法律翻译评论.doc

1、 英译中关于shall的用法：法律汉译英中shall与should以及will陈忠诚从某种意义上讲，在法律英语当中， “shall”的确主要用来表达某种命令或义务，在这个意义上，它和“must”同义。由此可见，在法律英语中，除了表达命令或义务外，“shall”还可以用来表示立法机关就某一法律规定所做的某种宣示。因此，在“施行”条文中所使用的“shall”可以也应当理解为立法机关就该法律法规的生效时间所做的明确宣示。2、“直通”式中华人民共和国国旗法:A Law of the Peoples Republic of China on the National FlagB National Flag Law of the Peoples Republic of China制定标题翻译的通用规范。 有关机构可以规定颁发文件的大机构在前、小机构在后；机构名称一般不用OF短语；在文件中机构名称要单独成行等。例如： 上海市人民政府通知 - Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government Notice （也可以译成Notice of Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government，但不要在Notice 前面加冠词the） 上海市人民政府法令 - Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government Decree 上海市人民政府办公厅通知 - Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government General Office Notice 或者Notice of General Office Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government(Notice前不用冠词the，General Office 和Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government之间不加of )。 ：“上海市人民政府关于本市提前实施第四阶段国家机动车排放标准的通告” Notice of Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government on Implementing Ahead of Schedule the Forth Stage State Vehicle Emission Standard in This Municipality (汇编2009年第5期)，文件的标题可以为： Notice of Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government Implementing Ahead of Schedule the Forth Stage National Vehicle Emission Standard ：“上海市人民政府办公厅关于转发市发展改革委制定的上海市对部分重要商品及服务实行价格干预措施的实施办法”的通知。原译稿：Notice of the General Office of Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government on Transmitting the Implementation Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Adopting Temporary Price Intervention Measures for Part of Important Commodities and Services Made by the Municipal Development and Reform Commission （汇编2008年第三期）。 修改后的标题为： Notice of General Office Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government Implementation Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Adopting Temporary Price Intervention Measures for Part of Important Commodities and Services Forwarded document from the Municipal Development and Reform Commission 3. liable和responsible在法律中并不是可以随意替换使用的。表示“应负法律责任的”、“有法律责任的”，应用“liable”；而表示“负责的”、“有职责的”，则应用“responsible”一词。1. 表达授权性的语言结构“享有的权利”、“有权”等，英语的表达结构为：(1) have the right / power to do; (2) enjoy the right of (3) be entitled to do; (4) be authorized to do; (5) may / shall do.2. 表达法律效力的语言结构“施行（实施）”英语的表达结构，(1) come / enter into force; (2) become effective (3) go into effect (4) be put into effect3. abide by 与comply withabide by 与comply with都有“遵守”的意思, 但是当主语是“人”时, 英译“遵守”须用abide by; 当主语是非人称时, 则用comply with 英译“遵守”。例3: 双方都应遵守双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。Both parties shall abide by / All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.4. 关于in accordance with; under; pursuant to这三个词组都作“根据”,“按照”解，是法律文件中常用的词组,比according to正式。例:On the FOB basis, the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specified in the contract.5.“Subject to”的翻译通常归纳为以下4种情况：1. 译成“除外”或类似词语Subject to sub-paragraph (b) of the first paragraph of this article, the document may always be served by delivery to an Addressee who accepts it voluntarily.除本条第一款第（二）项规定外，均可通过将文书交付自愿接受的收件人的方法进行送达。2. 译成“（须）遵守”、“根据”、“受限制/管制”、“在条件下”等表示条件关系的结构The parties may exclude the application of this Convention or, subject to article 12, derogate from or vary the effect of any of its provisions.双方当事人可以不适用本公约，或根据第12条，减损本公约的任何规定或改变其效力。The provisions of the foregoing paragraphs shall apply subject to Article 6 quarter of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.上述各款规定的执行，受保护工业产权巴黎公约第六条之四的约束。3. 译成“必须”、“须加以”、“（但）须/需/要”等。这种译法通常主要出现在该搭配用于approval和ratification等词语之前的场合，形容词和副词搭配都有，但以形容词搭配为主The indication of classes given by the applicant shall be subject to control by the International Bureau, which shall exercise the said control in association with the national office.申请人所作的类别说明须经国际局检查，此项检查由国际局会同本国注册当局进行。4. 其他译法，如“易于”If the goods are subject to rapid deterioration or their preservation would involve unreasonable expense如果货物易于迅速变坏，或者货物的保全牵涉到不合理的费用6. To the extent (that)表示“在的范围内”、“在的限度内”Party A shall agree that to the extend that Party B fails to perform any obligation hereunder, Party A is not released from the performance of this contract.甲方应同意，只要乙方未履行在本统和项下的任何义务，甲方不被免除履行本合同的义务。To the extent that any provision of this agreement conflicts with any provision in any schedule to this agreement, this agreement shall prevail in all circumstances.如果本协议的任何规定与本协议附件的任何规定有抵触，应在所有情况下以本协议为准。7. in so far as表示“只要”、“就而言”The warranties and all other provisions of this Agreement, insofar as the same shall not have performed at Completion, shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding Completion.有关保证及本协议的其他所有规定，只要在成交时仍未履行，不论成交与否，应持续充分有效。6. Shall在法律英语翻译中常见的几种处理方法：1. 表示某种命令或某种法律义务，相当于普通英语中的“must”，通常翻译为“必须（须）”All the activities of a joint venture shall comply with the provisions of the law, decrees and pertinent regulations of the Peoples Republic of China.合营企业的一切活动必须遵守中华人民共和国的法律、法令和有关的条例规定。2. 表示法律上的正式“宣告”、“宣布”The Contract Law of the Peoples Republic of China shall take effect on October 1, 1999.中华人民共和国合同法将于1999年10月1日生效3. 用于表述合同条款，表示一定要做到的事，表示“一定会（promise to）”或“将会（will or to be to）”The Publisher shall pay the Authoran advance, which shall be a charge of all sums to the Author under this Agreement.出版商应当预付作者稿酬，这笔稿酬是按合同规定的总稿酬中的一部分。7. “即”的使用All date-related data stored electronically by or on behalf of the Company is in such a form that its input, process, storage or use by or on behalf of the Company will not, directly or indirectly, cause a malfunction in any software, hardware or equipment.【原译】由该公司或其他代表以电子方法储存的所有与日期有关的资料所采用的形式使该公司或其代表储入、处理、储存或使用该等资料不会直接或间接导致任何软、硬件或设备功能失常。【改译】由该公司或其代表以电子方式储存的所有与日期有关的资料采用了这样的形式，即该公司或其代表输入、处理、储存或使用该等资料不会直接或间接地导致任何