专升本语法大全

专升本考试语法备考考点o 通过2002-2010专升本真题统计得出，语法考点依次重点为：o 从句、非谓语动词、虚拟语气、情态动词o 形容词和副词、动词时态、动词语态、介词、倒装、独立主格、it用法、主谓一致、反义疑问句等专升本必考重点语法一定语从句一、定语从句与引导词定语从句是在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词，而引导定语从句的词叫引导词，有关系代词和关系副词两类。o 1.关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,在定语从句中作主语、宾语,whose作定语。o 代人的有：who,whom,whose,that；o 代物的有：that,which,whose.o 例如：The man who helped you is Mr White.o (who代人，在定语从句中作主语)That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.o (whom,who,that代人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略) Im not the fool(that) you thought me to be.o (that代人，在定从中作表语)A dictionary is a useful book which(that) tells us the meaning of wordso (which或that代物，在定从中作主语)o 2关系副词有：when(指时间)，where(指地点),why(指原因)，在定语从句中作状语。例如：Would you suggest a time(when) we can have a talk?o (when可省略)The house where they live is not very large./This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.注意：不是表时间的先行词都用when引导定从，不是表地点的先行词都用where引导定从。o 例如：Well visit the factory which(that) makes radios.(which或that在定从中作主语，where不可用主语，故不可用)They still remember the happy days(which/that) they spent in Beidaihe.(which或that在定从中作spent的宾语，when不可作宾语，故不可用)二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句o 限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号分开，修饰主句中的某一个名词或名词词组或代词；非限制性定语从句常用逗号和主句隔开，可以修饰主句中的某一个词，也可修饰整个句子。o 非限制性定语从句不能用that引导，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词不能省略。o 非限制性定语从句例：Li Pings father, who works in a factory, is an engineer./He tore up my photo, which made me very angry.o He is good at physics, as is known to us all.As is known to us all, he is good at physics.o (as指代主句内容，在as is known/believed, as we all know/believe这类结构中as不可换为which)三、只用that引导和不用that引导的场合o 1只用that引导和不用that引导的场合o 1） 当先行词既包括人又包括物时：o He talked about the men and the books that attractedhim.2） 指物的先行词被any, every, only, very, all, no等修饰时：o These are the very points that interest me./Thats the only watch that I like most.3） 指物的先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时：The first step that we are to take is very difficult./This is the second card that he gave me.4） 先行词是指物的不定代词all,little,few,much,及everything,anything,nothing等时：o There is still much that can be done about it./Have you got everything that you need?5） 先行词是who时：Who that have seen him does not like him?o 2不用that的场合如下：1）非限制性定语从句中 o Last night ,I saw a very good film, which was about the Long March . 2）介词放在关系代词之前时 o This is the man from whom I learnt the news3）句中出现了that，或先行词是that时 o I have found that which I was looking for.四、“介词关系代词”用法o 1介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配，例如：o Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands?(shake hands with是习惯性搭配)2介词常受先行词的制约（即介词和先行词的搭配），例如：He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.(through which 即through the telescope)3 当关系代词作“动词介词”固定短语的宾语时，此时因定短语中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前。例如：o This is the watch which youre looking for./He is a kind of man whom you can safely depend on.五、几个名词后的引导词o 1. situation后常用where,in which引导定语从句：o Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use the word?2. way(方式，方法)后常用in which或that或how引导定语从句，也可省略：o Do you know the way(in which/that/how) he worked out the problem?3. “the same名词”，“such名词”，“as名词”后通常用as引导定语从句。例如：I have the same dictionary as you(have)./Such a book as you bought is not worth buying.定语从句考点分析1The best work _ Luxun wrote and _ I have read has been made into a film.A.which;that B.that; C.;that D.;析：如果两个定语从句并列，关系代词作宾语时前一句的可以省略，但后一句的不可省略，故应选C。2 It was in 1969 _ two Americans got to the moon by space ship.It was 1969 _ two Amerians got to the moon by space ship.A.when B.which C.that D.析：第一句是强调时间in 1969,强调结构是“It was强调部分that句”，故应选C。第二句It是表时间的，先行词1969在从句中作状语，故选A。3 Is this the house _ Shakespeare was born?A.at which B.which C.in which D.at where析：观察题目，空白处只有填in which或where才能表达“这是莎士比亚出生的房子吗？”这一意思，故答案为C。4 Is this house _ Shakespeare was born?A.where B.which C.in which D.at which析：将此句变为陈述句；This house is _ Shakespeare was born.显然is后是一表语从句，只有选where(the place where)才能表达“这是莎士比亚的出生地”这一意思，故答案为A。5In the dark street,there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A.to whom B.of whom C.from whom D.that 析：“介词关系代词”要考虑短语搭配或与先行搭配，这道题短语turn to有关，故应选A。7Have you ever asked him the reason _ may explain his being late.A.why B.that C.for which D.what析：此题易误选A、C，因为先行词是the reason,但细观察分析，定语从句缺少主语，所以答案是B。注意what不能引导定语从句。8Farming is difficult _ there is no rain.A.where B.in place C.that D.the place where析：因为difficult是形容词，故其后不是定语从句。这儿的空白处应填引导状语从句where(in the place where),全句表达“在没有雨水的地方耕种困难”。这一意思，可见答案为A。9We need the same machine _ in your factory.A.which is being used B.as is being used C.that is being used D.as it is being used析：根据“the same先行词”后跟as引导定语从句的原则，可知答案为B。10_ the people,not things _ are most important.A.There are;who B.Those are;that C.It is;that D.It was;who析：仔细观察分析题目，可知只有C构成强调句才有成立。当我们要检验视其为强调句的判断是否正确时，只要将“It is (或was)that”这三个词去掉，剩下部分读起来正确无误，则证明判断是正确的，反之是错误的。此题如不填“It isthat”三词，句子是The people,not things are most important.语义完整正确，说明选C是对的。专升本必考重点语法二名词性从句名词从句有四类：宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。宾语从句：I dont know where he will go.主语从句：Where he will go is unknown.表语从句：The problem is how we can get so much money.同位语从句：We all feel sorry about the news that he failed in the game.名词性从句考点1o whether和if都可以引导宾语从句表达“是否”意，（即引导宾语从句时if和whether可以互换）但以下几种名词从句要用whether（不用if）引导：（1） 引导主语从句，且在句首时。o 例：Whether he has won the tennis is not known.(但It is not known whether/if he has won the tennis).（2） 引导表语从句时。o 例The problem is whether he can get a job. （3） 引导同位语从句时。o 例：I have no idea whether he will come.（4） 介词后的whether从句。o 例：I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.名词性从句考点2o 位于句首引导主语从句的that不能省略o That he got the first place in the competition surprised all of us.名词性从句考点3在“It is suggested/proposed/ordered/a pity/no wonder/necessary/strange/that从句”结构中，that从句谓语有时用（should）do这样的虚拟语气形式。例如：It is suggested that we(should) improve the relations between us.s life.It is a pity that one(should) stay in one place all oneIt is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings（缺点）名词性从句考点4在“The reason whyis that”句式中that不要误为because.例如：The reason why he didnt go to school yesterday is that he was ill名词性从句考点5名词从句中that,what用法比较：引导名词从句的that是连词，在句中无成份，无意义，而what是连接代词，whatthe thing(s) that.例如：s newspaper that what the students had done was praisedIt was told in yesterdayby the factory. I know that he will study.I know what he will study.That he works hard at his lessons is known to us all.What he works hard at is known to us all.All I ask is that you should tell the truth./He is not what(the person that)he used to be.他和以前大不相同了。名词性从句考点6where在名词从句中的使用特点：where在名词从句中有时可以变为“the place where”,有时可以变为“介词the place where” 形式。例如：主从：Where(The place where)she has gone is still unknown.宾从：Would you please tell me where(the place where) Mr Smith lives?表从：Your dictionary remains where(in/at the place where)you put.同位从：Have you any idea where(of the place where) she is spending her holidays?名词性从句考点7无论是哪种名词从句都是陈述语序。o 例如：I know where he lives./Please tell me what her name is.当一个特殊疑问句本身就是陈述语序（即“主谓（宾）”或“主系表”结构），将其变为间接引语（即宾语从句）时，无需改变语序。例如：Whats the matter with him? o She asked me what was the matter with him.Who looks after your grandfather? o He asked me who looked after my grandfather一、 主语从句1. 主语从句在句中作主语的句子叫主语从句引导词：从属连词that whether 连接代词what who which whatever whoever连接副词how when where why注意：that在从句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当成分。 What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚Who will win the match is still unknown. Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. That he stole a bike was true. 单个的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如果是两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。 Where and when he was born has not been found. When the person was murdered and why he was murdered are still unknown. 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it 代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主句的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：1）It + be + 名词 + that从句2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。注意:在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气 “(should) +do”，常用的句型有：It is necessary Its importantIts natural /strange that 二、 宾语从句2. 宾语从句名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1.)由连接词that引导的宾语从句由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。 He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 注意:在demand, order, suggest, advise, decide, insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用 “should+ 动词原形”。 I insist that she (should) do her work alone. The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 但是, 如果suggest作“表明、暗示”讲, insist作“坚持说、坚持认为”讲，则其后的宾语从句中应该用陈述语气。 The smile on his face suggested that he had passed the examination. I want to know what he has told you. She always thinks of how she can work well. She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 3)用whether或if引导的宾语句whether和if均可引导动词后的宾语从句，常可互换。但从句中有or not时或介词后的宾语从句中只能用whether连接。其它名词性从句，如：主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句只用whether. 介词后的宾语从句一般不用which和if引导，要用whether和what。that也很少引导介词宾语从句，只在except, but, besides等之后才用。 I dont care about whether you have money or not. Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 4)宾语从句中的时态呼应 宾语从句的谓语动词时态受主句谓语动词的影响，如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时从句中的谓语动词可以用各种时态； I know that he studies English every day. I know that he studied English last term. I know (that) he will study English next year. We all know that he has studied English since 1998. 如果主句中的谓语动词用了一般过去时，则从句中的语动只能用过去时的某种形式，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等； We believed that he had earned enough money to build a house. The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America 当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态The teacher told us that the sun rises in the east.5)当主句是I/ We think (suppose, expect, believe, guess, imagine) 时，其后的宾语从句如果是否定形式，常把否定词not从从句中转移到主句中成为否定的转移。 We dont believe that he will win the game. I dont think he will do so. 三、表语从句3. 表语从句在句中作表语的句子叫表语从句。 引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if, because 引导。其基本结构为： 主语 + 系动词 + that从句 The fact is that we have lost the game. Thats just what I want. This is where our problem lies. That is why he didnt come to the meeting. It looks as if it is going to rain. This is because he missed the train by one minute.需要注意的是，当主语是reason 时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。 The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning. 三、 定语从句定语从句的两种形式限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句的构成The old lady who lives next to us sells books.You should do all that I said.I have found the teacher whom I am looking for .I visited the factory where my father works.先行词和关系词的关系1.A plane is a machine that can fly.a machine = that2.The boy who broke the window is called Tom.the boy =who 关系代词实际上是先行词的复指3.The boy whose parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather. the boys =whose 关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格4.The school where I study is far from my homein the school = where 关系副词实际上是介词先行词关系代词的用法关系代词在从句中可以：何时可以省略？ 做宾语时可以省略关系代词的用法练习1.The eggs were not fresh. I bought them yesterdayThe eggs (that/which) I bought them were not fresh.2.The friend was not hungry. He came to supper last night.The friend who/ that he came to supper last night was not hungry. 3.He prefers the cheese. It comes from his parents farm.He prefers the cheese that / which it comes from his parents farm.4.The noodles were delicious. You cooked them.The noodles( which/ that )you cooked them were delicious.5.I dont like the people. They smoke a lot.I dont like the people that / who they smoke a lot.关系副词和先行词的关系I still remember the day when I came here. on the day =whenThis is the house where I lived last year. in the house= whereThere are many reasons why people like traveling. for the reasons =whyI dont like the way that you speak. in the way =that关系副词实际上是介词先行词几种易混的情况1.Ill never forget the days_when /in which_ _ we worked together.2.Ill never forget the days _which_ we spent together. 及物动词3.I went to the place where/ in which I worked ten years ago.4.I went to the place _which I visited ten years ago. 及物动词5.This is the reason _why/ for which_ he was late.6.This is the reason _that/which_ he gave. 及物动词难用的 whoseJoin the following pair of sentencesThe teacher praised the student. His English is the best in our class.The teacher praised the student whose English is the best in our class. whose =the students关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格The house is mine. The window of the house is broken.The house whose window is broken is mine. whose=the houses windowThe house the window of which is broken（of which the window is broken） is mine.非限制性定语从句Please compare:Teachers who are kind are popular with the students.Mr Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students.The town where I live is beautiful.Kenli, where I live, is beautiful.分析两种定语从句省略后的结果Teachers who are kind are popular with the students.Mr Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students.The town where I live is beautiful.Kenli, where I live, is beautiful.限制性定语从句省略后主语所指就不明确，所以不能省略非限制性定语从句和单句的比较1.I am reading Harry Porter, _which_is an interesting book.2.He failed in the exam._This_ made his parents angry.3.He failed in the exam, _which_made his parents angry. （That错误）4.He has two sons. Both of _them_ are teachers. 5.He has two sons, both of _whom_ are teachers.as 引导的非限制性定语从句The earth is round ._It_ is known to all.The earth is round , _which/ as _ is known to all._As_ is known to all, the earth is round. 定语从句在句首时只能用as_It_ is known to all that the earth is round.as 具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的，如：as you know/ as you see/as we planned/as we expectedas 引导的非限制性定语从句 (1)Please compare:This is the same pen as I lost. 这本书和我丢的那本一模一样.This is the same pen that I lost. 这本书就是我丢的那本。as 引导的限制性定语从句 (2)Please complete the following sentences and compare :This is such an interesting book _as_ we all like.This is so interesting a book _as_ we all like.这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。(定语从句)This is such an interesting book _that_we all like it.This is so interesting a book _that_we all like it.这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。(结果状语从句)介词+关系代词的情况 1The man whom you spoke to was a scientist.The city which she lives in is far away.介词+关系代词的情况 2Are these two sentences right?The man who/whom you spoke to was a scientist.The city that/which she lives in is far away.介词+关系代词的情况 3The man to who()/whom you spoke was a scientist.The city in that()/which she lives is far away. 可见,who、that 不能用与介词之后介词+关系代词的情况 4下面两句中的介词能提前吗?Is this the watch that you are looking for?The old man whom I am looking after is better . 在固定短语中介词不能提前介词+关系代词的情况 练习 1. Do you like the book on which she spent $10? 2. Do you like the book for which she paid $10? 3. Do you like the book from which she learned a lot? 4. Do you like the book about which she often talks? 5. He built a telescope through which he could study the skies. 6. There is a tall tree outside, under which stands our teacher. 7. China has a lot of rivers, the second longest _of which_is the Yellow River.8. The tower from which people can have a good view is on the hill. 9. The man _to whom_ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling. 10. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most _of which_ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.只能用that 做关系代词的情况1.当先行词是不定代词时,如:All ,few, little, much, every, something, anything, everything等2.当先行词被the only, the very, the same, little, few, no, any等修饰时3.当人和物合做先行词时4.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时5.在疑问词who、which、what开头的句子中只能用which 做关系代词的情况：在非限制性定语从句中或者在介词后面。Exercise （that , which or who?）1.He did all / everything _that_he could to help me.2.This is the very thing _that_ I am after.3.We talked about the men and the things _that_ we remembered at school.4.He is the only man _that_ can do the work.5.This is the first thing _that_ I want to say.6.He is the finest man _that_ I have ever worked with.7.Who is the man _that_ spoke to you at the gate.8.Which is the star _that_ is nearest to the earth.(that , which ,whose, whom or who?)9.Is there anything else _that_ you want to say?10.Any person _that_ has the money can join the group.11.He often speaks the role he played in the play, which made others upset.12.He opened the door, in front of _which_ sat a boy.13.The man to _whom_ I spoke is a famous scientist.14.The boy _whose_ mother is dead was brought up by his father.五、状语从句5. 状语从句-状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子根据其作用可分为9种：1.时间 2.地点 3.原因 4.条件 5.目的 6.结果 7.让步 8.方式 9.比较1.时间状语从句常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until 特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when I didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult. While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking. The children ran away from the orchard(果园), the moment they saw the guard. No sooner had I arrived home ,then it began to rain. Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. 2.地点状语从句常用引导词：where 特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. Wherever you go, you should work hard. 地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型：句型1：Where地点从句，（there）主句。 【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里哪里就”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如： Where there is no rain, farming is di