初三英语动词语态.doc

动词的被动语态语态是动词的一种形式，用于表示主语和谓语之间的关系。主动语态：表示主语是动作的执行者；语态被动语态：表示主语是动作的承受者。1. 被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be +及物动词的过去分词”构成。(其中be有相应的人称、数和时态的变化，而过去分词则保持不变。若要强调动作执行者，句子后需接“by”，意为“被，由”。)时态主动语态谓语动词构成被动语态谓语动词构成一般现在时动词原形am /is /are +过去分词动词第三人称单数形式一般过去时动词过去式was /were +过去分词一般将来时will /shall +动词原形will /shall be +过去分词过去将来时would /could +动词原形would /could be +过去分词现在进行时am /is /are +现在分词am /is /are + being +过去分词过去进行时was /were +现在分词was /were + being +过去分词现在完成时have /has +过去分词have /has + been +过去分词过去完成时had +过去分词had + been +过去分词注：（1）以上为常用的八种时态，其否定式都在其相应的助动词后加not，一般疑问句则将其相对应的助动词提到主语之前；（2）被动语态的主语是动作的承受者，也就是主动语态中动词的宾语；（3）be going to 结构的被动语态构成是“be going to + be +过去分词”；（4）情态动词的被动语态为：情态动词+ be +过去分词；（5）有时在口语中常用“get +过去分词”表示被动语态。eg: The meeting wont be held tomorrow.Water is going to be turned into ice by us. The homework must be finished on time. Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic.2被动语态的用法（1）需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事情的结果eg: The girl was praised for her hard work by everybody.（2）不知道动作的执行者，或没有必要指出动作的执行者时eg: My car was stolen last night.（3）出于礼貌等方面的考虑，不愿说出动作的执行者eg: I was told that you didnt come to school yesterday.（4）动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物时eg: Glass of the window was broken by a stone.（5）在公告、通知、新闻报道、报纸标题、书刊介绍、科技文章中eg: Smoking is strictly prohibited here.3. 主动语态变被动语态（1）主语+谓语+宾语变换方法是：将宾语变作主语；将谓语变成被动形式；将主语变作介词by的宾语，意义明确时by短语可省略。eg: They speak English in school. English is spoken ( by them ) in school.（2）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语变换方法是：将间接宾语变作主语；将谓语变成被动形式；保留直接宾语；将主语变作介词by的宾语。eg: My dad will buy me a computer. I will be bought a computer ( by my dad ).（3）主语+谓语+直接宾语+to或for+间接宾语变换方法是：将直接宾语变作主语；将谓语变成被动形式；保留间接宾语；将主语变作介词by的宾语。eg: My dad will buy a computer for me. A computer will be bought for me ( by my dad ).（4）主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语变换方法是：只能将宾语变作主语；将谓语变成被动形式；宾语补足语保留不动；将主语变作介词by的宾语。eg: I found him playing in the park. He was found playing in the park. （5）主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语如果谓语动词是let, see, make, hear, watch, feel, help, notice, observe, look at, listen to等时，变为被动语态时，充当宾语补足语的不定式前应加to.eg: I often heard her sing that pop song. She was often heard to sing that pop song.（6）主语+短语动词+宾语变换方法是：将宾语变作主语；将短语动词变成被动形式；将主语变作介词by的宾语。eg: She looks after her mother at home. Her mother is looked after by her at home.（7）带有be going to, be about to, be to, have to, used to, ought to, happen to, be supposed to, be sure to等的谓语动词，要将to后面的动词变为被动语态。eg: We are going to build a new school here. A new school is going to be built here. （8）含有宾语从句的主动句，变为被动语态时，常用形式主语it替代被动句的主语，变为“It be +过去分词+ that从句”结构或用“sb /sth be +过去分词+ to do”结构。eg: They said that he was leaving soon. It was said that he was leaving soon. 或 He was said to be leaving soon.4. 不能使用被动语态的情况（1）表示状态，且一般不用于进行时的动词，如：fit, have, cost, hold, seat, contain, own, fail, succeed, suit等不用被动语态。eg: The jacket doesnt fit you.（2）连系动词，如：be, become, feel, get, look, smell, sound, taste, prove, turn out等不用被动语态。eg: The music sounds very familiar to me.（3）不及物动词和不及物动词短语，如：come, go, arrive, appear, belong to, happen, occur, break out, die, take place, lie等不用被动语态。 eg: Taiwan belongs to China since ancient times.（4）在die, sleep, smile, laugh, fight, dream, live等动词后接的是相应同源宾语时，不用被动语态。eg: She smiled a sweet smile at me.（5）宾语是反身代词或相互代词时，不用被动语态。eg: We should help each other whatever happens.（6）宾语是不定式、动名词时，不是被动态。eg: My family decided to settle in the USA.（7）表示度量的名词作宾语，起状语作用时，不能用被动语态，常连用的动词有rise, last, weigh, ran, fall等。 eg: The stone weighs 1,000 kilos.（8）不定式的逻辑主语如果是主句的主语，则用主动形式表示被动意义eg: I have a lot of work to do.（9）在形容词后作状语用的不定式，与主语构成动宾关系时，则用主动形式表示被动意义。eg: His telephone number is easy to remember.（10）动词need, require, want, deserve, be worth等后跟-ing的主动结构常表示被动含义，但是也可用不定式的被动结构。eg: The novel is well worth reading.（11）某些由及物动词转化而来的不及物动词，如read, write, clean, wash, burn, draw, cook, keep, cut, open, blow, sell, act 等和副词well, badly, easily, smoothly等连用，且通常用主动结构表示被动含义。eg: The pen writes very smoothly.（12）某些介词短语，如：under discussion, under construction, on display, on show, on sale, under control, in sight, out of sight等表示被动意义。 eg: Dont worry, everything is under control.（13）后缀为-able或-ible的形容词表示被动意义。eg: Your advice is not acceptable.（14）团体、组织、地点或处所的名词作leave, enter, join等的宾语时，不能用被动语态。eg: He entered the room and found the vase broken.（15）当like, love, want, wish,