专题十四 非谓语动词

专题十四 非谓语动词【重点难点梳理】专题十四非谓语动词重 点 难 点 梳 理概说：动名词、现在分词、过去分词和动词不定式称为非谓语动词，顾名思义，非谓语动词可担当除谓语外的任何成分。一、 非谓语动词的功能序号功能动词不定式(to do)动名词(doing)分词现在分词(doing)过去分词(done)1主语 表示具体的一次动作,多用于真实主语表示习惯性动作,多放在句首2宾语 熟记跟动词不定式作宾语的动词熟记跟动名词作宾语的动词3表语 说明主语的具体内容,表意向、打算、计划说明主语的具体内容表示主语的性质, 意为“令人的”,多修饰物；表正在进行的动作表示主语的性质,意为“感到的”, 多修饰人；表被动或已完成的动作4宾补熟记vt. sb. to do sth.此类用法的动词与宾语构成主动关系,表正在进行的动作与宾语构成被动关系,表已完成的动作5前置定语表示被修饰语的功能或作用与被修饰语构成主动关系或正在进行的动作与被修饰语构成被动关系或已完成的动作续表序号功能动词不定式(to do)动名词(doing)分词现在分词(doing)过去分词(done)6后置定语 表将来发生的动作或表用途与被修饰语构成主动关系与被修饰语构成被动关系7状语 与主句主语构成主动关系,表目的、结果、原因等与主句主语构成主动关系, 表伴随、时间、原因、条件、方式、结果等与主句主语构成被动关系,表伴随、时间、原因、条件、方式、结果等二、 非谓语动词的时态和语态主动形式被动形式动词不定式(to do)to doto be doneto be doing(与谓语动词同时发生)to have done(发生在谓语动词之前)to have been donedoingdoing(与主句主语构成主动关系)being donehaving done(发生在谓语动词之前)having been done过去分词done(与主句主语构成被动关系)用法:非谓语动词的一般式表示与主句谓语动词同时或之后发生的动作；非谓语动词的完成式表示在主句谓语动词之前发生的动作。如：(1) Doing my homework, I heard a cry for help.(heard与doing的动作同时进行)做作业时,我听到了喊救命的声音。(2) Having done my homework, I went to bed.(do发生在谓语动词went之前)做完作业后,我就上床睡觉了。三、 动词不定式和动名词作宾语的比较情况常用动词只接动词不定式作宾语的动词hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen只接动名词作宾语的动词或短语mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, considercant help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to, adapt to两者都可以意义基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接动词不定式多指具体的动作；接动名词多指一般或习惯的行为)need, want, require(接动名词用主动形式表示被动意义；若接动词不定式则应用被动形式)意义相反意义不同四、 非谓语动词作宾语补足语的区别序号类别常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句1不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage主谓关系强调动作将发生或已经完成(1) I expect them to win the game.我期望他们赢得比赛。(2) I heard him call me several times.我听见他叫了我几遍。have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make2现在分词notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel(即:感官动词和使役动词)主谓关系强调动作正在进行,尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.我发现她在听收音机。3过去分词动宾关系动作已经完成,多强调状态We found the village greatly changed.我们发现这个村子发生了很大的变化。五、 现在分词和过去分词的用法对比分类项目现在分词过去分词例句意义表示主动意义表示被动意义(1) I can hear him singing. 我能听见他在唱歌。(2) I can hear the song sung in English. 我听见这首歌是用英语唱的。动作所表示的动作一般在进行中所表示的动作多已完成China is a developing country while America is a developed one. 中国是个发展中国家而美国是发达国家。语义意为“令人”意为“感到”It is an exciting match, so we are excited. 这是一场令人兴奋的比赛,所以我们感到很兴奋。六、 特别提示关于动词不定式动词不定式作介词but的宾语时,如前面有实义动词do(各种形式),则动词不定式不带to；否则不能省略to。(1) He did nothing all the morning but watch TV. 他整个上午除了看电视外无所事事。(2) He said nothing but to sleep. 他什么也没有说就去睡觉了。动词不定式作定语时,如果动词不定式与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系,且动词不定式的动词是不及物动词,记住别漏掉介词。(1) I want a small room to live in. 我想要住小房间。(2) I need a nice pen to write with. 我需要一支笔写字。动词不定式作感官动词和部分使役动词(let, make)的宾补,动词不定式不带to,但句子变成被动语态时,要带to。(1) I saw him go into the room. 我看见他走进了房间。 (2) He was seen to go into the room. 有人看见他走进了房间。关于分词现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行,动词不定式作宾补表示动作发生的全过程。(1) I saw them coming in. 我看见他们正在进来。(2) I saw them come in. 我看见他们进来了。及物动词的过去分词(done)与现在分词的一般被动式(being done)都有被动意义,前者表示动作完成,后者表示动作在进行。注意：不定式有表将来之意。(1) The problem discussed yesterday is important to us. 昨天讨论的问题对我们来说很重要。(2) The problem being discussed at present is important to us. 目前正在讨论的问题对我们来说很重要。(3) The problem to be discussed tomorrow is important to us. 明天将要讨论的问题对我们来说很重要。分词的独立主格结构:如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致,需用一个独立结构(即保留分词的逻辑主语)或者由一个with/without引导的介词短语表达。(1) Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 如果时间许可,我们将再做两道练习。(2) The key lost, I couldnt enter the office building. 由于钥匙丢了,我不能进入办公大楼。关于动名词动名词作定语表所修饰词的用途,而现在分词表动作或状态、特征。(1) This is a sleeping bag. 这是睡袋。(2) He is sleeping. 他正在睡觉。动名词的复合结构作宾语时,动名词的逻辑主语可用宾格代词或不带所有格。但作主语则不行。(1) Do you mind my/me/Tom smoking here? 我/汤姆在这里吸烟,你会介意吗?(2) My/Toms smoking here annoyed him. 我/汤姆在这里吸烟使他很生气。动名词作主语还可用于“There be no+动名词”结构和“布告”形式的省略结构中。(1) There is no knowing what he will do next.不知道他下一步会做什么。(2) No smoking.禁止吸烟。【梯度升级训练】梯 度 升 级 训 练(见学生用书P269P270)一、 用所给动词的适当形式填空1. turn(1) Turn to the left, and youll see the bus stop.(2) Turning to the left, youll see the bus stop. 2. tell(1) Having been told/Told many times, he still couldnt understand the question.(2) Having told me the bad news, he went out of the room sadly. 3. give(1) Nothing could make us give up the hope.(2) Crusoe made a candle to give light.4. examine(1) I want to examine your bag.(2) Your eyes want examining/to be examined.(3) I want my eyes to be examined/examined this afternoon.5. get(1) Whats the way Smith thought of to get enough money to buy the new house?(2) Im thinking of getting Tom to repair my bike. 6. smoke(1) We dont allow smoking in the office because of the public health.(2) We dont allow anyone to smoke in the office because of the public health.7. listen(1) My little brother enjoys nothing but listening to music.(2) My little brother does nothing all day but listen to music.(3) My little brother had no choice but to listen to me.8. hear(1) The teacher raised his voice in order to make himself heard. (2) The teacher raised his voice in order to make his students hear what he said.(3) The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle to be heard.9. discuss(1) The problem is worth discussing again. (2) The problem is worthy to be discussed again.(3) The problem is worthy of being discussed again.10. get, fail(1) It passes right through their bodies, only getting a little thicker and sweeter. (2) He worked harder only to fail again.11. ask(1) No one can stop us asking questions.(2) We stopped to ask a schoolboy the way to the teachers office. 12. face(1) Faced with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.(2) Nearly every great building in Beijing was built facing south. 13. hold(1) The parents meeting to be held next Saturday is very important.(2) The 29th Olympic Games held in Beijing was a great success.(3) The parents meeting being held in our school now is important.14. make(1) To make this cake, you need 2 eggs, 175g sugar and 175g flour.(2) Having made the cake, she got down to cooking some milk.(3) I lost my way in complete darkness and, to make matters worse, it began to rain. 15. clean(1) The room is so dirty that I cant help cleaning it.(2) Im too busy, so I cant help (to) clean the room.(3) The room is too dirty. I cant help but clean it. 16. type(1) I knew I would be busy today, so I had my paper typed last night.(2) I cant go with you. I have some papers to type.(3) Do you have any papers to be typed, Sir? 17. settle(1) With many problems to settle, the president will have a hard time.(2) With the problem settled, he had a good sleep last night.(3) With the secretary settling the problem, he is reading the newspaper leisurely in the office. 18. cheat(1) “I ever saw him cheat an old man of 500 yuan,” he said to the police.(2) He was seen to cheat an old man of 500 yuan in the street yesterday.(3) Unluckily, the policeman saw him cheating an old man around the corner. 19. The film was disappointing and all of us were very disappointed. (disappoint)20. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks being opened and closed(open and close) could be heard outside the classroom.二、 语法填空A long time ago, there was a huge huge apple tree. A little boy came 1(sing) and jumping and lay under it every day. He would climb to the tree top, eat the apples, and take a nap in the shade. He loved the tree and the tree loved to play with him.In the 2(follow) years, the boy came and cut the branches 3(build) a house, used the trunk on which he used to climb 4(make) a boat and then never showed up for a long time.Finally, 5(be) tired of travelling, the boy returned. “Sorry, my boy, but I dont have anything for you anymore. No more apples for you.” the tree said. “I dont have teeth to bite. 6(eat) apples no longer appeals to me,” the boy replied. “No more trunk for you to climb on.” “I am too old 7(climb) now,” the boy said. “I really cant give you anything.the only thing left is my dying roots,” the tree said with tears. “I dont need much now, just a place 8(rest). Im tired after 9(travel) all these years,” the boy replied. “Good! Old tree roots are the best place to lean on and rest. Come, come, sit down with me and rest.” The boy sat down and the tree was glad, 10(smile) with tears.本文是一篇记叙文。老苹果树把它的一切无私地送给小男孩。然而,男孩注定要远行。多年以后,厌倦了旅行的男孩又回到了苹果树身边。然而,老苹果树只剩下了树根供他倚靠。1. singing此处为came的伴随状语,且与主语为主动关系,故用singing。2. following此处为动名词following作定语,表示“在接下来几年”。3. to build此处用动词不定式表目的。4. to make此处用动词不定式表目的。5. having been此处为伴随状语,且与主句构成因果关系,故用having done结构。6. Eating此处用动名词形式主语。7. to climbtoo.to.:太,而不能8. to rest此处为动词不定式充当后置定语,表示“一个可以休息的地方”。9. travelling介词after后接动名词形式。10. smiling此处为伴随状语,且与主语the boy构成主动关系,故用smiling。三、 单句改错1. Group activities will be organized after class to helping children develop team spirit.【答案】helpinghelp2. The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras returning to our shop for quality problems.【答案】returningreturned3. Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only find it didnt fit.【答案】only后加to4. Its quite hot today. Do you feel like go for a swim?【答案】gogoing5. There is a note pinned