Book4 Unit2-4动词ing形式做主语宾语表语宾补定语状语.doc

动词v-ing形式的基本概念1. 动词-ing形式的构成: 是在动词末尾加-ing 形式构成, 因此又叫动词的 -ing 形式。如: do-doing, be-being, ask-asking, etc.否定形式: not+ -ing 构成2. 动词-ing形式不能单独作谓语, 没有人称和数的变化, 但可以有自己的宾语和状语, 还有时态和语态的变化。3. 动词-ing形式由动词加-ing变化而成, 它同时具有名词和动词的特征, 在句中可以作主语、宾语等。Doing Not doing Being done Not being doneHaving done Not having doneHaving been done Not having been doneBook4 Unit2 动词-ing形式作主语和宾语I. 动词v-ing形式 做主语1. 动词v-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。表示经常的、习惯性的动作或状态, 谓语动词通常用单数。如： Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. Watching news on TV has become a routine(日常习惯) for me. Learning about a language is easier than using it.2. 为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末，可以作表语的只能是某些形容词或少数名词，如useful，useless, good, fun, no use, worthwhile等It is no use crying over spilt milk.作无益的后悔是没有用的。It is useless trying to argue(争辩) with Shylock(夏洛克,人名)Its fun jumping into cool water in hot summer.Its good using your head often.3. 动词-ing形式作主语的常用it作形式主语的句型有：It +be +a waste(浪费) of time doing 做是浪费时间的It is/was no good/use doing 做是没用处的It is/was worth/worthwhile doing 做是值得的There is/was no point(意义) doing干无意义There is no sense in doing 做没有道理It is/was hardly/scarcely worth doing 做不值得There is no doing 无法; 不允许There is/was no use doing 干无意义 There is/was nothing worse than doing 没有比更糟的e.g. There was no knowing where we would go. 我们不知道要去哪儿。There is no point doing such a silly thing. 做这件傻事毫无意义。 Its no good talking to him. 和他谈话是没有用的。Its worth making an effort. 努力一下是值得的。Its worthwhile making the effort(努力) Is it any good trying to explain? Its a waste of time(浪费时间) talking about such a useless thing. Its dangerous swimming in the sea on windy(有风的) days.It is worthwhile (值得)discussing(讨论) the question. 动词-ing形式作宾语动名词作宾语有两种情况: 及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语1.动词-ing形式既可作及物动词的宾语只能用-ing形式作宾语的动词。这类动词只能用-ing形式作宾语，不能用不定式作宾语。I suggest(建议) doing it in a different way.They admitted(承认) smoking/having smoked in the hall(在大厅里).I cant avoid(逃避) going我不能不去。Have you considered looking for one special friend? We must try to avoid repeating the same mistake (重复同样的错误)Do you feel like having a walk with me after supper? People couldnt help(忍不住) laughing foolish man 只能接动词-ing形式作宾语的动词：admit(承认); appreciate(感激); avoid(避免); resist(抵制);keep(保持); consider(考虑); delay(耽搁); dislike(讨厌,不喜欢); practice(练习); mention(提及); enjoy(喜欢); escape(避免);excuse(原谅);risk(冒险); mind(介意); fancy(想不到); feel like(喜欢,想,意欲); finish(完成); miss(错过);include(包括);记忆口诀考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想，避免错过继续练，否认完成停享赏，不禁介意准逃亡，不准冒险凭想象。consider, suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardonadmit, delay /put off , fancy avoid, miss, keep /keep on , practise deny, finish, stop, enjoy / appreciate cant help, mind, allow/ permit, escapeforbid , risk , imagine 以下的动词后面加动词的不定式作宾语：decide , hope, expect , seem, agree, afford, arrange, choose, offer, plan, promise, determine, demand, manage, fail, prepare, refuse, pretend, need, require, want作“需要”解时，后面接动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式，意义上并无差别，但用动词-ing形式比较普通Your composition(作文) needs correcting(修改) / to be corrected.His coat wants cleaning/to be cleaned.他的外套需要洗了。The radio needs / requires / wants repairing / to be repaired.有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有所不同. 既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词，常见的有：begin，start，continue，like，love，prefer，by，mean，forget，remember，hate等。第一种情况：在like，love，hate，prefer等动词之后，用-ing或不定式意义上没有什么不同，只是侧重点有些不同，动名词表示泛指的动作，不定式表示具体的一次性动作。I like to eat some fish./ l like eating fish.He hates to dance./ He hates dancing.第二种情况：在begin/start， continue之后，用动名词和不定式，意义无甚区别，尤其是当主语是人的时候。 It began to rain. / It began raining.The children started to sing./ The children started singing.第三种情况：在动词forget，remember，regret之后，用动名词与不定式意义不同。动名词表示动作先于谓语发生，不定式表示后于谓语动作，如：Group1. regret doing 对所做的事感到后悔regret to do(tell/ say/ speak/ inform) 对要做的事表示遗憾 I regret missing the report我真后悔没赶上那次报告会。I regret to say I cant take your advice(接受你的建议)Group2. remember doing 讲的是过去的事，表示“记起来”remember to do 讲的是将来的事，表示“不要忘记”I remember posting the letter我记得我已把信寄了。Ill remember to post the letter我会记着去寄信的。Group3. forget doing 忘记以前曾做过的事forget to do 忘记要做某事 I shall never forget seeing the famous writer Dont forget to write to your motherGroup4. go on doing 继续做同一件事。go on to do做完一件事后，接下去做另外一件事Group5. mean doing意味着要有一个结果 mean to do想要做某事 Group6. stop doing停止正在做的事stop to do停止原来做的事，开始做另一件事 Group7. try doing 试做某事 try to do 设法做某事 Group8. be/ get/ feel/ become used to doing 习惯于做某事 be used to do 被用来做某事Group9. cant help doing 禁不住做某事cant help (to)do 不能帮助做某事2. 作介词宾语。动词-ing形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关常见的几种搭配形式有： A. 介词+动名词, We like his way of teaching English.我们喜欢他教英语的方式。After being away for several years, it is a strange experience(经历) to return to the hometown.Instead of smiling, each of them made a face(做了怪脸)B. 动词+介词+动名词, 如：What prevented/stop/ keep(阻止) you from joining us last night? I apologize(道歉) to you for being so angry with you. I have no difficulty in communicating with foreigners(外国人交谈).I insist on(坚持) taking proper food fort his expedition(出行) She was very interested in working for our company(公司)C. to既可以是介词，也可以是不定式符号，在使用中比较容易混淆。若是不定式符号，to后接动词原形；若是介词，to后需接动词-ing形式 You must get used to(习惯于) washing your face with cold water.He is looking forward to(盼望) seeing you this summer vacation(暑假).下列短语中的to都是介词, 所以后面跟名词或-ing形式: devote oneself to(献身于), object to(反对), pay attention to(注意), get down to(着手做), lead to(导致), look forward to(盼望), stick to(坚持),be/ get/ feel/ become used to(习惯), put ones mind to (全神贯注于)等。 (be related to与有关be given to沉溺于give rise to引起be equal to胜任be opposed to反对)Practice1. 用括号内动词的适当形式填空1. If you can keep _(read) English newspapers, your English will be improved. 2. He has promised _(come) to my birthday party.3. I hate _(tell) lies!4. I will never forget _(go) to Beijing with him last summer.5. I forgot _(tell) her the news; so she knew nothing about it.Practice2. 把下列句子翻译成英语（用动词v-ing形式）1.出国旅行是很激动人心的。2 在这儿等是没用的, 我们走吧。3 我记得在哪里见过他。4 我后悔没听你的劝告。5 帮助别人就是帮助你自己。Practice3. 语法同步练习1. I think it no use _a lot without _ anything.A. talking, doing B. to talk, do C. talked, doing D. talking, being done2. He was praised for_ the little girl out of the river.A. help B. to help C. having helped D. being helped3. Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried _alone, but she didnt like it and moved back home.(08年湖南卷)A. living B. to live C. to be living D. having lived4. He was lucky that he escaped _.A. to punish B. being punished C. punishing D. to be punished5. I didnt feel like _, so I suggested_ a walk.A. to work, to take B. working, taking C. to work, taking D. working, take 6. I have not got used _in the center of the city.A. live B. living C. to live D. to living7. When I heard the heros report, I could not help _.A. to be moved B. being moved C. moving D. to move8. This problem has been settled. It _any more.A. needs discussing B. needs to be discussed C. neednt being discussed D. doesnt need discussing9. Can you imagine _ alone on a lonely island?A. to live B. living C. live D. yourself to live10. - They are quiet, arent they?-Yes, They are accustomed(习惯于) _ at meals.A. to talk B. to not talk C. to talking D. to not talking11. I cant understand_ without saying goodbye to me.A. you leaving B. you to leave C. for you to leave D. you leave12. I really appreciate _ to help me.A. your offering B. for you to offer C. of you to offer D. for your offering13The thief ran so fast that he missed _.A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch14. _ at the class meeting made us encouraged.A. He having being praised B. His having been praisedC. He being praised D. For him to have praised 15The little boy doesnt mind_ alone at home.A. being left B. left C. leaving D. to be leftThat he had been praised at the class meeting made us encouraged.His/ Toms being praised at the class meeting I really appreciate him/ his/ Toms offering to help me参考答案：1-5 ACABB 6-10 DBBBD 11-15 AACBABook4 Unit3动词v-ing形式作表语.定语和宾补I.动词v-ing 形式做定语1. 单个动词的-ing形式作定语位于被修饰名词的前面，u 既可以表示被修饰者的作用或功能(这种用法被称为动名词)。如：building materialsmaterials for building建筑材料drinking waterwater for drinking饮用水a walking sticka stick for walking手杖a reading rooma room for reading阅览室a writing deska desk for writing写字台a sleeping bag/ car/ pilla bag/car/ pill for sleeping睡袋/ 卧铺车/安眠药a drinking cupa cup for drinking水杯a cooking pota pot for cooking煮锅a dancing hall/poola hall/ pool for dancing舞厅/池a washing machinea machine for washing洗衣机an operating tablea table for operating手术台a dining rooma room for dining饭厅a swimming poola pool for swimming游泳池u 单个动词v-ing形式作定语位于被修饰名词的前面，也可以表示被修饰者的动作或状态。如：a waiting man (=a man who is waiting)正在等待的男人a sleeping child (= a child who is sleeping ) 正在睡觉的孩子tiring music = music that is tiring 烦人的音乐a surprising result = a result that is surprising 一个惊人的结果2. 动词v-ing形式短语作定语时, 放在所修饰的名词之后, u 并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。如：Anybody swimming in this river will be fined. = Anybody who is swimming in this river will be fined(被罚款). 在这条河里游泳的任何一个人都会被罚款。They lived in a room facing the street. = They lived in a room that faces the street. 他们住在一间面朝街的房子。The man standing there is Peters father. = The man who is standing there is Peters father. 站在那儿的那个人是彼得的父亲。u 动词v-ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，这时，它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。如：His brother, working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. = His brother, who is working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. 他那个当教师的哥哥住在北京。II. 动词v-ing 作表语1. 动词v-ing形式(动名词)作表语时放在系动词之后，u 动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释，这时主语与表语位置可以互换Her hobby is painting. 她的业余爱好是画画。My job is looking after the children.我的工作就是照顾这些孩子。Our job is playing all kinds of music. 我们的工作就是演奏各种音乐 = Playing all kinds of music is our job. 演奏各种音乐是我们的工作u 动词v-ing形式(现在分词)做表语，表明的是主语的性质与特征,用来泛指某种动作或行为，以说明主语的身份、性质或情况，主语与表语位置不可互换The music they are playing sounds exciting. 他们演奏的音乐是如此令人兴奋Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。The book is interesting.The news is disappointing.I am interested in the book.The book interested(vt. ) me.The book is interesting to me. An interesting manA surprised child/ lookIII. 动词v-ing形式(现在分词)作宾补的用法1. 动词v-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面，表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作，强调一个过程或一种状态。如：When we returned to the school, we found a stranger standing at the entrance. 当我们回到学校时, 发现一个陌生人站在大门口。We found the snake eating the eggs. 我们发现蛇正在吃鸡蛋。I found a bag lying on the ground. 我发现地板上放着一个包。The boss kept the workers working the whole night. 那老板让工人整夜地工作。注意：当主句转换为被动结构时, 原来作宾语补足语的动词v-ing形式便转换为主语补足语。如：They found the result very satisfying. = The result is found very satisfying.这个结果很令人满意。They heard Mr. Smith singing in the next room. = Mr. Smith was heard singing in the next room. 有人听到他在隔壁房间唱歌。We mustnt keep visitors waiting.= Visitors mustnt be kept waiting. 千万不能让他们等。2. 能用动词v-ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词:1) 表示感觉和心理状态的动词，常见的有see, hear, feel, smell, find(发觉，看见), notice, observe, look at, listen to, catch(逮着，发觉，碰上)等。如：We saw a light burning(燃烧，亮着) in the window.I felt(感觉，觉得) somebody patting(拍打) me on the shoulder(肩膀). Can you smell(闻起来) anything burning(燃烧，烧糊)?As he spoke, he observed(观察，仔细看) everybody looking at him curiously(好奇地).Listen to the birds singing. I didnt notice him waiting. I heard Mr. Smith singing in the next door. 我听到史密斯先生在隔壁唱歌。You wont catch me doing that again.2) 表示 “指使，让”意义的动词，常见的有have, set, keep, get, leave等。如：We wont have you doing that. 我们不允许你这么做。 This set me thinking.Im sorry to have kept you waiting long. 对不起，让你久等了. I cant get the clock going again.3. see, hear, feel, watch等动词之后用v-ing形式和动词不定式(to do )作宾语补足语的区别： 前者(动词v-ing形式)表示动作正在进行，而后者(不定式to do)表示（或强调）动作从开始到结束的全过程。如: We passed by the classmates and saw the teacher making the experiment.我们走过教室，看见老师在做实验。（只在走过教室的刹那间，看见老师正在做实验）We sat an hour and watched the teacher make the experiment. 我们坐了一个小时，看老师做实验。（一个小时之内一直在看老师作实验） 如果宾语补足语是短暂性动词，动词不定式短语表示一次动作， 而-ing形式则表示反复动作。如： We heard the door slam. (一次动作) We heard the door slamming. (反复动作)典例解析1. The salesman scolded(批评) the girl caught _and let her off.A. to have stolen B. to be stealing C. to steal D. stealing解析本题考查动词非谓语形式在句中作宾补的用法。正确掌握并灵活运用非谓语形式是解此类题的关键，另外，解这一题目也要用还原法，即catch the girl stealing，因此，解题时，不但要有扎实的基础知识，还要掌握解题技巧。本题旨在考查catch sb. doing sth.（发现某人做某事）这一短语，故先排除A、C两项，由于girl与catch之间是被动关系，因此需要用catch的过去分词形式作后置定语，stealing所作的只能是定语中的补足语，故本题最佳答案为D2. In the study(书房), I found my son _at a desk, with his attention（） _ on a book.A. sitting; fixing B. sit; fixedC. sitting; to be fixed D. seated; fixed解析此题考查不定式与分词作宾补的区别以及短语fix ones attention的用法。解答此题时，应特别留意不定式与分词作宾补的区别；第二应注意倘若逻辑宾语提前，则with+复合宾语中宾补应用过去分词表示被动。因为强调found的动作与sit同时进行，而省去to的不定式sit作宾补表示动作的完成，但sitting和seated皆可。第二空中，attention原为fix的逻辑宾语，所以应选fixed作宾语补足语。故此题正确答案D.seat n. 座位 have/take/give a seat v. 坐，就坐e.g. He seated himself in the sofa. He was seated in the sofa. Please be seated/ take your seat,I found my son sitting/seated at the desk. With +宾语+宾补(形容词、副词、介词结构、v-ing、v-ed， to do )The teacher entered the classroom, with the door open. with the lights out/ with a book in his hand/ with a girl following(主动)/ with a girl followed(被动) / with a lot of work to do. Practice1. 指出下列句子中v-ing形式的用法：1. Do you find it funny to see someone sliding on a banana skin, bumping into someone else round a corner, or falling down a hole in the road?2. But he was lived by all who watched the films for his determination in overcoming difficulties and being kind even when people were unkind to him.3. That was the problem facing Charlie Chaplin in one of his most famous films.4. He loved it by using nonverbal humor. 5. Their job is “panning for gold”.6. Finally he tries cutting and eating the bottom of the shoe.Practice2. 找出并改正下列句子中的错误。1. I am looking forward to visit Charlie Chaplin Museum in Switzerland next week. 2. Many people still enjoy seeing Charlie Chaplins silent films. 3. Charlies nonverbal humor often makes people bursting with laughter. 4. We are all fond of Charlies early films, which we think are more interested. 5. I missed to see the beginning of the film City Lights the other day. 6. I wouldnt mind to see The Gold Rush again with you tonight. 7. Charlies job was entertain people, wasnt he? Practice3. 从 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 Group1.1. Though I have often heard this song _, I have never heard you _ it. A. being sung; sang B. sang; singing C. sung; sing D. to be sung; to sing 2. It was so cold that they kept the fire _all night. A. to burn B. burn C. burning D. burned3. Did you meet anyone _ at the party? No, in fact, I found the party rather _. A. interesting; boring B. interested; boring C. interesting; bored D. interested; bored 4. The salesman scolded the girl caught _ and let her off. A. to have stolen B. to be stealing C. to steal D. stealing 5. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen. A. smokeB. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked 6. Dont leave the water_ while you brush your teeth. A. run B. runningC. being run D. to run 7. The bell_ the end of the period rang, _ our heated discussion. A. indicating(表明，说明，暗示), interrupting B. indicated, interrupting(中断，打断)C. indicating; interrupted D. indicated; interrupted 8. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door _Sorry to miss you; will call later. A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading 9. Its a waste of time him. He is no longer in charge now. A. asking B. to ask C. asked D. asks 10. -Why did you go back to the shop? -I left my friend _ there. A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. waits Group2.1. He looked around and caught a man _ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting2. The manager, _it clear to us that he didnt agree with us, left the meeting room. A. who has made B. having made C. made D. making3. -Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.-Sorry. With so much work _my mind, I almost break down. A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled4. Peter received a letter just now _ his grandma would come to see him soon. A. said B. say C. saying D. to say5. I smell something _ in the kitchen. Can I