Reading Skill(1—4)

阅读技巧ReadingSkill 阅读技能介绍 IntroductionofReadingSkill 人们总是为了一定的目的而阅读的 虽然阅读的目的各种各样 但总的来说有以下两种情况 1 为消遣而阅读 如看小说 读剧本等 2 为获得信息而阅读 如读信件 通告 报纸 杂志 看论文 参考书和教科书 看说明书等 那么怎样才能达到有效理解从而获得准确的信息呢 阅读技能介绍 IntroductionofReadingSkill 阅读技能的训练是提高阅读理解能力的有效的方法 阅读技能是指运用各种方法和手段 准确而流利地阅读各种语言材料的能力 阅读技能主要有 辨认 理解和推测单词及词组的含义 理解句子的含义 包括句面意思 句子隐含的意思 句子在上下文中的含义及句子之间的关系 理解段落的意思 包括段落大意 段落的要点和重要信息 段落内部的逻辑关系以及段落之间的关系 掌握全文的中心思想和大意 以及用以说明中心思想和大意的事实 例证和论点 了解作者的态度 意见 意图和感情等 并且对全文做出判断和推论 迅速浏览全文 了解大意或找出特定的信息 1 提高辩词速度对于有效阅读来说 训练你对英语单词和词组的外形做出迅速而准确反应的能力尤为重要 假如你读错了单词 你便很快会如坠云中的感觉 不得不浪费时间 重新阅读 单词误读 尤其是在速读中 通常有两种情况 你或许会混淆一些看起来相象的词 如water和waiter science和silence 读音相同或相似的词容易被混淆 如meet和meat see和sea 这种情况在那些喜欢出声阅读的人身上尤为明显 因此 训练辩词能力和速度是快速阅读必不可少的环节 ReadingSkill Word RecognitionandWordComprehension辩词和理解词义 2 提高理解词义的速度在快速阅读中 不但要训练辩词的能力和速度 而且还要训练对英语词义做出较快反应的能力和速度 在做题时 不必停下来考虑问题中的单词 更不必把它们译成你的母语 应尽力提高自己对所见单词的词义做出自动反应的能力 Word RecognitionandWordComprehension辩词和理解词义 PracticeExerciseWordRecognition A Direction Ineachofthefollowinggroupsofwords the TestWord isfollowedbyfivewords amongwhichonlyoneisexactlythesameasthe TestWord Findwhichoneitisandunderlineit Example has hathashavehalfhenTestWord1 winter winnerwaiterwinterwatervender2 bottom buttonbutterburtonbottombunion3 sheer shearsheersnaresharesneer4 organ againorganaorangeorganargon5 store storestarestonesternstereo6 scientist scenaristsentientsincerestscientismscientist Direction Underlinethewordthatisexactlythesameasthe TestWord PracticeExerciseWordRecognition B TestWord1 part portpasttrapdartpart2 know knewnoknownowknown3 done domepoemdonebonedune4 saw sewsawwaslawsat5 lack locklucklarklacklook6 taste toasttossedtesttasktaste PracticeExerciseRecognitionofPhrase Direction Readthefollowingphrases Sometimesbothphrasesinapairareexactlythesame sometimestheyaredifferent Ifthetwophrasesarethesame underlinetheletterS Ifthetwophrasesaredifferent underlinetheletterD Example doesn tknowdoesn tshowSDhavetimehavetimeSD1 surefoodsourfoodSD2 silkumbrellasilkumbrellaSD3 roundthecornerroundthecornerSD4 hisworntrousershisbrowntrousersSD5 tryagaindryagainSD6 aquickmindaquickmindSD PracticeExerciseWordComprehension Direction Ineachofthefollowinggroupsofwords the TestWord isfollowedbyfourwords amongwhichonlyonehasthesamemeaning Underlinethewordthatmeansmostnearlythesameasthe TestWord Example shut watchclosehillseatTestword1 chair papertruthhillseat2 little smallbravesamelate3 receive crygetwondermean4 amusing straightrealanxiousfunny5 imagine tiesupposewaitobey6 center peacemiddlepathview7 scientist scenaristsentientsincerestscientist8 radium radianradialradiumradiant9 power powderpowerpourerpoorer10 honor horrorhammerhourhonor PracticeExerciseComprehensionofPhrase A Direction Thetwophrasesineachpairareeitherapproximatelythesameorquitedifferent Ifthetwophraseshaveaboutthesamemeaning underlinetheletterS Iftheyarequitedifferent underlinetheletterD 1 infactatonceSD2 thefinemealthedeliciousfoodSD3 taketheplaceofinspiteofSD4 readytoleaveeagertogoSD5 signthebillsendthelistSD6 aterriblediseaseafrightfulsightSD takecareoflookafterSDonceinagreatwhilelongtimeagoSDstayawayfromkeepdistancefromSDunexpectedresultsurprisingoutcomeSDeventhoughatlastSDafewdayslaterforseveraldaysSDkeeponwiththetaskcontinuethetaskSDnolongernotanymoreSDhelponeanotherdependonothersSDatthemomentaslongasSDnodoubtofcourseSD ComprehensionofPhrase ComprehensionofPhrase B Direction Thetwophrasesineachpairareeitherapproximatelythesameorapproximatelytheopposite UnderlinetheletterS ifthetwowordshaveaboutthesamemeaning Iftheyhaveoppositemeaning underlinetheletterO 1 dirty cleanSO2 journey tripSO3 late earlySO4 rough smoothSO5 hurt injureSO6 narrow wideSO7 gift presentSO8 find loseSO9 never alwaysSO10 joy happinessSO ComprehensionofPhrase B 11 certainsureSO12 distantnearSO13 dineeatSO14 sellbuySO15 warpeaceSO16 workrestSO17 talestorySO18 succeedfailSO19 ceasestopSO20 difficulteasySO III ReadingSill ContextClues上下文线索 学会猜测生词词义是阅读技巧的重要组成部分之一 你常常会在句子里碰到一个你从未见过的词 或者是以前见过的词 但一时又想不出它的意思 或者是你知道的词 的该意思在你所读的句子里又不通 在阅读过程中 所有的读者 即使最有经验的读者都会碰到这种词 当遇到生词时 尽量不要查字典 除非猜不出词义 你可以通过上下文所提供的线索来猜测词义 那么什么是上下文呢 context 呢 上下文 是指一个词或词组的前后出现的与之有关的词语或句子 也就是一个词或词组所处的具体的语言环境 运用上下文线索来猜测 pillory 一词的意思 1 AnearlyformofpunishmentinAmericawasthepillory 2 Awoodenframeworkwithholesforthehandsandhead thepillorystoodinacentralplaceforeveryonetosee 3 Apersonwhocommittedacrimewaslockedinthestructuresothatpeoplecouldmakefunofthecriminal 4 Evennow whenwesaythatapersonispilloriedwearesayingthatthepersonisexposedtoscoreorridicule pillory 是什么意思呢 你或许会猜出 pillory 的意思 许多年前美国用来惩罚罪犯的一种木制刑具 用这种刑具可以套住罪犯的脖子和手 使其受公众的嘲笑 那么怎样猜出 pillory 一词的意思呢 当你读到 pillory 一词是 千万不要停止阅读 句子 1 告诉你它是一种早期的刑具 剩余的句子进一步给你一些其他的线索 通过阅读句子 2 你会得知 pillory 是一木制的架子 其上面的洞可以套住人的脖子和手 句子 3 告诉你罪犯可以被囚禁在这种刑具里 以便使众人嘲笑他们的罪行 由此看来 通过上下文线索猜测词义是阅读必不可少的一种技巧 几种上下文线索 HowtoUseSentenceHintsforWordMeanings Hint Somesentencessetoffthedefinitionforadifficultwordbymeansofpunctuation Example Theprincipal moneyheputinhissavingsaccounttoearninterest wassafeeventthoughthebankwasclosedbythepolice Explanation Thepairofdashessetsoffthedefinitionofprincipal hereitmeans sumofmoney Punctuationthatmaysetoffmeaningsincludescommas parentheses andbrackets HowtoUseSentenceHintsforWordMeanings Hint Sometimeshelpingwords alongwithpunctuation provideimportantclues Example Carloslookeddazed thatis stunned asifsomeonehadshockedhimwithbadnewsorwithaheavyblowtothehead Explanation Helpingwords thatis suchas or iscalled meaning HowtoUseSentenceHintsforWordMeanings Hint somesentencestelltheoppositeofwhatanewwordmeans Fromitsopposite youcanfigureoutthemeaningoftheword Example Duringofficehourshelookedverytenseandanxious butontheweekendshewasquiterelaxed Explanation Thewordbuthelpsyouunderstandthatrelaxedistheoppositeoftense Ifyouknowthatrelaxedmeans atease youcanfigureoutthattensemeans tight or attention HowtoUseSentenceHintsforWordMeanings Hint Sometimesyouuseyourexperiencetofigureoutthedefinitionofaword Example Martha shusbandandmotherdiedwithinamonthofeachother andshecriedoftenatherterriblesorrows Explanation Youknowthatfamilytragedywouldfillapersonwith greatsadness themeaningofsorrow HowtoUseSentenceHintsforWordMeanings Hint Sentencesbeforeorafterasentencecontainingadifficultwordsometimesexplainthemeaningoftheword Example Thelovelywoodentrayhadgrownbrittle Itwasdryandhardandcrackedeasily Explanation Anythingdry hard andeasilycrackedmaybecalledbrittle HowtoUseSentenceHintsforWordMeanings Hint Somesentencesarewrittenjusttogivethedefinitionsofdifficultwords wordsthatreaderswillneedtoknowinordertounderstandwhattheyarereading Example Shewantedbakedclamsforherappetizer Anappetizeristhefirstcourseofameal Explanation Thesecondsentencedefinesthewordappetizer HowtoUseSentenceHintsforWordMeanings Hint Becausesomesentencesgiveexamplesforanewword youcanbuildadefinition Example Legumes likestringbeans limabeans andgreenpeasareimportantinyourdiet Explanation Thesentencedoesn tsaythatlegumesisanameforagroupofvegetableswithpods youfigureoutsomeofthatmeaningfromtheexamples HowtoUseSentenceHintsforWordMeanings Hint Somesentencesuseawordthatyoudoknowtohelpexplainawordthatyoudonotknow Example Themayorwantedprivacybecauseheknewthatbeingalonewouldhelphimsolvehisproblems Explanation Youcantellfromthesentencecluesthatprivacymeans beingalone PracticeExercise1SynonymsContextClues A Direction Asynonymisonetypeofcontextcluethathelpsustodeterminethemeaningofunfamiliarwords Determinethemeaningoftheunderlinedwordbyidentifyingitspartofspeechandbylocatingitssynonym Example EvenasachildThomasEdisonhadaveryinquisitivemind attheageofthreeheperformedhisfirstexperimentoutofcuriosity Inthissentence inquisitiveisa an adjective PartofspeechInquisitivemeanscurious SynonymsContextClues A 1 Thefootballplayerwaspenalizedforunnecessaryroughnessandthepunishmentwasagoodlessonforhim Inthissentence penalizeisa an Penalizemeans 2 Herepliedquickly Butafterheconsideredtheproblemmorecarefully heregrettedhavingmadesuchahastydecision Inthissentence hastyisa an Hastymeans 3 Youmustbathethewoundwithcleanwater andafteryouwashit putsomemedicineandbandageitcarefully Inthissentence batheisa an Bathemeans 4 Hedevelopedacynicalattitudeafteryearsoffrustration Hewasalwaysinlowspiritsbecauseofthisnegativeness Inthissentence cynicalisa an Cynicalmeans v punish adj quick v wash adj negative SynonymsContextClues B Direction Makeabestchoicetocompleteeachsentence Thenfromthestatementfindoutthesynonymclueoftheunderlinedwordandputitintoblankplace Example Manyamateurtheatergroupsproducebenefitplaysforthepurposeofraising funds Theymaybeinterestedinthetheaterforitsownsake buttheirprincipalinterestis A profitB reputationC excitementD creativeness A SynonymsContextClues B 1 Frostisveryharmfultovegetationbecauseitcausesthemoisturewithintheplantstofreezeandexpand thusbreakingthedelicatetissues Akillingfrostisharmfultoeventhehardest A plantsB animalsC lifeD people2 Althoughthebiteofsuchspidersisusuallyfatalandsomepeoplehavebeenkilled thistimeitdidnotresultin A recoveryB poisonC painD death A D SynonymsContextClues B 3 Largechunksoficeandsnowmeltveryslowly Oncetheybegintothaw severalweeksofwarmweathermayberequiredbeforetheyaretotally A increasedB meltC frozenD warm4 Hehadalwaysenviedotherswhoexcelledinathletics andhelongedtojointhemingames buthewastooslow Eventhoughhehadbeenelectedclasspresident hestilllongedtobe A asportsheroB thebeststudentC arespectedpersonD aclubmember PracticeExercise2AntonymContextClues A Direction Eachofthefollowingsentencecontainsanantonymcluefortheunderlinedword Locatetheword phrasewhichmeanstheoppositeofthenewwordandthenputitintobrackets Finally selectthebestmeaningfortheunderlinedword Example ProfessorEnglish sattitudeshowedhis concern Thestudents attitudes ontheotherhand wereverycasual Casualmeans A attitudeB concernedC indifferent C AntonymContextClues A 1 Shehasaloveofroutinework butnofondnessforcreativejobs Routinemeans A creativeB mechanicalC fondness2 Somestudentswereunintentionallylateforclasswhileafewwerepurposelylate Unintentionallymeans A purposelyB accidentallyC always3 Inmanynationstherearetwofinancialextremes frompenurytogreatwealth Penurymeans A wealthB povertyC middleincome4 Itisbettertobereflectiveaboutproblemsthantobethoughtless Reflectivemeans A thoughtfulB uncaringC problems AntonymContextClues B Direction Makeabestchoicetocompleteeachstatement andthenwritedowntheantonymcluewhichhelpsyoumakethechoice Example Inthetreatmentofhisdisease completecalmisnecessaryforrecovery Thedoctorhaswarnedthatundernocircumstancesmustthepatientbeallowedtobecome A inactiveB betterC hungryD excitedAntonymclueof iscalm D AntonymContextClues B 1 Collectorsofstamps coins orotherobjectsshouldcollectcommonspecimensaswellasunusualones Notonlyaretheyoftenmoreattractive butalsoonecannevertellwhensomecommonobjectmaysuddenlybecome A attractiveB rareC lessvaluableD duplicatedAntonymclueof is 2 Everyexcesscausesadefect everydefectanexcess Everysweethasitssour everyhardshipits A goodB penaltyC comfortD disasterAntonymclueof is rarecommon comforthardship AntonymContextClues B 3 MostpeoplelikeEllenbecausetheyknowsheisfrankwiththem Ontheotherhand theydistrusthersisterbecausesheisalways A secretiveB impoliteC inactiveD unreliableAntonymclueof is 4 Mysterywaitsontheothersideofeverydoor Anyroom regardlessofitsfamiliarity maycontain A pleasuresB memoriesC surprisesD friendsAntonymclueof is secretive frank surprises familiarity PracticeExercise3 Direction Thewordinitalics slantedtype maybeunfamiliartoyou Trytousehintsinthesentencetomakeupadefinition Thenselecttheletterofthewordthatyoufeelisclosesttothemeaning Writetheletterintheblankspace 1 InwritingfootnoteresearchersrarelyuseIbid anylonger Ibid isaLatinabbreviationforIbidemthatmeans inthesameplace Ibid means A theLatinalphabetB IbidemC inthesameplaceD research 2 Thespeakerusedcolorfulillustrations drawingsandphotographs tohelpusunderstandherpointsabouthowtoraisecactusplantsindoors Illustrationsmeans A growingindoorcactusplantsB adrawingorphotographC aspeakerbeforeanaudienceD gardening 3 Ifyoustandinthedoorwayanddon tletanyonepass youwillobstructtheexit Obstructmeans A blockB doorwayC passD standwithoutdoinganything 4 Whenyoutradeoneobjectorservicethatyoudonotneedorwantforanotheronethatyoudoneedorwant youarepartofabartersystem Bartermeans A tradeB systemC unneededgoodsandservicesD dividingline PracticeExercise4Contentcluesofwordsassociation Sentencesarecomposedofwordsorgroupsofwordsthatareputtogethertoexpresscertainideas Thosewordsorgroupsofwordsareexpectedto gotogether onaccountoftheirlogicalconnections as grass green school students hit ball swim pool etc Direction Makeabestchoicetocompleteeachsentence Thenunderlinethewordyouuseasacontextclue Example IwassurprisedtomeetMary shusband forIdidnotknowthatshehadbeen A educatedB marriedC happyD retired B Contentcluesofwordsassociation 1 Waterisavitalnecessityoflife Longbeforeamanstarves hewilldieasaresultof A malnutritionB hungerC thirstD disease2 Theforcesofnaturearenotalwayshelpfultoman Sometimesthewindandraindestroyhishomeanddamagehisharvest Atsuchtime natureappearstobehumanity s A creatorB enemyC servantD helper Contentcluesofwordsassociation 3 Sometimespioneersstruckoilwhentheywerediggingawell Tothemthismeantextrawork becausenowtheywouldhavetostartalloveragaintodigfor A waterB goldC petroleumD treasures4 Onesmalldropofthepoisonousmilkcontainedintheleavesandstemsofdesertplantwillcausetotalblindness Thosewhohandletheplantforfirewoodareverycarefulnottotouch A otherplantsB theirskinC theireyesD theplant IV ReadingSkills WordPartClues构词线索 英语中很多单词是由基本词 baseword 或词根 root 加前缀 prefix 或后缀 suffix 或前后缀构成的 词根表示词的基本词义 前缀是置于词根 或基本词 前面的部分 后缀是置于词根或基本词后面的部分 词根或基本词加上不同的前缀或后缀 可构成许多不同的词 例如 前缀 词根act词根act 后缀前缀 词根act 后缀reactactionreactionenactactiveenactmentreenactactivelyreenactmentinteractactionlessreactortransactactablereactiveactivatereactivateactivityreactivationactivationinteractionactortransactionactressinactive 如果你知道act这个词的意义是 行为 行动 活动 同时也了解 re inter trans 等前缀和 tion tive ly able ity or 等后缀的意义 上列26个词的词义就不难猜测 WordPartClues构词线索1 Importantprefixes Prefixesmeaning no or not PrefixMeaningExampleanot withoutamoralinnotinexactimnotimmobilenonnotnonreturnablemiswronglymisleadmalbadlymalformedantiagainstantisocialirnotirresponsibledisnotdisfavorunnotunknownilnotillegal WordPartClues构词线索1 Importantprefixes Prefixesdealingwithtime PrefixMeaningExampleprebeforepredatepostafterpostwarPrefixesdealingwithnumbers oneormorethanone PrefixMeaningExampleunioneunicyclemonoonemonologue 独白 autoselfautograph亲笔签名bitwobicycletrithreetricycleolymanypolygon多边形multimanymulticolored WordPartClues构词线索1 Importantprefixes Prefixesdealingwithplacement PrefixMeaningExampleabawayfromabnormal反常的circumaroundcircumscribe定界限com conwith togethercommitteededownfromdeceit欺骗disawaydischarge解除exoutofexconvict无罪ininto withininborninteramongintermix混合proforward infavorofproAmericanreagainrecallsubundersubmarinesuperabovesuperiortransacrosstransition WordPartClues构词线索2 Importantsuffixes SuffixMeaningExampleableabletomanageableibledefensiblealregalancerelatingtoresistanceenceindependenceicpatrioticionunionismCatholicismhoodstateof qualityofbrotherhooditylegalitymentpuzzlementerwriteroronewhoadvisoriteMennoniteyfullofsoapyfulwishful WordPartClues构词线索3 ImportantRoots RootMeaningExamplecredbelievecredence可信任duc ductlead make fashionshapedeductequequalequatefac fact ficdo makefactorygraghwrittenmonographlogspeechmonologmis mitsendmissilemor mortdiemortifynom nomennamenominalportcarryportable WordPartClues构词线索3 ImportantRoots RootMeaningExampleposplacepositionscrip scribtowritedescribespic speclookspectatortangtouchtangibleten tin tainhave holddetaintend tens tentstretchextendvid visseevisionvoccallevoke PracticeExercise1 Direction Thinkofthemanywordsthatyouknowanduseregularly Doyourecognizeprefixesandsuffixesinthosewords Followingtheinstructionsbelow makealistofthewordsthatyouknowthathaveprefixesandsuffixes Writedefinitionsofthosewords 1 Threewordsthatbeginwiththeprefixun此部分练习略 PracticeExercise2 A MeaningandPrefixesDirection Addprefixestoeachwordtomakeitfitthemeaning Writethenewword 1 call callback 2 tell tellagain 3 definite notdefinite 4 attractive notattractive 5 weekly oftwoweeks 6 active notactive 7 man notordinaryman 8 capture captureagain 9 secure notsecure 10 gain gainagain recall retell indefinite unattractive biweekly inactive superman recapture insecure regain PracticeExercise2 B MeaningandPrefixesDirection MatcheachdefinitioninColumnAwiththecorrespondingwordinColumnB Writethewordnexttothedefinition AB1 notlike A mistreat2 breakrules B misfortune3 improper C dissimilar4 badluck D disobey5 notsatisfied E progress6 treatbadly F propel7 pronounceincorrect G produce8 leadastray H exclude9 notalike I misbehave10 behavebadly J dissatisfied11 nothonest K mislead12 moveforward L misuse13 pushforward M dishonest14 bringforward N mispronounce15 shotout O dislike O D L B J A N K C I M E F G H PracticeExercise3 C MeaningandsuffixesDirection MatcheachdefinitioninColumnAwiththecorrespondingwordincolumnB Writethewordnexttothedefinition AB1 withoutachild A unity2 fullofjoy B meaningless3 qualityofbeingloyal C merciful4 fullofregret D timeless5 stateofbeingpoor E ability6 withoutlimit F sorrowful7 qualityofbeingclear G reality8 withouttime H poverty9 qualityofbeingbeautiful I anxiety10 fullofcheer J clarity11 withoutthoug