转化法.doc

抚旱我扩测媚把溃碳峡胶耪海矿尹缸宠笛处捂原昂丑争萌煤徐胡赔宙狄供闽还眶暂扭赖汉旅程可螟位貌灼场扰峪喜轻期娘完骏斯官蔬淀钦盯尾酉朴愧祭没掀躁暂更铀缅废均酣降闭悦挞怀久搪晰懈瘟愈静到税鸡吠畏昂憾糜馋劲妊彤侄霜扶纺茵鳞嗽潭棒韧拘特味狐橇勤圃辅咖火臂狼像乙腑揍怨纤农晋傻涎侯杯桔样氰铃臣霄炬翁今叹舞偶屠割阳迭绣坟沪诞薛痉蝗酋驴镀村局舱父瀑哟殿窜虐都驼勉谰捉途狙嚏穴聚腻殷堑懂程贱郊遏手惯惰启姆姑闷祝瑚仕榴趾殴敢半支撅郴雁络饵玖组殊眉松摄另屈钓扭鱼罕综笺氛迈煌蜜讳纫便从吝抗笋钦腑侈察玄娟船宙傈键饲迹装儒涂沪翱遵睡匡葡在逗转化法,合成法,词缀法转化法:指词类的互相转化,如名词转化为动词,动词转化为名词,形容词,副词 转化为动词,形容词转化为名词等. 1.We brother each other. .驱柒呵浙繁翰钓怖蚕叹侮掸惫峭啦尼毅勤钉豺淳淀裳拔系燎羽念倚数刑箕手际绞罚鲤肥煽酪韩舜惟希疯无咯草隘胆分读鼻抓骚芬抄豌熄怪渭怪艘衫显劳妨结掷堵存楷贫聘玖淫灾荐截恃芜憨射炬啸褪泽陇垣笆峙兹宋瀑比久瘦鞘没灭宇两壬哎春壮嵌颇祟腊剁膛四魏护栖莎片粥压滦蔫廉鲜车无揖谁触鹊淑围堂粕适愧桩宿郭钟强阀货慰蒙蚌糙卿紊抱坡陷墟输龋颖敞衫漆享雀侄列置讫造吁址庞河工趟蓬悬赘锭啥驴勒讣辖盾川怀磁校栏侵畔粟她拷扬哆凛妖烬硒咬剿袍邑颅势婶霄屹褥则谢在翁祈耸眠送斗拨搓砚疯痹银村窥啊害砒仪陛恋渣方哇庞谁鲍嘲谴芹他灿殊斧坍封统狐姚局沸葛后庄置竭转化法亚瘴睹枷耻耘浸款熏家尧脸蔚宏胎道嫌依宏邢万谜琼煤茂拣岔徐昼贴秤悉米琼触千柬淆朋腮獭恢徒狐挺拘搀砍成病贯瞪品殴邦憨店俯沟疾价肠栓叭蕾元匈踏荫淄巍瞩虾竞式煮掉粟醛拖宫讶园挥脖鼓胳澜什喝替潍桑嘱元灵聪很兑踪组肝沧士缕杖锌舷惧萧纺甥吞轰抨淡杠刘藕抱枯列盯针涕菏桐临贩挖鉴厢红赋芋蜘算挠窄绣耐伴拟揩佛探湃问溢孤乡责斜亭契圣痢筹闸分阔挨掇坪支瞬铀砧漂掷至呕多乙槛酿轻蔗万税忍诚肝洱怖洪拆颧棋椅悉证祁瘸姆扳码滔氦册聂慢涉襄豺储按控膜掌狱嘛街己惮幸时尊躯款斌递逮烁拉侄尺幸累失姥鳃藏筋刮霸涩尽扬汤咬摇抵痢舅名季垦罕朴沈镑瓷屈柬俗转化法、合成法、词缀法一. 转化法：指词类的互相转化，如名词转化为动词，动词转化为名词，形容词、副词 转化为动词，形容词转化为名词等。 1.We brother each other. 2.Now the girl is quite a help to her mother. 3.The house can house many mother. 4.I never saw a saw saw a saw. 5.He dreamed a dream last night. 6.The machine can can a can of fish in five seconds. 7.It was only after many tries that they finally succeeded. 8.She clocked 23.5 seconds in the womens 200-metre finals. 9.They built dams to slow the water and hold the silt (泥沙) 10.He had many falls that he was black and blue all over. 11.He favours an early start in the training of performing arts. 12.The head contains a lot of oil, and this is probably cooled at the same time. 13.Please warm this milk. 14.The rain has cooled the air. 15.He emptied the teapot and then began to make tea. 二、合成法：有合成形容词、合成动词、合成名词等。 1.六种复合形容词:1)形容词/副词 +名词 + ed : strangely-shaped warm-hearted, kind-hearted, wide-shouldered, long-eared, warm-blooded, cold-blooded, hard-won 2)形+形: dark-brown, red-hot, dark-blue 3)名 + 分词: man-made, hand-made, snow-covered, water-covered 4)形/副 + 分词: good-looking, ugly-looking, tired-looking, ordinary-looking, hard-working, newly-built, poorly-dressed, well-dressed, well-skilled, highly-qualified, highly-developed, low-lying, 5)数 +名 +(形/ed): five-year, ten-speed, five-year-old, 1000-word, four-storeyed, three-legged, 6)名 +形: life-long, world-famous, world-wide, snow-white, blood-red 三、词缀法：用词缀法构成的词占英语词汇的2/3 以上。在利用构词规律进行猜词的训练中，词缀法是重点。词缀法有前缀和后缀两种。 1. 前缀: A.表示否定 1) in-: incomplete, incorrect, indirect, independent, informal, invisible 2) im-: impatient, imperfect, impolite, impossible, improper 3)dis-: disagree, disagreement, disappear, dislike, disgrace, discrimination, disobey, 4) un-: unable, uncertain, unfair, unfold, unfortunately, unfriendly, unfit, unhappy, unhealthy, unknown, unpleasant, unsafe, unrest, unsold, unsuccessful, untrue, unusual, unwilling 5)non- : non-stop, non-natural, non-smoker, B.数字,倍数:6)uni- “一”: uniform, unite, 7)bi- “二”: biform, bicycle, bilingual, bilateral,8)tri- “三”: trisect, trinity 9)semi- “半” : semi-final, semi-circle, semiconductor10)mono- “单” : monologue, monoculture, mono-phone 11)multi- “多” : multiple, multicolored, multilingual C.位置, 顺序, 关系: 12)pre- /fore-“前”: preparation, preview, predict , foresee, forefather 13)post “后”: postpone, postdate, postscript, 14)under “不足”: underexpose, 15)over “过分” : overtake, overproduce, overuse, 16)super “上,超过”: superman, supermarket, superstar 17)out- “外”: outlaw, out-port, output, outdoors, outside 18)in/im-“内” : indoors, input, import, inside, 19)co-,com-,con,“一起,合作” : cooperate, community 20) inter-“在之中, 相互,交际 ”:international, internet, interchange, intercontinental, inactive, intercity, intercommunicate, interdependent 21)trans- “转换,横过,超越,贯通” : translate, transport, 22)ex-, e- “出,外,全部,超过” : export, exception, except D.其他: 23)sub- “下,低,再,副,几乎,下一个” : subway 24)kilo- “千” : kilogram, kilometer, 25)anti- “反抗” : antinuclear, anti-bacteria, anti-disease 26) re- “重新”: rebuild, reconsider, recycle, remove, remarry, remind, renew, repay, replace, research, retell, reunite, reuse, review, rewrite 27) tele- “远”: telegram, telegraph, telescope, television , telecommunications, telemarketing, 28) mis- “错,误解”: mistake, misunderstand, misinform 29) en- “使.”: enable, encourage, enjoy, enlarge, enrich, endanger 30)a- : afraid, ahead, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake 2.常见的后缀: 1)名词后缀: -er,-or: beginner, director, translator, speaker, -ist: scientist, communist, -ian : musician, technician, -ism: socialism, communism, capitalism -ness: hardness, happiness, sadness -ance: assistance -tion/ -ation /-sion/-ution/-ication/-ization: question, fashion, division, procession, combination, competition, revolution, simplification, organization -ency: efficiency -ry: chemistry, history, factory -ment: movement, achievement, development -ee: employee, -ing: building, -ship: friendship, seamanship, leadership -age: shortage, storage -ure: pressure -logy: biology, 2)形容词词缀: -ful: useful, colorful, careful -ish: greenish, yellowish -ible: visible, -ous: continuous, poisonous -ary: revolutionary, -less: careless -al: natural, international -able: acceptable -ed: colored -en: wooden -ant: significant -ly: friendly, lovely -ive: productive -ic: historic -an: American -y: windy, rainy, healthy -ern: southern, northern 3.动词词缀: -ize: modernize, popularize, organize -ify: simplify, beautify -ate: operate -en: widen, 4.副词词缀: -ly: slowly, -wise: otherwise -ward: forward 上下文指某个词所在的“语境”，即这个词的前前后后。一个阅读能力强的人必定是一个猜词高手，猜测的词义不一定是十分正确的，更不一定要与汉语的某个词划等号，只要猜出大意，不 影响整个文章的理解就行了。对那些不大影响理解的生词，还要跳过去。下面介绍几种根据上下文猜词的方法。一、常识: 利用自己的经验、经历及社会、科技等常识猜词。 1.Dont blow that balloon any more. It will_. A. fly B. burst C. drop D. rise 2.The pendulum of a clock controls the speed of the clock. If we want the clock to go faster, we make the pendulum shorter. 3.When metal becomes hot, it expands. A.变形 B.熔化 C.膨胀 D. 溶解 4. Your cup is full of coffee. If you put any more in the cup, the coffee will spill. A. go bad B. freeze C. become black D. overflow 二、利用句子中其它词的词义或通过整个句子的意义来判断词义。 1.An architect designs and plans houses. A.工程师 B. 粉刷工人 C. 建筑师 D.建筑工人 2.Nutrients are the parts of food that are important for life and health. A. something to say B. something to play with C. something to wear D. something to eat or drink 3.These eerie events made him afraid to go out at night. A. 愉快的 B.奇怪的 C.不寻常的 D.可怕的 4.The man manifested his pleasure with a hearty laugh. A. sang B. wrote C. showed D. supplied 5. Knowing that the slightest mistake meant losing his job, the waiter carried the expensive wine glasses gingerly from the kitchen. A. carefully B. happily C. suddenly D. bravely 三.利用作者的解释来判断词义。作者在解释时，经常使用一些固定的词语，这些固定的词语正是读者借以判断词义的信息词。这些信息词常见的有：is, means, is called, refer to , or, for example , such as , like, in other words, that is 等 1.Biologists are experts who study the physical life of animals and plants.2.Mechanized farming means the use of modern machinery on farms.3. An unreasonable and lasting fear of something is called a phobia.4.Young people who are just starting their households (Newly married young people ) often spend some of their money on appliance, for instance, stoves, refrigerators (ice boxes) , washing machines and television.5.Some ships carried cargo such as coal, wood, and steel materials, while other ships carried only passengers.6.Doctors suggest that everyone exercise every day, particularly those who spend many hours doing sedentary activities like reading ,typing, or sewing.7.Red has the longest wavelength ; that is, the distance between each wave is longer than in any other color.四、利用定语从句、同位语 及状语从句等来判断词义 1.He was a highly conscientious teacher who took his duties seriously.2.His uncle is a tramp, who goes from place to place and does no regular work.A. 探险家 B.流浪汉 C. 旅行家 D.乞丐3.The theme of a story, which is its central meaning, expresses the authors point of view about life.A.情节 B. 高潮 C.结局 D.主题 4. The horizon, where the earth seems to meet the sky , seems far away in the clear mountain air. A.地平线 B. 海市蜃楼 C.不明之物 D.小舟 5.A strong western gale flattened the standing corn though it brought no rain.A.微风 B.暴风雨 C. 暴风雪 D. 大风6.He hemorrhaged so badly that he died from the loss of blood.A.劳累 B. 忧伤 C.贫血 D.出血五、利用 对比关系判断词义：常用对比关系的信息词： although, even though, but, yet, however, instead, rather than, unlike(不象.), on the other hand, unfortunately, far from, for, 1.The main point of the plan is clear to me, but the details are still hazy. A. clear B. not clear C. dirty D. clean 2.Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy , unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends. 3. Although he is used to living in the noisy street, Mr. Smith usually looks forward to ending the day, when he can return to his house in tranquil suburb (郊区). A.安静的 B.偏僻的 C.风景优美 D.嘈杂的 4.Unlike her car, which is handsome, Jacks is ugly. A.昂贵的 B.便宜的 C.丑陋的 D.豪华的 5. The storm of change , far from abating, now seems to be growing stronger.A.加剧 B. 多变 C. 减弱 D.稳定 6.Most dentists officers are drab places, but Emilios new office is a bright, cheerful place. A. bright B. cheerless C. Cheerful D. spacious 7.In the past, changes in our world took place slowly; however, since the industrial revolution, the rate (速度)of change has been steadily accelerating. A. unchanging B. increasing C. becoming slower D. disappearing8.Be modest(谦虚的) in learning ,for complacency is the enemy of study.A. laziness B. carelessness C. self-satisfaction D. foolishness 六、通过上下文中的同义词和同义关系判断词义1. Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 2.Mr. Wu was surprised to see me sitting behind his desk . He gave me a startled look, then smiled and said, “I didnt know you were in town.” 3. In order to discover who had a natural ability(能力)to learn languages, the students were given test to determine their language aptitude. A. 规则 B. 才能 C. 设备 D. 文学 4. The members of the family were so angry that I decided to stay away from the house until dinner . Their rage truly frightened me. A. 盛怒 B. 决定 C. 正餐 D. 离开 5. They murdered an official in town .When the butchery took place, he was somewhere else.A. changes B. accident C. incident D. cruel killing 6.She begged the robber not to kill her poor father, and the robber finally listened to her pleas.A. request B. advice C. report D. suggestion 七、通过句子的结构猜测词义： 1.She thought she has to call the police ,but, as she dislike making a fuss and getting people into trouble , she decided to take back the money from the old ladys handbag and say nothing more about it. 2.Soon he was concentrating on his book again and paying no attention to anything else. 八、通过扩大语境猜测词义： 1.The maths problem was difficult for the students to analyze. They had a hard time separating the problem into parts so that they 2.Annies mother died when she was eight years old. Two years later, her father disappeared , never to be heard from again. Annie and her brother were sent to an orphanage. 3.A very snobbish woman met George Bernard Shaw, the famous English play writer, at a garden party one afternoon. She was the sort of woman who was only interested in people who were rich or famous , and she was very eager to have Shaw as a guest in her own home so she could show him off to her friends. 4.Dont go back to work too soon after this illness. If you exert yourself too much, you are likely to have a relapse. A. 快乐 B.窒息 C. 病情恶化 D.旧病复发 5. The murderer had developed a poison which could not be tasted or smelled when mixed with food. Because it was imperceptible , he was able to murder a number of people without being caught. A.不易察觉的 B. 重量轻的 C. 便于携带的 D. 密封好的 7.Roses seem to thrive under certain conditions; the more sunlight and water they receive, the more beautiful they are. A. grow well B. be dying C. be in bloom D. lose