2013年职称英语第五次课讲义.doc

2013年职称英语第五次课讲义第5课 常用句型复习课程重点：三种句型的肯定句、否定句、疑问句与 一般时态表达本课练习1、【三种句型的肯定句、否定句、疑问句与时态表达】主谓宾She studies English 现在肯定She does not study English 现在否定Does she study English? 现在疑问She studied English. 过去肯定She did not study English. 过去否定Did she study English? 过去疑问She will study English. 将来肯定She will not study English. 将来否定Will she study English? 将来疑问She would study English. 过去将来肯定She would not study English. 过去将来否定Would she study English? 过去将来疑问主系表He is a student. 现在肯定He is not a student. 现在否定Is he a student? 现在疑问He was a student. 过去肯定He was not a student. 过去否定Was he a student? 过去疑问He will be a student. 将来肯定He will not be a student. 将来否定Will he be a student? 将来疑问He would be a student. 过去将来肯定He would not be a student. 过去将来否定Would he be a student? 过去将来疑问there be 句型There is a pen on the desk. 现在肯定There is not a pen on the desk. 现在否定Is there a pen on the desk? 现在疑问There was a pen on the desk. 过去肯定There was not a pen on the desk. 过去否定Was there a pen on the desk? 过去疑问There will be a pen on the desk. 将来肯定There will not be a pen on the desk. 将来否定Will there be a pen on the desk? 将来疑问There would be a pen on the desk. 过去将来肯定There would not be a pen on the desk.过去将来否定Would there be a pen on the desk? 过去将来疑问2、【本课练习】找出下列句子的核心内容（1）The man with flower is a doctor.（2）There is a girl under the tree in the park.（3）The student from China was my classmate in the middle school.（4）There are some foreigners in the church in front of my house.（5）There is not a key on the bed in the room in this apartment.（6）The boy reads books in the reading room everyday.(7)The woman in red is my aunt from Beijing.（8）There were some monkeys on the tree in the garden in this park.第6课 进行时态的分类及构成课程重点：进行时态的分类进行时态的构成进行时态的否定句和疑问句进行时态的应用本课练习1、【进行时态的分类】 态时一般进行完成完成进行现 在一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时过 去一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时将 来一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时过去将来一般过去将来时过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时提示 所谓“时”就是行为发生的时段或状态存在的时段，即：现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种；所谓“态”就是行为或状态发生时所呈现的状态，有一般、进行、完成或完成进行四种。时态（tense）是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。英语时态分为16种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。2、【进行时态的构成】时 态结构现在进行时Is (am, are) doing过去进行时was (were) doing将来进行时will be doing过去将来进行时would be doing提示 在前面的课程中我们学习了主系表结构，但如发现be（am is are）后面那个词是以ing结尾的，说明是主谓宾结构的进行时态，切记不可混淆。She is reading the book.She was reading the book.She will be reading the book.She would be reading the book.We are doing the homework.We were doing the homework.We will be doing the homework.We would be doing the homework.提示 进行时态的be与主系表中的be变化一致，掌握好be句型，也就掌握了进行时态。Be句型be+名词/形容词/介词短语（主系表），进行时be+动词ing（主谓宾）3、【进行时态的否定句和疑问句】 She is reading the book. 现在进行时（肯定） She is not reading the book. 现在进行时（否定） Is she reading the book? 现在进行时（疑问） She was reading the book. 过去进行时（肯定） She was not reading the book. 过去进行时（否定） Was she reading the book? 过去进行时（疑问） She will be reading the book. 将来进行时（肯定） She will not be reading the book. 将来进行时（否定） Will she be reading the book? 将来进行时（疑问） She would be reading the book. 过去将来进行时（肯定） She would not be reading the book. 过去将来进行时（否定）Would She be reading the book? 过去将来进行时（疑问）4、【进行时态的应用】进行时在汉语中意为:正在进行的,在进行中的，但进行时并不是在所有情况下都可以理解为“正在”的意思 They are playing basketball now. 他们正在打篮球 （现在进行） She is singing an English song. 她在唱一首英文歌（现在进行） I was doing my homework at 5 yesterday.昨天5点的时候，我在做作业。（过去进行）进行时态与一般时态比较，可表达暂时性 John lives in China. （长期的）John住在中国 John is living in China. (暂时的) John住在中国提示 两句话用中文翻译出来的意思一样，但第一句是一般时态，表长期。第二句时进行时态，表暂时性。从第二句话可得知，John不是中国人，只是临时生活在中国。表示安慰、关心、喜欢、讨厌感情色彩 He is always making noises in class.（讨厌） 他在班里总是很吵闹。比较 He always makes noises in class.这两句话的意思差不多，第一句话用了现在进行时，更表达了厌恶的情绪。 The baby cried. 孩子哭. 比较 The baby was crying. 孩子（哇哇地）哭 （悲伤） 汉语用象声词来表达画面感，英文象声词较少，一般用进行时态 My girlfriend was dating with a handsome guy. I was quarrelling with her. She was beating my heart. 我女朋友和一个帅哥约会，我和她大吵了一架，她伤了我的心 (痛苦)（向听者诉说不幸遭遇，仿佛把对方拉进当时的场景。突出表达感情色彩） I will wait for you.我会等你比较 I will be waiting for you.我会（一直）等你 (决心)进行时表未完成含开始或渐进之意love the job. 我爱这份工作am loving the job. 我爱这份工作( 渐渐爱上了)5、【本课练习】将下列一般时改为进行时（1）I study Chinese. (2) The bus stops. (3) It rained yesterday. (4) She will tell you the truth. (5) The dog catches the cat.第7课 完成时态的构成课程重点：完成时态的概念完成时态的构成现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时本课练习1、【完成时态的概念】所谓完成时就是已经完成的时态。 包括现在完成时，过去完成时和将来完成时。平时接触 较多的是过去完成时和现在完成时。2、【完成时态的构成】 句型时态主系表主谓宾提示 done只是代表do变成过去分词的形式，具体动词， 如study（学习），就改为studied现在完成have (has) been（be的过去分词）have (has) done过去完成had beenhad done将来完成will have beenwill have done过去将来完成would have beenwould have done提示 规则变化的动词，过去式和过去分词都一样。不规则动词都能在字典查到，职称考试的第一部分词汇题，可用字典辅助查出词义，但字典出现一般的都不是原形，了解动词的过去式、过去分词的变化形式可以帮助我们更准确的把动词还原为原形，提高解题效率。动词三种形式 原形(一般时态)过去式（过去时态）过去分词（完成时态）变化规则am/is/arewas/werebeen不规则dodiddone不规则havehadhad不规则comecamecome不规则gowentgone不规则getgotgot不规则visitvisitedvisited规则studystudiedstudied规则movemovedmoved规则3、【现在完成时】过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果，过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。常常与since（自从），for（持续）连用。I have worked in this school since 2001. 自从2001年至今，我一直在这所学校工作。（持续到现在） Mr. Wang has taught English for 20 years. 王老师教了20年英语。（教学经验丰富，过去动作对现在的影响） We have seen that film before. 我们之前看过那部电影。（对剧情了解，过去动作对现在的影响）一般过去时和现在完成时试比较以下几组句子，有什么区别He has lived in Beijing for 8 years. 现在完成He lived in Beijing for 8 years. 一般过去两句话翻译成中文都表示“他在北京住了 8 年”第一句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了 8 年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。第二句讲的是他在北京住过 8 年，现在已经不在北京了。I have washed the car. 现在完成我洗过了车。（看上去很漂亮）过去动作对现在的影响I washed the car a moment ago. 一般过去我刚才洗过车了。过去发了的事4、【过去完成时】表示发生在过去的动作对过去晚些时候造成的影响或结果过去某一动作一直持续到过去晚些时候将来可能还要延续经常与since（自从），for（持续），by（截止）连用 He had studied English for 10 years by 2008.到2008年为止，他学了10年英语。2008年之前（1998年）过去2008年过去的晚些时候 He said he had known her well他说他很熟悉她。认识她过去 他说过去的晚些时候 5、【将来完成时】表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作 We will have studied English for 20 years by 2015.到2015年为止，我们将学有20年英语。2015将来的一个时间。从将来的这个时间往前推20年。四种完成时态比较 She has been beautiful since 2009. 自从2009年她一直漂亮（过去延续到现在） She had been beautiful by 2009. 直到2009年她一直漂亮（过去的过去延续到过去）She will have been beautiful by 2015.直到2015年前她会一直漂亮（过去延续到将来,使用较少）She said she would have been beautiful by 2006.她说过截止2006年前都会一直漂亮（过去延续到过去的将来，几乎不用）提示 以说话时间为止作为完成时的分界点。到现在为止现在完成时 / 到过去为止过去完成时 / 到将来为止将来完成时过去的过去 过去 现在 将来 现在完成时 （或延续） 过去完成时 （或延续） 将来完成时 6、【本课练习】将下列句子改为（现在、过去、将来）完成时(1) He is poor. (2) Mary lived here. (3) I studied Japanese.历年真题实战技巧2010年综合类A The Iceman On a September day in 1991，two Germans were climbing the mountain between Austria and ItalyHigh up on a mountain pass，they found the body of a man lying on the ice. At that height (10,499 feet or 3，200 meters)，the ice is usually permanent，but 1991 had been an especially warm yearThe mountain ice had melted more than just usual and so the body had come to the surfaceIt was lying face downwardThe skeleton(骨架)was in perfect condition，except for a wound in the headThere was still skin on the bones and the remains of some clothesThe hands were still holding the wooden handle of an ax and on the feet there were very simple leather and cloth bootsNearby was a pair of gloves made of tree bark(树皮)and a holder for arrowsWho was this man? How and when had he died? Everybody had a different answer to these questionsSome people thought that it was from this century，perhaps the body of a soldier who died in World War Isince several soldiers had already been found in the area A Swiss woman believed it might be her father, who had died in those mountains twenty years before and whose body had never been foundThe scientists who rushed to look at the body thought it was probably much older，may be even a thousand years old With modern dating techniques，the scientists soon learned that the iceman was about 5，300 years oldBorn in about 3300 BC，he lived during the Bronze Age in EuropeAt first scientists thought he was probably a hunter who had died from an accident in the high mountains. More recent evidencehowever，tells a different storyA new kind of X-ray shows an arrowhead still stuck in his shoulderIt left only a tiny hole in his skin，but it caused internal damage and bleedingHe almost certainly died from this wound，and not from the wound on the back of his headThis means that he was probably in some kind of a battleIt may have been part of a large war，or he may have been fighting banditsHe may even have been a bandit himself By studying his clothes and tools，scientists have already learned a great deal from the Iceman about the times he lived inwe may never know the full story of how he died，but he has given us important clues to the history of those distant times31The body of the iceman was found in the mountains mainly because Atwo Germans were climbing the mountains. Bthe melted ice made him visible.Che was lying on the ice.Dhe was just on a mountain pass.32What can be inferred from paragraph 2? A The iceman could have died from the wound in the head B The iceman was killed while workingC The iceman lived a poor lifeD The iceman was struck dead from behind33All the following are assumptions once made about iceman EXCEPTAhe was a soldier in World War I Bhe was a Swiss womans long-lost fatherChe was born about a thousand years agoDhe came from Italy 34The scientists made the deduction that the iceman Awas hit in the shoulder by an arrowhead Bhad got a wound on the back of his headCwas probably in some kind of a battle Dhas a tiny hole in his skin causing his death 35The word bandits in paragraph 4 could be best replaced by Asoldiers Brobbers Chunters Dshooters 2010年综合类A The Iceman冰人 On a September day in 1991，two Germans were climbing the mountain between Austria and ItalyHigh up on a mountain pass，they found the body of a man lying on the ice. At that height (10,499 feet or 3，200 meters)，the ice is usually permanent，but 1991 had been an especially特别 warm暖和 yearThe mountain ice had melted more than just usual and so the body had come to the surface表面It was lying face downwardThe skeleton(骨架)was in perfect condition，except for a wound in the headThere was still skin on the bones and the remains of some clothesThe hands were still holding the wooden handle of an ax and on the feet there were very simple leather and cloth bootsNearby was a pair of gloves made of tree bark(树皮)and a holder for arrowsWho was this man? How and when had he died? Everybody had a different answer to these questionsSome people thought that it was from this century，perhaps the body of a soldier who died in World War Isince several soldiers had already been found in the area A Swiss woman believed it might be her father, who had died in those mountains twenty years before and whose body had never been foundThe scientists who rushed to look at the body thought it was probably much older，may be even a thousand years old With modern dating techniques，the scientists soon learned that the iceman was about 5，300 years oldBorn in about 3300 BC，he lived during the Bronze Age in EuropeAt first scientists thought he was probably a hunter who had died from an accident in the high mountains. More recent evidencehowever，tells a different storyA new kind of X-ray shows an arrowhead still stuck in his shoulderIt left only a tiny hole in his skin，but it caused internal damage and bleedingHe almost certainly died from this wound，and not from the wound on the back of his headThis means that he was probably in some kind of a battleIt may have been part of a large war，or he may have been fighting banditsHe may even have been a