定语从句教案.doc

定语从句教案一、定义及相关术语1.定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3.关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词关系代词有:that, which, who, whom, whose,as等关系副词有:when, where, why关系词通常有下列三个作用：A.引导定语从句；B.代替先行词；C.在定语从句中担当一个成分。The manwho is shaking handswith my father is a policeman.二、关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在定语从句中作主语。The boyswho are playing footballare from Class One.Thosewhowant to go to the museummust be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.2. whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr Liu is the person ( whom )you talked about on thebus.Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see.注意：关系代词 whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用 who来代替，也可省略。The man ( whom / who )you met just nowis my oldfriend.3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略Football is a game whichis liked by most boys.The factory whichmakes computersis far away from here.This is the pen ( which )he bought yesterday.The film ( which )they went to see last nightwas not interesting at all.4that指人时，相当于 who或 whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。The person that /whomyou introduced to meis very kind.The season that / whichcomes after springis summer.5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。I visited a scientist whosename is known to all over the country.注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：The classroom whosedoor is brokenwill soon be repairedThe classroom the door of whichis brokenwill soon be repaired.三、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。The school (which / that)he once studied inis very famous.The school in whichhe once studiedis very famous.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine (which / that)you asked for.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for whichyou asked.This is the boy (whom / who / that)I played tennis withyesterday.This is the boy with whomI played tennisyesterday.Well go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that)we have often talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer about whomwe have often talked.The manager whosecompany I work inpays much attention to improving our working conditions.The manager in whosecompany I workpays much attention to improving our working conditions.注意：1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of等。This is the watch (which / that)I am looking for.This is the watch for which I am looking (X).The babies (whom / who / that)the nurse is looking afterare very healthy.The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy(x).若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour.The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each , few等代词或者数词。He loves his parents deeply, both of whomare very kind to him.In the basket there are quite many apples, some of whichhave gone bad.四、关系副词引导的定语从句1.when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。I still remember the day whenI first came to this school.The time whenwe got together finally arrived.October 1, 1949 was the day whenthe Peoples Republic of China was founded.Do you remember the years whenhe lived in the countryside with his grandparents.2. where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。Shanghai is the city whereI was born.The house whereI lived ten years agohas been pulled down.3.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语The reason whyhe was punishedis unknown to us.I dont know the reason whyhe looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。From the years when / in whichhe was going to primary school in the countryhe had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.五、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句A.限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。B.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语“的” 通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上A作宾语时可省略B不可省略A可用thatB不用thatA可用who代替whomB不可用who代替whomGreat changes are taking place in the city where / in whichthey live.The reason why / for whichhe refused the invitationisquite clear.限制性定语从句举例：The teacher told me that Tom was the only person thatI coulddepend on.China is a country whichhas a long history.In the street I saw a man whowas from Africa.非限制性定语从句举例：His mother, wholoves him very much, is strict with him.China, whichwas founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in whichmany important meetings are held every year.注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义：1.Her brother whois now a soldieralways encourages her togo to college.她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学.（意含：她还有其他哥哥。）Her brother, whois now a soldier, always encourages herto go to college.她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她只有一个哥哥。）2.All the books thathave pictures in themare well written所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。（意含： 不带插图的书则不一定写得好。）All the books, whichhave pictures in them, are well written.所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很好。（意含： 没有不带插图的书。）（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况1.当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。Have you taken down everything thatMr. Li said?Have you taken down everything thatMr. Li said?There seems to be nothing thatis impossible to him in theworld.All thatcan be donehas been done.There is little thatI can do for you.He stayed in the library and looked up any information thatthey needed.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，All the guests that / whowere invited to her weddingwereimportant people.Any man that / whohas a sense of dutywont do such a thing.2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。The first place thatthey visited in Londonwas the Big Ben.3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。This is the best film thatI have ever seen.4当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。This is the very dictionary thatI want to buy.After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thingthathe owns.注意：当先行词指人时，通常用关系代词whoWang Hua is the only person in our school whowill attend themeeting.5.当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。Who is the man thatis standing by the gate?Which is the T-shirt thatfits me most?6.当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。They talked about the persons and things thattheyremembered at schoolLook at the man and his donkey thatare walking up thestreet.（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是1. as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。He married her, as / whichwas natural.He is honest, as / whichwe can see.2. as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。 which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含义。Asis known to all, China is a developing country.He is from the south, aswe can know from his accent.John, asyou know, is a famous writer.Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, whichI dont believe.注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：Tom was late for school again and again, whichmade histeacher very angry.These tables are made of metal, whichmade them very heavy.3.当先行词受such, the same修饰时，关系词常用as。Ive never heard such stories ashe tells.This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.He is not such a fool ashe looks.注意：当先行词受the same修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。She wore the same dress thatshe wore at Marys wedding.She wore the same dress asher younger sister wore.（三)以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。The way (that / in which )he answered the questionswassurprising.I dont like the way (that / in which)you laugh at her.（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）.Compare :A.I know a place wherewe can have a picnic.I know a place which / thatis famous for its beautiful natural scenery.Compare :B.I will never forget the days whenwe spent our holidays together.I will never forget the days that / whichwe spenttogether.Compare :C.This is the reason whyhe was dismissed.This is the reason that / whichhe explained to me forhis not attending the meeting.（五）but有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。There are very few butadmire his talents.but = who dont）（六）定语从句与同位语从句的区别1定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。The plane thathas just taken off is for Paris.The fact thathe has already diedis quite clear.2定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where, when, how, who, whether, what等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。The news thathe told meis true.The news thathe has just diedis true.The problem thatwe are facing nowis how we can collect so much money.The problem howwe can collect so much moneyis difficult to solve.The question thathe raisedpuzzled all of us.The question whetherhe is sure to win the gameis hardto answer.3同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词 be发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句则不能。A. The idea thathe we could ask the teacher for adviceis wonderful.The idea was thatwe could ask the teacher for advice.B. The fact thatthe earth moves around the sunis known to all.The fact is thatthe earth moves around the sun.C. Pay attention to the problem howwe can protect the wild animals.The problem is howwe can protect the wild animals.六、定语从句练习及解答从A、B、C、D中选出可以填入空白处的正确答案。1 This is the only one of the students _ the truthA that knows B that know C who know D which knows2 Do you know the girl _?A whom he often talk toB to who he often talksC to that he often talks D he often talks to3 The world _ we live is made up of matterA on which B of which C at which D in which4 There are no children _ love their parentsA that do not B who does not C that D who5 Im one of the boys _ never late for schoolA that is B who are C who am D who is6 Abraham Lincoln， _ led the United States _ these years， was _ of the greatest presidentsA he；for；a B whom；in；oneC who；at；one D who；through；one7 Who is the girl _ wearing a red dress?A whose B that C whom D thats8 The old man _ yesterday is a scientistA I spoke B I spoke toC whom I spoke D that I spoke to him9 The young man _ is an engineer of our factoryA that you just talked B whom you just talked toC which you just talked to D who you just talked10 The dictionary _ is sold out in the bookshopA you needB what you needC which you need it D that you need it11 Is this the shop _ sells childrens clothing?A which B where C in which D what12 Qingdao is the most satisfactory place _ were going to visitA which B where C that D in which13 The magazine _ Betty paid one dollar was very goodA that B which C for which D to which14 The two things _ they felt very proud were Jims gold watch and Dellas hairA about which B of which C in which D for which15 He was the man _ Master of Game was translatedA by whom B by who C by whose D by him16 This is the factory _ we visited last weekA which B where C who D in which17 Is this school _ we are going to visit tomorrow?A which B that C where D the one18 Ahead of me I saw a woman _ I thought was my auntA who B whom C of whom D whose19 This is the key _A which you are looking for B for which you are lookingC for that you are lookingD you are looking for which20 The woman _ is his motherA of whom he takes care B of that he takes careC he takes care ofD whom he takes care21 He reached London in 1994， _， some time later， he became a famous actorA when B where C which D who22 Such things _ you described are rare nowA as B who C which D that23 In those days， he would go to Mr Black and his family， _A where he was treated as part of themB for whom it was kindC with whom he had a wonderful timeD that was the most pleasant part of his life24 Which sentence is wrong?A The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouthB Do you know the boy who jumped onto the platform?C Science and new technology have made it possible for farmers to produce more food on the same amount of landD People in ancient times took it for granted that the sun moved round the earth25 The Second World War _ millions of people were killed ended in 1945A when B during that C in which D which26 He was born in the year _ the AntiJapanese War broke outA which B when C on which D during which27 We are going to spend the Spring festival in Guangzhou， _ live my grandparents and some relativesA which B that C who D where28 Is that the reason _ you are in favor of the proposal?A which B what C why D for that29 Some of the roads were flooded， _ made our journey more difficultA which B it C what D that30 He must be from Africa， _ can be seen from his skinA that B as C who D what31 Mr Wu， _ everybody likes， is going to give us a talk on chemistryA whom B that C which D /32 The general at last got a chance to visit the village _ he used to fight， _ he had been dreaming of for yearsA that； whichB where； thatC in which； what D where； which33 He has to work on Sundays， _ he does not likeA and which B which C and when D when34 Is there a restaurant around