全国职称英语考试.doc

全 国 职 称 英 语 考 试复习资料完形填空部分【一】What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe？What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on the Earth? Where was this low temperature recorded? The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was-91，which_（1）in Antarctica in 1983We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in _（2）.Temperatures in Earth orbit actually range from about +120 to -120The temperature depends upon_（3）you are in direct sunlight or shadeObviously，-120is colder than our body can safely endureThank NASA science for welldesigned space_（4）that protect astronauts from these temperature extremesThe space temperatures just discussed affect only our area of the solar_（5）Obviously，it is hotter closer to the Sun and colder as we travel away from the SunAstronomers estimate temperatures at Pluto are about -210How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe? Again, it depends upon your_（6）We are taught it is supposedly_（7）to have a temperature below absolute zero, which is一273，at which atoms do not move. Two scientists, whose names are Cornell and Wieman，have successfully cooled down a gas to a temperature barely_（8）absolute zeroThey won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their work-not a discovery，in this caseWhy is the two scientists work so important to science?In the 1920s,Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting_（9）about special light particles we now call photonsBose had trouble_（10）other scientists to believe his theory，_（11）he contacted Albeg EinsteinEinsteins calculations helped him theorize that atoms _（12）behave as Bose thought-but only at very cold temperatures.Scientists have also discovered that_（13）atoms can help them make the worlds atomic clocks even more accurateThese clocks are so accurate today they would only lose one second _（14）six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity times time(d=vt)With the long distances involved in space_（15），we need to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance1.A.opened B.occurred C.opposed D.operated2.A.Earth B.space C.planet D.star3.A.whether B.where C.what D.when4.A.foods B.beds C.tools D.suits5.A.wind B.energy C.system D.rays6.A.education B.status C.knowledge D.location7.A.reasonable B.wonderful C.impossible D.necessary8.A.above B.below C.within D.beyond9.A.invention B.theory C.paper D.experiment10.A.convincing B.begging C.ordering D.forcing11.A.and B.though C.but D.so12.A.will B.would C.must D.can13.A.ultra-small B.ultra-fast C.ultra-hot D.ultra-cold14.A.any B.each C.every D.some15.A.travel B.research C.walk D.station【二】What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?What is the coldest air temperature ever revorded on Earth?Where was this low temperature recorded?The coldest recorded temperture on Eatrh was -91。C,which (1) in Antarctica in 1983.We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in (2).Temperatures in Earth orbit actually range from about +120。C to -120。C.The temperature depends upon (3)you are in direct sunlight or in shade.Obviously -120。C is colder than our body can (4) endure.The space temperatures just discussed affect only our area of the solar (5).Obviously,it is hotter closer to the Sun and colder as we travel (6)from the Sun.Scientists estimate temperatures at Pluto are about -210。C.How cold is the (7).We are taught it is supposedly (8) to have a temperature below absolute zero,which is -273。C,at which atoms do not move.Two scientists,Cornell and Wieman,have successfully (9) down a gas to a temperature barely above absolute zero.They won a Nobel Prize in 2001 for their work-not a discovery,in this case.Why id the two scientistswork so important to science?In the 1920s,Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting (10) about special light particles we now call photons. Bose had trouble (11) other scientists to believe his theory,so he contacted Albert Einstein.Einsteins calculations helped him theorize that atoms (12)behave as Bose thought but only at very cold temperatures.Scientists have also discovered that ultra-cold atoms can help them make the worlds atomic clocks even (13) accurate.These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose one second (14). six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in sace because distance is velocity times time.With the long distances involved in space (14) six million years!Such accuracy will help us travel in space because disance is velocity times time.With the ling distances involved in space (15),we need to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance.1.A.operated B.opened C.offered D.occurred2.A.space B.star C.Earth D.planet3.A.where B.what C.when D.whether4.A.sadly B.repeatedly C.freely D.safely5.A.energy B.year C.system D.rays6.A.by B.year C.system D.rays7.A.location B.education C.status D.status8.A.interesting B.impossible C.reasonable D.necessary9.A.burnt B.cooled C.blown D.cut10.A.invention B.experiment C.paper D.theory11.A.forcing B.begging C.convincing D.ordering12.A.will B.would C.must D.need13.A.that B.such C.more D.much14.A.erery B.any C.each D.some15.A.station B.craft C.age D.travel【三】Germs on BanknotesPeoople in different countries use different types of (1):yuan in China,pesos in Mexico,pounds in the United Kingdom,dollars in the United States ,Australia and New Zew Zealand.Thery nay usr (2) currencies,but these countries,and probably all ountries,still have one thing in common:Germs on the banknotes.Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over 100 years.At the turn of the 20th (3),some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency (4) one country.In a new study,Frank Vriesekoop and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different (5).Vriesekoop is a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat in Australia.He led the study,which compared the germ populations found on money (6) from 10 nations.The scientists studied 1,280 banknotes in total;all came from places where people byu food,lide supermarkets,street vendors and cafes, (7) those businesses often rely on cash.Overall,the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria-no more than 10 per square centimeter.Chiese yuan had the most-about 100 per suuare centimeter.Most of the germs on money probably would not cause harm.What we call “paper money”usually isnt made from paper.The U.S.dollar,for example,is printed on fabric that is mostly (8).Different counties may use different (9) to print their money.Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his (10),such as the American dollar,were made from cotton.Others were made from polymers.The three (11) with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers.They included the Australian dollar,the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos.The other currencies were printed on fabric made (12) of cotton.Ffewer germs lived on the polymer notes.This connection suggests that (13) have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces.Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on money- and whether or not we need to be concemed.Vriesekoop is now starting a study that will (14) the amounts of time bacterica can stay alive on different types of bills.Whatever Vriesekoop finds,the fact remains:Paper money harbors germs.We should wash our (15) after touching it;after all,you never know where your moneys been.Or whats living on it.1.A.coins B.money C.cheques D.loans2.A.different B.clean C.hard D.foreign3.A.anniversary B.year C.decade D.century4.A.along B.with C.within D.outside5.A.countries B.areas C.regions D.provinces6.A.delivered B.borrowed C.gathered D.designed7.A.because B.though C.when D.where8.A.plastic B.rubber C.cotton D.paper9.A.languages B.colors C.substances D.materials10.A.amily B.team C.advisor D.boss11.A.family B.team C.advisor D.currencies12.A.nearly B.mostly C.likely D.merely13.A.dirt B.water C.germs D.oil14.A.compare B.connect C.conduct D.command15.A.arms B.hands C.face D.clothes【四】Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights LonelinessMashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries (1) according to a study in Psychological Science, theyre good for your heart and （2）The study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feel “For me （3）,food has always played a big role in my family,” says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, and lead author on the studyThe study came out of the research program of his coauthor Shira GabrielIt has （4） non-human things that may affect human emotionsSome people reduce loneliness by bonding with their （5）TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved onesTroisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect （6）making people think of their nearest and dearest. In one experiment, in order to make （7）feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to themOthers were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment. Then, some people in each （8） wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food （9）,the researchers had participants （10）questions about their levels of loneliness Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonelyBut people who were generally （11）in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort food“We have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to us”says Troisi“Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close others”In （12）essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the （13）of eating food with family and friends. In another experiment, （14）chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort foodThis was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldnt remember it. Throughout everyones daily lives they experience stress, often associated with our （15）with others, Troisi saysComfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness 1.A.but B.if C.though D.while 2.A.personality B.movement C.emotions D.will 3.A.privately B.usefully C.awfully D.personally4.A.looked for B.looked at C.looked after D.looked up 5.A.favorite B.trustful C.boring D.annoying 6.A.with B.on C.by D.at 7.A.professors B.participants C.assistants D.scientists 8.A.group B.class C.section D.part 9.A.Previously B.Formally C.Initially D.Finally 10.A.remember B.explain C.rewrite D.complete 11.A.sad B.secure C.shy D.angry 12.A.your B.our C.his D.their 13.A.accident B.harm C.experience D.model 14.A.eating B.exchanging C.buying D.keeping 15.A.expressions B.estimation C.cooperation D.connections 【五】Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared CitiesA new examination of urban policies has been （1）recently by Patricia Romero LankaoShe is a sociologist specializing in climate change and （2）developmentShe warns that many of the worlds fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countrieswill likely suffer from the impacts of changing climateHer work also concludes that most cities are failing to （3）emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse （4）These gases are known to affect the atmosphere”Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. ”But too few cities are developing effective strategies to （5）their residents. Cities are （6） sources of greenhouse gasesAnd urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankaos findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term （7） The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential （8） associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat （9） paved cities more than surrounding areasThe impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environmentFor example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causing widespread health problemsPoorer neighborhoods that may （10） basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disastersMany residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing （11） access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services. Local governments, （12）,should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric （13） meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes, ” They dont impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They dont emphasize mass transit and reduce （14） use. In fact, many local governments are taking a handsoff approach.” Thus, she urges them to change their （15） policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities. 1A.carry along B.carried away C.carried out D.carried back2A.economic B.industrial C.rural D.urban3A.reduce B.increase C.study D.measure4A.crops B.gases C.fruits D.Plant55A.educate B.evaluate C.protect D.identify6A.doubtful B.possible C.repeatable D.major7A.uses B.chances C.cures D.benefits8A.threats B.interests C.functions D.differences9A.locally B.heavily C.suddenly D.mildlyl0A.provide B.improve C.lack D.update11A without B with C in D on 12A moreover B therefore C however D though 13A other than B more than C less than D rather than 14A train B automobile C bus D bike 15A idle B smart C busy D secure 【六】Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart RiskFast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of (1) so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London (2) in a new study Statins reduce the (3) of unhealthy “LDL” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a persons heart attack (4) . In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is (5) to offset the increase in heart attack risk from (6) a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:“Statins dont cut out a11 of the (7) effects of cheeseburgers and French friesIts better to avoid fatty food altogetherBut weve worked out that in terms of your (8) ofhaving a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same (9) as a fast food meal increases it.” “Its ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets as they _(10) , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are (11) free of chargeIt would cost less than 5 pence per (12) not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Francis said When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, theyre encouraged to take (13) that lower their risk, 1ike (14) a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational way of (15) some of the risks of eating a fatty meal 1A.change B.charge C.chain D.chance2A.trust B.decide C.suggest D.calculate3A.number B.amount C.volume D.product4A.frequency B.treatment C.diagnosis D.risk5A.severe B.enough C.weak D.active6A.buying B.preparing C.eating D.cooking 7A.unhealthy B.strong C.different D.doubtful 8A.examination B.suffering C.determination D.possibility9A.degree B.dimension C.angle D.range10A.use B.hate C.reject D.like11A.transported B.provided C