高二英语必修五unit1语法总结.doc

Unit 1 语法重点 非谓语动词：to do/doing 一、动词不定式 不定式可以用来做主语、表语、定语、状语、宾语、独立成分，表示比较具体的意义。（1）做主语 动词不定式短语To master a foreign language is no easy job.To see this film is to waste time.To solve this problem is out of the question 为平衡整个句子，避免头重脚轻，常用it做形式主语，而将真正主语不定式放后面，用于这种形式是一些特定的结构。例如：1）谓语部分是系表结构，表语是某些形容词或名词。例如：It is foolish to do in this way.It sounds reasonable to do it this way.2）某些动词做谓语时。例如：It took much time to do this.It makes us excited to think about that.(2) 做表语表示打算、计划、命令和要求，用于appear, seem, happen等系动词后面Such questions are to be avoided.What he said proved to be true. He seems to be ill. (3) 做定语做定语时不定式一般紧跟其所修饰名词或代词后面。例如：He was the first one to come this morning.He didnt have the chance to go to school in the past.如果不定式是不及物动词时，应注意其相应介词的搭配。例如：He has nothing to worry about.She is a very nice person to work with.(4) 作状语不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因和结果。 表目的常用in order to, so as to,等结构但so as to只能放在主句之后。Check your homework so as to avoid mistakes. She goes home (in order) to see her grandmother every week. 表结果常用only to do, enough to do, tooto do等句型，不定式短语作结果状语具有“意料之外”之意。He is too excited to speak anything.Ihurriedtohishouse,onlytofindhimout.原因 Sheseemedsurprisedtoseeus. Heis sorry for what he didtothinkofhispast. -不定式作方式状语时，通常采用asif或asthough+to的结构，其意为“好像要”。Heraisedhishandasiftohitme. Shetookoutapenandapieceofpaperasthoughtowritesomething. (5) 做宾语 某些及物动词要用动词不定式作宾语, 以下及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语：agree,ask,attempt,choose,continue, decide,desire,determine,expect, forget, hope,intend,learn,manage,mean,offer,prefer,promise,refuse,try，want, wish等。例如： 动词不定式作宾语时，如其后有补足语，则可以用先行语it作形式宾语，而将真正宾语动词不定式后移，用于该形式的常见动词有：believe, consider, feel, guess, imagine, know, make, prove, realize, see, show, suppose, think, understand, find等。例如：Ifeltituselessforustosayanythingfurther. Imadeitaruletogetupearly,takeacoldbath,andthendosomerunning. (6) 做宾语补足语 带to的不定式做宾补有相当数量的及物动词或短语可以接带to的不定式做宾补。例如：Ishalltrytopersuadehertoseethedoctor. Thevillagersdidntallowthemtodothis. Iwillaskthemtoleavethecompany. I shall persuade him to take the medicine. 不带to的不定式做宾补也有一些及物动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补，常见的有使役动词类：make, let, have；感官动词类：see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel等。但在被动结构中要带to (let除外)。例如：Someonesawhimentermyroom. Hewasseentoentermyroom.The boy made the baby laugh. The baby was made to laugh (7)“疑问词+不定式”相当于这些疑问代词和副词引导的名词性从句。常见引导该形式的动词有：decide, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, remember, see, settle, think, 在句子中可以做主语、宾语或表语。例如：What to do next has not been decided. = What will do next has not been decided.What worries me most is how to do it. = What worries me most is how we will do it.I dont know when to leave. = I dont know when we will leave.(10) 动词不定式的复合结构 不定式的复合结构做主语时，常见用两种特定句型: “It is + adj. for/ of sb. to do sth.” 和 “It is + n. ofsb. to do sth”。例：It is easy for us to understand the sentence. It is clever of you to do that.二、动名词动名词是一种非谓语形式，起名词的作用，但带有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动名词短语。1.动名词的用法(1) 做主语 动名词做主语表示比较抽象、习惯性和经常性的意义.例如：Saying is easier than doing. Collecting stamps is a good hobby. 为平衡整个句子，避免头重脚轻，常用it做形式主语，而将真正主语不定式放后面，用于这种形式是一些特定的结构。例如：1) 谓语部分是系表结构，表语是某些形容词。例如：Its interesting planning a holiday. Its rather tiring walking around in a city.2) 当use，good，waste，bore，fun，shame，encouragement，等名词作表语时，通常用it作形式主语，把作为真正主语的动名词后置。例如：Its no use talking to him again. = There is no use talking to him again.Its no good refusing to do it. = There is no good refusing to do it.(2) 作宾语某些动词或短语动词后面可以接动名词,见下表：特定动词 + doing短语动词 + doingavoid, admit, advise, allow, permit, bear, stand, delay consider, complete, finish, risk, mind, miss, imagine, enjoy, , practise, suggest 等 be worth, cant help, cant stand, feel like, insist on, succeed in, give up, spend / waste time / money (in), have / find difficulty / trouble/ time (in) 等 放在介词on; upon，after等后面时，例如：On arriving Beijing, he went to see his friend.After standing in the queue for hours, we got good seats. 有些后面可跟动名词也可以跟不定式，意义区别不大。常见的动词有：start, like, hate, love, continue, prefer, attempt, intend, propose等。He began learning (to learn) English at the age of five.有些动词后面可跟动名词也可以跟不定式，意义区别大。见下表：try to do sth. （努力去做） try doing sth. （试着、尝试做）remember to do sth （记得要做） remember doing sth.（记得做过）forget to do sth. （忘记要做某事） forget doing sth. (忘记做过某事）mean to do sth. （打算做某事） mean doing sth. （意味着）cant help to do sth. （不能帮助做某事） cant help doing sth.（禁不住做某事）stop to do sth. （停下来去做另一件事）stop doing sth. （停止做某事）go on to do sth. （接下来做另一件事） go on doing sth. （继续做同一件事）regret to do sth （遗憾要做某事）regret doing sth （后悔做过某事） (3) 作表语 相当于名词，说明主语动作的情况和状态。例如：My job is teaching English.Her job is taking care of the children.Our duty is serving the people. = Our duty is to serve the people.(4) 作定语说明所修饰词的性质，具有名词的性质，它同所修饰的名词间不存在主谓关系。a living room= a room for livinga swimming pool = a pool for swimminga waling stick = a stick for walking(5) 动名词的复合结构动名词之前的名词，如果是有生命的，通常用所属格表示，如果是无生命的，则用通格表示，现在有一种趋势用名词和代词代替所有格。His coming wont help much.I dont mind your (you) smoking.They insisted on our staying there.We are happy about his coming to see us.Do you remember Mary coming to see you?He insisted on being sent to the hard area. (6) 动名词的主动形式表示被动意义 be worth 后接动名词时。This book is well worth reading. =The book is worth to be read. need，want，require，bear，stand等动词后面可用动名词的主动式表被动意义，但用不定式时则只能用被动形式。The old man needs looking after / to be looked after. Exercise从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1. She said she_ her uncle very much and hoped _him. A. missed, to hear from B. missed, to hear C. misses, hearing from D. misses, hearing 2. _a living, she had to work from morning till night. A. To make B. made C. Making D. To have made 3. Mrs Brown regretted_ his son. A. beated B. beating C. beat D. beaten 4. I often hear him _about the great writer. A. to talk B. talk C. speaking D. to tell 5. Missing the last bus means_ home. A. to walk B. walking C. walked D. walk 6. Paul doesnt have to be made_ . He always works hard. A. study B. to study C. studied D. studying 7. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _ a look at the sports starts. A. had B. having C. to have D. have 8. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not 9. I didnt hear you come in last night. Thats good. We tired _ noisy. A. not to B. to be not C. to be D. not to be 10. I hear that you and Francis will spend your vacation in Nepal next spring. Yes, we are planning _. A. to B. to be C. it D. to do it 11. I can hardly imagine Peter _ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailed 12. The light in the office is still on. Oh, I forgot_ A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 13. I would appreciate _ back this afternoon. A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. youre calling 14. How about the two of us _ a walk down the garden? A. To take B. take C. taking D. to be taking 15. I must apologize for _ ahead of time. That all right. A. letting you not know B. not letting you know C. letting you know not D. letting not you know 16. You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. Well, now I regret _ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 17. He has always insisted on his _ Dr Turner instead of Mr Turner. A. been called B. called C. having called D. being called 18. Do you mind _ alone at home? A. Jane leaving B. Jane having left C. Janes being left D. Jane to be left 19. She looks forward every spring to _ the flower-lined garden. A. visit B. paying a visit C. walk in D. walking in 20. Once your business