search the past idea and invention and create a direct link between the technology of building and the cultural tradition of the place. It is through the creative development and adaptation by the designer of the build forms, devices and aesthetics that are uncovered through an analysis of the architectural heritage and vernacular of the place. Consequently, ecological design includes, beside architecture, such seemingly disparate fields as energy production, efficient utilization and waste recycle. A holistic approach to this design requires a proper understanding of spatial interactions of ecosystem through the multiuse porches, terraces, roof garden, movable louvers and shade to achieve the sense of comfort in tropical climate.高层建筑设计的持续发展策略与研讨马来西亚个案分析摘要：高层建筑在世界范围内已经成为一个越来越普遍的现象。国际性都市化的趋势表明，由于在城市中缺少可开发使用的土地，越来越多的人们要在高层建筑中工作与生活。同时，高层建筑也为在人口密度高度发展的城市中，尽可能的提供更多休闲与绿化的空间。 本文主要探讨作者在马来西亚吉隆坡的一个设计方案，该方案总建筑面积为40万m2（4300万平方英尺）。它包括一个停车场、一个零售业的商业中心裙楼以及五栋3377层，包括办公室、管理、服务用房等的塔楼式高楼（图1），该方案拟建在吉隆坡一个非常特殊的场地上部分建筑物将在穿过吉隆坡市中心的巴生河上。在河的南面，有着曾是世界上最高的建筑双子塔；在河的北面是在吉隆坡整体规划中被忽略的区域Kampumg Baru。这个项目将连接南北两个区域，以加速落后于整体城市发展速度的Kampumg Baru区的发展。 由研究太阳轨迹以及规律开始，许多热带高层建筑的设计规律都应用在该项目中，如空中平台、空中花园、无遮挡中庭等等。同时该方案也可认为是在高温高湿的热带地区兴建高层建筑的一种适当的形式。 在建筑设计时，该项目被定位为“热带天空下的城市”。设计师用心的设计了连接从裙楼到屋顶的空中花园的步行通道、通道上不同功能的公共活动区域、以及带有优美的景观的向上延伸的空间。 自1980年开始，吉隆坡的城市人口大量增加，城市中产阶级不断扩大，对马来西亚的住宅建筑提出了特殊的要求。既要有适合高收入群体的需要，舒适奢华的别墅，也要建造给中低收入人群居住的，中等档次的连排住宅，还要提供给低收入人群的，较廉价的公寓式住宅等。实际上，不仅是吉隆坡，首都以外的城市人口也大量增长，对住宅的需求也不断扩大。 住宅区意味着要建设大规模的住宅，这对建筑设计而言是一个要求有趣的，以住户需求为导向的，有个性的，能给人留下深刻印象的，创新性的，让人满意的，同时成本合理的挑战。既然是为相应人群的设计，设计师就应该能够满足其中大部分人的要求。1.社会背景了解设计的要求是非常重要的，特别是在像马来西亚这样一个多种族的国家。不同的文化背景，不同种族以及不同收入的人群对住宅就有不同的要求。1.1人种在马来西亚主要有三个不同的种族：马来人、中国人和印度人，每一个种族都有非常独特的文化与传统。然而，自马来西亚于1957年独立到现在的三十年间，他们之间相互交往，相互影响，相互融合。 在受西方影响最明显的城市里，由于种族的原因对建筑的要求不同的情况已经减少。实际上，在城市中决定对住宅不同的要求的因素已经不是种族，而是收入。收入水平决定了选择的范围。收入越高，选择的范围越广，选择的余地也越灵活。同样，收入水平越低，对住宅的要求就越基础，就越有限。12密度 密度经常通过以下两个量来衡量：每亩有多少住宅单位或每亩有多少人口。在吉隆坡，平均每亩有60人或每亩有20个住宅单位。但现在在市中心，每亩容纳400人或134个单位的情况变得越来越普遍。 密度决定了居住模式和建筑类型。一定的形式能够满足高密度的要求，但这样会使娱乐消闲的户外空间大量减少。这就要求我们仔细的考虑设计的方案，以找到合适的途径解决这些问题。13气候条件131朝向 为了尽量避免太阳的直射，大部分马来西亚的建筑都是南北向的；也有的建筑采用东向，因为早晨的阳光并不像下午的那样热的难以忍受。而建筑的悬挑构件、檐口、甚至阳台都应该将其作为遮阳构件来考虑。132通风 在又湿又热的马来西亚，建筑通风是一个非常重要的因素。出于舒适和经济的考虑，在所有的使用和居住空间首选自然通风。14吉隆坡的地产 从20世纪70年代后期开始，房地产就像雨后春笋般在全国各地发展起来，特别是在吉隆坡。它们要为成千上万每天在首都或周边地区工作的人们提供居所。 在全国许多城区规划和设计的住宅均十分标准而且相似。因多数是模仿18世纪的住宅设计模式，典型的住宅单元由于进深很大，内部常常缺少足够的天然光以及自然通风。 大量的移民导致城市中贫民区域的扩大，这些地区的主要特点是过于拥挤、生活条件恶劣、基础设施不足。土地、基础设施以及服务的缺乏使本来就不佳的居住条件更加