lecture 4英语专业《英语词汇学》学习课件

1,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,讲授题目：Word Formation 所属章节：教材之第2单元计划学时：2 periods教学方法：传统讲授法参考资料：英语词汇学教程、英语词汇学 教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对英语 的构词法有初步了解，尤其是产 出新词最多的三种主要构词法中的词缀法。,2,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,教学重点： Affixation.教学难点：Types of affixation.,3,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion.,4,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,According to Pyles and Algeo (1982), words produced through affixation constitute 30% to 40% of the total number of new words; compounding yields 28% to 30% of all the new words; conversion gives us 26% of the new vocabulary. The rest of new words come form shortening including clipping and acronymy, amounting to 8% to 10%, together with 1% to 4% of words born out of blending and other means.,5,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,Talking about word-forming patterns means dealing with rules. But a rule of word-formation usually differs from a syntactic rule. Not all the words that are produced by applying the rule are acceptable. For example, the existence of the actual English words unclean, unwise, unfair does not ensure the acceptance of unsad, unexcellent.,6,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,Therefore, rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certain extent. For example, the Old English th which is found in warmth, length, depth, width, derived from adjectives warm, long, deep, wide,but broad is no longer used to form new word broadth ( coolth)-(Quirk, et al 1985).,7,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,By word-formation processes, we concentrate on productive or marginally productive rules. While applying the rules, we should remember that there are always exceptions.(在构词过程中，我们要注意到活跃性和边缘性问题。必须记住，规则都有例外。),Lecture 4 Word Formation ,1. Affixation (词缀法)Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.,1) Prefixation (前缀法), Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, present-day English finds an increasing number of class-changing prefixes, for example: asleep, alike, alive (a- + v. adj.) a- ( in, to, at, on) encourage, entrain, endanger (en- + n. v.) en- (to put or get into)enlarge, enrich, enable (en- + adj. v.) en- (to cause to be)belittle, becalm (be- + adj. v.) bedazzle, bewitch (be- + n. v.) be-(to make, to cause to be ) deplane, detrain (de- + n. v. ) de- (to get off)postwar, postliberation (post- + n. adj.) post - (after, later than)inter-laboratory, intercollege (inter- + n. adj. ) inter- (between, among)These make up only an insignificant number in the huge contemporary vocabulary.,The majority of prefixes are characterized by their non-class changing nature. Their chief function is to change meanings of the stems. Accordingly, we shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups.,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,Lecture 4 Word Formation , Negative prefixes: a-, dis-, in(im-, il-, ir-), non-, un-: without, not a-: amoral, apolitical, asexual, asymmetry 不对称(现象) dis-: disloyal, disobey, dislike, disfavorin-: / im / il / ir : injustice, insane, improper, immovable, irrelevant, irreplaceable, illogical, illegal. non-: non-smoker (not a smoker), non- classical (not classical).un-: unfair, unforgettable, unwise, unwilling.,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,Reversative prefixes: de-, dis-, un-de-: decentralize, decode, defrost, decompose (分解)dis-: disunite, disallow, disconnect, disown (否认，声明与子女等脱离关系)un-: undo, unhorse, unpack, unwrap, untie. The prefixes of this group can all be found in the previous class. The reason for their separation lies in the meaning.,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,Pejorative prefixes: mal-(bad or badly;incorrect or incorrectly), mis(bad or badly;wrong or wrongly ), pseudo-(false or pretended)mal-: maltreat, malpractice, malfunction, malformed.mis-: misconduct, miscalculate, mishear, misfire, mislead.pseudo-: pseudo-friend, pseudo-science, pseudo-christianity, pseudo-classic, pseudo-intellectual, pseudo-memory.,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,Prefixes of size or degree:arch- (chief or worst) : archbishop, archduke, archenemy, arch-fascist, arch-rival,arch-traitor.extra- (very) : extra-strong, extra-sensitive; extramarital, extrajudicial.hyper- (too much or over) : hyperactive, hypercritical, hypersensitive, hyperextension.macro- (large or large scale) : macrocosm, macroeconomics, macrobiotics (长寿法通过合理饮食),Lecture 4 Word Formation ,micro- (extremely small) : microchip, microcomputer, microfilm, microphone, microelectronics.mini- (very small or of small size) : minibus, minicab, miniskirt, minicamera, mini-pants, mini-election.out- (to a greater degree or surpassing) : outdo, outgrow, outlive, outpace, outsmart, outnumber.over- (too much,above,beyond) : overact, overbear, overcome, overcrowd, overeat, overestimate.,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,sub- (not quite;beneath; less important) : subconscious, subdivide, subtitle, sub-editor, subheading. super (extremely; very) -: supersophisticated, supermarket, super-clever,supernatural, superstructure.sur- (over; to excess) : surcharge, surface, surreal, surtax, surmount, surpass.,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,ultra- (extremely; very;beyond) : ultra-conservative, ultramodern, ultrared, ultraleft, ultrasonic.under- (insufficient;beneath; too little) : undergrowth, undergraduate, underdeveloped, underestimate, underemployed, undercurrent- n. 潜流、暗流,Lecture 4 Word Formation , Prefixes of orientation and attitudeanti- (against, opposite to): anti-communist, antipathy, antibody, cmti-government.co-(with, together): cooperate, coexist, coheir, co-driver, coeducation.contra- = contro- = counter- (against):contradict contra- (against) + dict (to speak) 否认，反驳pro- (in favor of; supporting): pro-communist , pro-American.,Lecture 4 Word Formation , Locative prefixes (表示方位意义的前缀)：extra- (beyond;outside): extrofficial, extraordinary, extrasensory.fore- (placed at the front; the front part of the stated thing): forearm, forefather, forehead, er- (between, among): interchange, international, intermarry, interschool. intra- = intro- (within, inward): intraoffice, intraparty, intrapersonal,心智之间的,公司内的,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,Prefixes of time and order (表示时间顺序意义的前缀)：ex- (former and still living): ex-president, ex- husband, ex-wifefore- (before; in advance of time ): foretell, forecast, foreshadow, foresee, foretaste.,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,post- (after): post-election, post-doctoral, post-graduate, post-mortem.pre-(before): precaution, predict, prehistoric, premature, prepare.re- (again): rebuild, reconsider, reuse, re-evaluate.,Lecture 4 Word Formation , Number prefixes:bi- (double, two): bicoloured, bilingual, bicycle, bimonthly, bigamy.multi- multichannel, multicolor, multiform.poly- polycentric, polygamy, polygon, polysyllable.,(many, much):,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,semi- semiannual, semicircle, semifinal, semiofficial.hemi- hemisphere (半球), hemicycle 半圆（形）tri- (three, threefold): triangle, tricar, tricycle, trilogy (三部曲).tetra- (four): tetrachord, tetragon, tetrasyllable (四音节词),(half):,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,mono- (single): monocycle, monogamy, monologue, monosyllableuni- (one): unicycle, unicorn, uniform, unit, unique. Miscellaneous prefixes: auto (self):,autobiography, autonomy, autonym. noe- (new): neoclassicism, neologism, neonatal (初生的)pan- (all): pan- European, panacea (万灵药), panorama (全景，全图).vice- (in place of): vice-president, vice-minister, vice-govemor 副州长,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,2) Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation is the formation of words by adding suffixes to stems.Suffixes are of two kinds: class changing and class maintaining.,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,Class-changing suffixes change the word class of the word to which they are added, e.g. ity in electricity. Class-maintaining suffixes do not change the word class but changes the meaning of the derivative, e.g hood in boyhood. Unlike prefixes, most of the English suffixes are class-changing.,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,Suffixes can be classified into noun derivational suffixes, verb derivational suffixes, adjective derivational suffixes and adverb derivational suffixes. Below is Quirk at als classification: Noun + noun suffixes noun,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,a). Occupational, etc.-ster: gamester, gangster, songster, minister, spinster, youngster.-eer: engineer, profiteer, volunteer, racketeer, pamphleteer.-er: Londoner, gardener, miller, glover (手套 制造者、手套商).,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,b). Diminutive and feminine-let: booklet, pamphlet, streamlet, leaflet, starlet (小星星，新秀女演员).-ette: kitchenette, cigarette, leatherette (-ette, 也作-et).-ess: waitress, actress, lioness, authoress, manageress.-y: kitty, pony, birdy = birdie, puppy 小狗.,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,c). Status, domain-hood: boyhood, childhood, brotherhood, widowhood, neighborhood.-ship: citizenship, fellowship, friendship, partnership.-dom: kingdom, officialdom, stardom(明星地位或身份).,Lecture 4 Word Formation , Noun or adjective + noun / adjective suffixes n./ adj-ite: Israelite (以色列人，犹太人),Brooklynite.-ian/-an: Indonesian, Egyptian, Eurropean, Asian.-ese: Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese -ism: communism, existentialism, idealism, modernism (现实主义、现代思想),Lecture 4 Word Formation , Verb + noun suffixes noun-er: worker, window-washer, teacher, baker, manufacture.-or: 表示“人”，“者”，“物”，“器”：actor, author, inspector, governor, conqueror (征服者). -ant: 表示“进行动作的人”，“施行作用者” (也可以构成形容词)inhabitant, assistant, servant, decendant (后裔).-ee: 表示“受动者”，“被人”devotee, employee, nominee, referee, trainee, trustee.,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,-ation: 表示“动作、过程、状态、结果”等fixation, exploration, starvation, foundation, decoration, occupation.-ment: 附在动词（词根）后面，构成名词，表示“行为、结果、过程、手段、状态”。argument, arrangement, amazement, puzzlement. -al: 附在动词后构成名词，表示“的动作”， “ 的过程” refusal, dismissal, proposal, revival.-ing: 在动词后面构成动名词或名称，表示“动作 或动作过程” driving, fighting, paining, earning, opening.-age: 附在动词后构成名词，表示“动作、过程” coverage, passage, shortage, usage, wastage.,Lecture 4 Word Formation , Noun / adjective + verb suffixes verb-ify / -fy: 表示“使成为”、“使类似于”，“使化”beautify, classify, identify, justify, simplify.-ize: 构成及物动词，表示“使成为”，“使 化”，“使形成”e.g. hospitalize, legalize, modernize, popularize, publicize. -en: a. 加在名词后构成动词，表示“使有”、“具有”、“变得有” heighten, lengthen, strengthen ; b. 附在形容词后构成动词，表示“使”、“使成为”、“变得” e.g. deepen, sharpen, redden, weaken, worsen.,Lecture 4 Word Formation , c. 附在物质名词后面构成形容词，表示“由制的（构成的）”.e.g. brazen adj. 黄铜制的； golden 金的，金制的，金色的 leaden 铅制的，铅色的； wooden 本制的，呆笨的 wool(l)en 羊毛的； earthen 土制的，地球上的,Lecture 4 Word Formation , Noun + adjective suffixes adjective-ful: 多加在名词之后，表示“充满”的意思。e.g: useful, delightful, helpful, hopeful, graceful, fruitful.-less: 表示“没有”的意 （反义词为-ful）.e.g: aimless, helpless, speechless, harmless, senseless, shapeless.,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,-ly: 附在名词后构成形容词，表示: a.“像 的”，“有性质的”，“适合的；b. “每 隔时间发生一次的” a. brotherly, manly, earthly, friendly. b. daily, weekly, hourly, fortnightly, monthly.,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,-like: 表“像样的”、“喜欢的”等意思。e.g. businesslike, childlike, ladylike, warlike, womanlike.-y: 表示“充满”，“有性质”，“有倾向”的意思。e.g. bloody, bushy, cloudy, clumsy, foggy, greedy, spicy.,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,-ish: 表示“带有样性质的”（having the character of）， “有关的”。e.g. bookish, childish, foolish, selfish, snobbish (势利的，谄上欺下的)注意：-ish 大都暗示“有点不好的意味，-ly是“好的”意思，-like 则多用于这两者之间的意思：,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,mannish 男子气的（含有责备、嘲弄的语气）manly 像男人的，有男子气概的（带有赞 赏的意味）manlike 像男人的，有男人特质的（不带 有任何特殊的意味）,Lecture 4 Word Formation , Adverb derivational suffixes (一). ence表示“from”的意思e.g. hence adv. = from here 因此；从此时（地）thence adv. = from there 由彼处；因而whence adv. = from where 从何处，何以whither adv. = to where 向何处 (二). ling, -long 表示“在方向”：e.g. darkling adv. 在黑暗中； flatling adv. 平坦地 sideling 横地、斜地； headlong 头向前地； sidelong 横地，斜地,Lecture 4 Word Formation ,(三). ly: 附在形容词或分词后构成副词，表示“方式”、“状态”、“顺序”、“程序”，“从方面（或观点、角度等”）e.g. actually, barely, heartily, roughly, shortly, firstly, violently, greatly, economically, technically. (四). word (s): 表示“方向”afterward(s) adv. 以后； backward(s) 向后地downward(s) 向下地； inward(s) 内部地，向内部outward(s) 向外，在外； upward(s) 向上地，向上游，超过,44,Some modern affixes,1. Mega-(very large)Megacity特大城市Megadestruction大毁灭Megagame大赛Megastructure超级建筑Megarich十分富有Megaversity超级大学,45,2.Cyber-(automatic/computer