[管理学]信息系统集成项目管理课程【4】

2018/1/12,1,Chapter 4:Project Scope Management,2018/1/12,2,Learning Objectives,Understand the importance of good project scope managementList the reasons why most firms invest in IT projectsDescribe the strategic planning process and how it relates to IT project selectionApply different project selection methods Explain the purpose of a project charter, scope statement, and work breakdown structure(WBS)Construct a WBSDescribe tools and techniques to assist in scope verification and change control on information technology projects,2018/1/12,3,Chapter Outline,What is Project Scope Management?Project Initiation: Strategic Planning and Project SelectionIdentifying Potential ProjectsMethods for Selecting ProjectsFocusing on Broad Organizational NeedsCategorizing Information Technology ProjectsNet Present Value Analysis, ROI, and Payback AnalysisWeighted Scoring ModelProject ChartersScope Planning and the Scope StatementThe Scope Statement,2018/1/12,4,Chapter Outline,Scope Definition and the Work Breakdown StructureThe Work Breakdown StructureApproaches to Developing Work Breakdown StructuresUsing GuidelinesThe Analogy ApproachThe Top-Down and Bottom-Up ApproachesScope Verification and Scope Change ControlSuggestions for Improving User InputSuggestions for Reducing Incomplete and Changing Requirements,2018/1/12,5,4.1 What is Project Scope Management?,2018/1/12,6,Importance of Good Project Scope Management,1995 CHAOS study cited user involvement,a clear project mission, a clear statement of requirements,proper planning as being important for project successPoor project definition and Scope Verification are the main reasons projects fail*,*The program manager of Keller Graduate School of Management cites,2018/1/12,7,Project Scope Management,Project Scope refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create themProject scope management includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what is or is not included in the projectThe project team and stakeholders must have the same understanding of what products will be produces as a result of a project and what processes will be used in producing them,2018/1/12,8,Important Concepts and Tools,Financial justification for projectsProject chartersWork breakdown structureDeliverablesScope statementScope verification,2018/1/12,9,Project Scope Management Processes,Initiation: beginning a project or continuing to the next phaseScope planning: developing documents to provide the basis for future project decisionsScope definition: subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable componentsScope verification: formalizing acceptance of the project scopeScope change control: controlling changes to project scope,2018/1/12,10,4.2 Project Initiation: Strategic Planning and Project Selection,2018/1/12,11,Strategic Planning and Project Selection,The first step in initiating projects is to look at the big picture or strategic plan of an organizationStrategic planning involves determining long-term business objectivesIT projects should support strategic and financial business objectives,2018/1/12,12,Why Firms Invest in IT,2018/1/12,13,4.2.1 Identifying Potential Projects,Many organizations follow a planning process for selecting IT projectsFirst develop an IT strategic plan based on the organizations overall strategic planThen perform a business area analysisThen define potential projectsThen select IT projects and assign resources,2018/1/12,14,IT Planning Process,2018/1/12,15,4.2.2 Methods for Selecting Projects,There are usually more projects than available time and resources to implement themIt is important to follow a logical process for selecting projects to work onMethods includefocusing on broad needscategorizing projectsfinancial methods,weighted scoring models,2018/1/12,16,1. Focusing on Broad Organizational Needs,It is often difficult to provide strong justification for many IT projects, but everyone agrees they have a high valueThree important criteria for projects:There is a need for the projectThere are funds availableTheres a strong will to make the project succeed,2018/1/12,17,2.Categorizing IT Projects,One categorization is whether the project addresses a probleman opportunitya directiveAnother categorization is how long it will take to do and when it is neededAnother is the overall priority of the project,2018/1/12,18,3. Financial Analysis of Projects,Financial considerations are often an important consideration in selecting projectsThree primary methods for determining the projected financial value of projects:Net present value (NPV) analysisReturn on investment (ROI)Payback analysis,2018/1/12,19,Explain Financial Terms in Your Own Words,NPV(Net Present Value)ROI(return on investment )Payback analysis,2018/1/12,20,Net Present Value Analysis,Net present value (NPV) analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in timeNPV is one dollar amountProjects with a positive NPV should be considered if financial value is a key criterionThe higher the NPV, the better,2018/1/12,21,Net Present Value Example,2018/1/12,22,Return on Investment,Return on investment (ROI) is income divided by investment ROI = (total discounted benefits - total discounted costs) / discounted costsROI is a percentage, like 10%, 20%, etc.The higher the ROI, the betterMany organizations have a required rate of return or minimum acceptable rate of return on investment for projects,2018/1/12,23,Payback Analysis,The payback period is the amount of time it will take to recoup, in the form of net cash inflows, the net dollars invested in a projectPayback occurs when the cumulative discounted benefits are greater than the cumulative discounted costsMany organizations want IT projects to have a fairly short payback period,2018/1/12,24,NPV, ROI, and Payback Analysis for Project 1,2018/1/12,25,NPV, ROI, and Payback Analysis for Project 2,2018/1/12,26,Class Exercise Pair up,Use Excel if availableIf you dont have a computer handy, lay out the spreadsheet on paper and use a calculator or estimate the numbersNote that this exercise uses the same discount rate, so you can use the discount factors. Its better to enter the discount formula if using a spreadsheet and discount rates will change,2018/1/12,27,4.Weighted Scoring Model,A weighted scoring model is a tool that provides a systematic process for selecting projects based on many criteriaFirst identify criteria important to the project selection processThen assign weights (percentages) to each criterion so they add up to 100%Then assign scores to each criterion for each projectMultiply the scores by the weights and get the total weighted scoresThe higher the weighted score, the better,2018/1/12,28,Sample Weighted Scoring Model for Project Selection,2018/1/12,29,Class Activity Large Group,Create a weighted scoring model for selecting a mateDetermine 4-5 important criteria, then determine their weightsPick a few candidate mates and apply scoring modelCalculate weighted scores (Ill put in Excel),2018/1/12,30,4.2.3 Project Charters,After deciding what project to work on, it is important to formalize projectsA project charter is a document that formally recognizes the existence of a project and provides direction on the projects objectives and managementKey project stakeholders should sign a project charter to acknowledge agreement on the need and intent of the project,2018/1/12,31,Sample Project Charter,2018/1/12,32,Sample Project Charter (continued),Roles and Responsibilities:,2018/1/12,33,4.3 Scope Planning and the Scope Statement,2018/1/12,34,Scope Planning,After a project charter is done, many projects require additional documentation to determine the scopescope planning. Main output of scope planning is Scope Statement,2018/1/12,35,Scope Statement,A scope statement is a document used to develop and confirm a common understanding of the project scope. It should includea project justificationa brief description of the projects productsa summary of all project deliverablesa statement of what determines project success,2018/1/12,36,4.4 Scope Definition and the Work Breakdown Structure,2018/1/12,37,Scope definition,After completing scope planning, the next step is to further define the work by breaking it into manageable piecesGood scope definitionhelps improve the accuracy of time, cost, and resource estimatesdefines a baseline for performance measurement and project controlaids in communicating clear work responsibilities,2018/1/12,38,4.4.1 The WBS,A work breakdown structure (WBS) is an outcome-oriented analysis of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the projectIt is a foundation document in project management because it provides the basis for planning and managing project schedules, costs, and changesYou need a WBS to create a Gantt chart, do critical path analysis, and to use earned value analysis,2018/1/12,39,Sample Intranet WBS Organized by Product,2018/1/12,40,Sample Intranet WBS Organized by Phase,2018/1/12,41,Intranet WBS in Tabular Form,1.0 Concept1.1 Evaluate current systems1.2 Define Requirements1.2.1 Define user requirements1.2.2 Define content requirements1.2.3 Define system requirements1.2.4 Define server owner requirements1.3 Define specific functionality1.4 Define risks and risk management approach1.5 Develop project plan1.6 Brief web development team2.0 Web Site Design3.0 Web Site Development4.0 Roll Out5.0 Support,2018/1/12,42,Intranet WBS and Gantt Chart in Microsoft Project,WBS,Gantt Chart,2018/1/12,43,Intranet WBS and Gantt Chart Organized by PM Process Groups,2018/1/12,44,4.4.2 Approaches to Developing WBSs,Using guidelines: Some organizations, like the DOD, provide guidelines for preparing WBSsThe analogy approach: It often helps to review WBSs of similar projectsThe top-down approach: Start with the largest items of the project and keep breaking them downThe bottoms-up approach: Start with the detailed tasks and roll them up,2018/1/12,45,Basic Principles for Creating WBSs*,1. A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.2. The work content of a WBS item is the sum of the WBS items below it.3. A WBS item is the responsibility of only one individual, even though many people may be working on it.4. The WBS must be consistent with the way in which work is actually going to be performed; it should serve the project team first and other purposes only if practical.5. Project team members should be involved in developing the WBS to ensure consistency and buy-in.6. Each WBS item must be documented to ensure accurate understanding of the scope of work included and not included in that item.7. The WBS must be a flexible tool to accommodate inevitable changes while properly maintaining control of the work content in the project according to the scope statement.,*Cleland, David I. Project Management: Strategic Design and Implementation, 1994,2018/1/12,46,Class Exercise,Create a WBS for building a dream house(or Event Planning WBS )Get into groups of 6-7 and have one person describe his/her dream homeGroup decide how to organize the work involved in making the home a realityList several deliverables for each level 1 WBS itemTake one WBS item down to level 3,2018/1/12,47,More WBS Suggestions,Many projects can use the approach shown by process groupThe executing section is where projects vary the mostTo make the WBS easier to map to a schedule, you can focus on deliverables,2018/1/12,48,Sample Deliverables and Dates,Initiating: Project charter, 2/1Planning: Project plan, 4/1Executing:Concept deliverable 1, 5/1Design del. 1, 5/1, del. 2, 6/1Development del. 1, 7/1, del. 2, 9/1Roll Out del. 1, 10/1Support del. 1, 11/1Controlling: Monthly project reviewsClosing: Project archives, 12/1,2018/1/12,49,4.5 Scope Verification and Scope Change Control,2018/1/12,50,Scope Verification and Scope Change Control,It is very difficult to create a good scope statement and WBS for a projectIt is even more difficult to verify project scope and minimize scope changesMany IT projects suffer from scope creep and poor scope verificationFoxMeyer Drug filed for bankruptcy after scope creep on a robotic warehouse,2018/1/12,51,Factors Causing IT Project Problems*,*Johnson, Jim, CHAOS: The Dollar Drain of IT Project Failures, Application Development Trends, January 1995, /chaos.html,2018/1/12,52,4.5.1 Suggestions for Improving User Input,Insist that all projects have a sponsor from the user organizationHave users on the project teamHave regular meetingsDeliver something to project users and sponsor on a regular basisCo-locate users with the developers