被动语态的用法

被动语态的形式A 把主动态动词变成被动态，是把助动词be变为主动态动词原来的时态，再加上主要动词的过去分词。主动态动词的主语这时变为被动态动词的施动者。这个施动者常常不被提到。若要提到，可置于by之后或放在从句的后面：This tree was planted by my grandfatherB 被动语态的现在、过去及完成时态时态/动词形式主动词被动词一般现在时keepsIs kept现在进行时Is keepingIs being kept一般过去时keptWas kept过去进行时Was keeping Was being kept现在完成时Has keptHas been kept过去完成时Had keptHad been kept一般将来时Will keepWill be kept条件语气Would keepWould be kept条件语气完成时Would have keptWould have been kept不定式To keepTo be kept不定式完成式To have keptTo have been kept现在分词/动名词KeepingBeing kept分词完成式Having keptTo have been keptWe keep the butter hereThe butter is kept hereC 各个进行时态的被动态要求用be的进行式加上主要动词的过去分词，be的这种进行时形式在其他方面很少使用：They are repairing the bridgeThe bridge is being repaired在被动句中，除现在及过去进行时外，其他进行进态用得非常少。因此像下列这类句子通常不能用被动态：They have/had been repairing the roadThey will/would be repairing the roadD 助动词+动词原形结构可借助于被动式来构成被动语态：You must/should shut these doorsThese doors must/should be shutE 其他不定式结构表示喜欢、热爱、希望、想要及与其相似意义的动词+宾语+ 不定式，由不定式的被动式构成其被动语态：He wants someone to take photographsHe wants photographs to be taken表示命令/请求/劝告/邀请的动词+间接宾语+不定式，可用主动词的被动式来构成被动语态：He invited me to goI was invited to go但是，如是advise/beg/order/recommend/urge+间接宾语+不定式+宾语的结构，则可构成两种被动语态：或如上所述将主要动词变为被动语态，或用advise等+that should+被动式：He urged the Council to reduce the ratesThe Council was/were urged to reduce the ratesHe urged that the rates should be reduced至于 agree/be anxious/arrange/be determined/determine/decide/demand+不定式+宾语，则通常用that should结构来表示被动语态，与上面所述的第二种方式相同：He decided to sell the houseHe decided that the house should be soldF 动名词结构如是 advise/insist/propose/recommend/suggest+动名词+宾语结构，通常由thatshould结构来表示被动语态，与上面所述相同：He recommended using bullet-proof glassHe recommended that bullet-proof glass should be usedG动名词结构如是it/they+need+动名词结构，也可用it/they+need+被动式结构来表示，两种结构在意思上都是被动语态。其他动名词结构的被动态由动名词的被动式来表示：I remember them taking me to the ZooI remember being taken to the Zoo被动语态的用法1 当不知道动作的执行者时Printing was introduced into Europe from china. Look! Theres nothing here. Everything has been taken away. 2 当不必提出动作的执行者时I was born in 1960. Such things are not done twice. 3 当强调或侧重动作的承受者时She is liked by everybody. A good time was had by all. 4 当我们出于礼貌避免说出动作的执行者时Where can you be reached?Youll be contacted. 5 当出于行文的需要时Jack fought Michael in the mens singles and was beaten. He visited chinas northeastern provinces in 1935. Those provinces were being overrun by the Japanese invaders. 被动结构与被动意义的问题英汉被动意义表示法比较1 英汉被动句型类似的说法，“据说，据估计、报道，众所周知，必须指出”等据说工人们对他都很同情。It is said that the workers all regarded him with sympathy. 潘先生据说是个走私者。Mr. Pan is said to be a smuggler. 2 汉语有一种不出现主语的句子，英语通常用被动结构表达A spy was caught yesterday. 昨天抓到了一个特务。3 汉语和英语都有以主动结构表示被动意义的情况这种料子容易销售。This kind of material sells well. 4 有时汉语能用主动结构表示被动意义，英语却只能用被动结构Your letter ahs been received. 你的来信已经收到。 主动结构表示被动意义的问题有些动词既是急务动词，也是不及物动词，当它们做不及物动词的时候，往往含有被动意义。通常有两种情况。一， 这类动词的进行体（主要是现在进行体）表示被动意义，这种句子的主语通常都是指物的，而且可以转换为相应的被动结构。The house is building =The house is being built.The cakes are baking.=the cakes are being baked.二， 这类动词（最常用是一般现在时）表示被动意义，这类动词的主语（也是指物的居多）通常具有某些内在的特征，能促使动词所表示的动作得以实现或难以实现。1 某些系动词，smell, taste, sound, prove, feelThe flowers smell sweet.The food tastes nice. That sounds nice. The story proved quite false. 2 某些与cant, wont等连用的不及物动词，如move, lock, shut,openIt cant move. The door wont shut. 3 某些可和well, easily等副词连用的不及物动词，如read, write, wash, clean, draw, burn, cook, photographThe cloth washes well. The poem reads smoothly. The box doesnt clean easily. This kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind. 4 某些可用于“主+谓+补”结构中的不及物动词，如wear, blow 等This material has worn thin. The door blew open. Corn is selling briskly. 比较 The door opened. The door has opened. 被动形式表示主动意义被动形式表示主动意义，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared （for）, be o