Ecological Economics 生态经济学.ppt

Ecologicaleconomics AnintroductorycourseAutumn2011 RalfErikssonEconomicsSchoolofBusinessandEconomics boAkademiUniversityUniPiD Lecture1 Introductionandconceptualbackground 15 04 2020 EcologicalEconomics 2 Thestructureofthecourse Thecourseconsistsof10modulesofwhich9istheactualcourseworkandthe10thisreservedforexami e Weeks38 47 5credits 5creditsN B thechangecomparedtothepreliminarycoursedescription 15 04 2020 EcologicalEconomics 3 Coursecontentinbrief IntroductionandthegeneralpolicyperspectiverequiredbysustainabilityeconomicgrowthinahistoricalperspectiveEthicsandecologicaleconomicsEnvironmentaleconomicssustainabilityconceptionsandmeasurementwithinecologicaleconomicseconomicsandethicsofclimatechangeglobalfoodsecuritythestateoftheseasonearthandlocally theBalticSea thepossibilityofdegrowthN B thechangetothepreliminarycoursecontent EcologicalEconomics 4 TheGoalofthecourse TogiveanintroductiontothedisciplineofecologicaleconomicsTodiscussdifferentperspectivesonecologicaleconomicsproblemsandtheirsolutions 15 04 2020 EcologicalEconomics 5 Literature Eriksson R J O Andersson 2010 ElementsofEcologicalEconomics Routledge Thisisthemaintext Edwards Jones G B DaviesandS Hussain 2000 Ecologicaleconomics Anintroduction BlackwellScience Oxford Common M S Stagl 2005 EcologicalEconomics AnIntroduction CambridgeUP Thereadingwillbespecifiedduringthecourse Alsoothersourceswillbereferredto recommended 15 04 2020 EcologicalEconomics 6 One definition Ecologicaleconomicsisatransdisciplinaryfieldofacademicresearchthataddressestheinterdependenceandco evolutionofhumaneconomiesandecosystemsovertimeandspace Palgravedictionaryofeconomics Ecologicaleconomics 7 Anotherdefinition Ecologicaleconomicsaddressestherelationshipsbetweenecosystemsandeconomicsystemsinthebroadestsense Theserelationshipsarethelocusofmanyofourmostpressingcurrentproblems i e sustainability acidrain globalwarming speciesextinction wealthdistribution buttheyarenotwellcoveredbyanyexistingdiscipline Environmentalandresourceeconomics asitiscurrentlypracticed coversonlytheapplicationofneo classicaleconomicstotheenvironmentalandresourceproblems 15 04 2020 Ecologicaleconomics 8 Ecology asitiscurrentlypracticed sometimesdealwithhumanimpactsonecosystems butthemorecommontendencyistostickto natural systems Ecologicaleconomicaimstoextendthesemodestareasofoverlap Itwillincludeneoclassicalenvironmentaleconomicsandecologicalimpactstudiesassubsets butwillalsoencouragenewwaystothinkaboutthelinkagesbetweenecologicalandeconomicsystems 15 04 2020 Ecologicaleconomics 9 Ecologicaleconomicsvs Environmentaleconomics Ecologicaleconomics problemorientedPluralisticComplexityStrongsustainabilityPessimisticviewofthecapacityofthemarket scapacitytohandleenv problems Environmentaleconomics MethodorientedNeoclassicalSimplicityWeaksustainabilityOptimisticviewofthecapacityofthemarket scapacitytohandleenv problems 15 04 2020 Ecologicaleconomics 10 Ecologicalconsciousnessinsocialscience thelimitstogrowth ClubofRome 1968 LargescalecomputermodelsLimitstoGrowth1972 Meadowsetal 15 04 2020 Ecologicaleconomics 11 Ecologicalconsciousnessinsocialscience thelimitstogrowthDifferentconceptionsofgrowth a Continuousgrowth ContinuousgrowthphysicalunitsfarofforPhysicallimitsarethemselvesgrowingexponentially 15 04 2020 Ecologicaleconomics 12 Time carryingcapacity populationphysicaleconomy b Sigmoidgrowth signalsfromphysicallimitstogrowingeconomyareinstant accurateandrespondedtoimmediately orpopulationoreconomylimitsitselfwithoutsignals 15 04 2020 Ecologicaleconomics 13 time c Overshootandoscillation Signalsorresponsesaredelayedandlimitsareunerodableorareabletorecoverquicklyfromerosion 15 04 2020 Ecologicaleconomics 14 time d Overshootandcollapse signalsareorresponsesaredelayed andLimitsareerodable irreversiblydegradedwhenexceeded 15 04 2020 Ecologicaleconomics 15 time Criticism ThemodelhasitslimitationsTreatstheworldasahomogeneousentityUnfairlypessimisticdoesnottakeaccountoftheprice mechanism 15 04 2020 Ecologicaleconomics 16 Ecologicaleconomicssomefundamentalideas Fromaclosedsystemtoanenvironment dependentsystem 15 04 2020 Ecologicaleconomics 17 GNP MoneyflowfromHtoBorBtoH theviewofstandard neoclassicaleconomics theeconomyasaclosedsystem 15 04 2020 Ecologicaleconomics 18 Households Business Consumptionspending Goodsandservices Factorservices Wages ratesandprofits ThisclosedsystemdoesnotconsidertheentropicthroughputWascreatedwhenenvironment entropicthroughputwasnoscarceresourcewehavemovedfroma Cowboyeconomy toa Spacemaneconomy 15 04 2020 Ecologicaleconomics 19 Theeconomyasanopensubsystemoftheecosystem 15 04 2020 Ecologicaleconomics 20 Economy Cowboyeconomy Spacemaneconomy S S H H Man madecapital Naturalcapital S solarenergyH heatM matterE energy Recycle Recycle M M E E Ecosystem Ecosystem M E E M Economy Thecircularflowinasteady stateeconomy 15 04 2020 Ecologicaleconomics 21 Ecosystem Economy Stocks S H Service Flowofservicefromnaturalecosystem Flowofservicefromhumaneconomy Throughput Depletion Production Pollution Depreciation Entropyhourglass Georgescu Roegen 15 04 2020 Ecologicaleconomics 22 Solarflow Solarstock lowentropy TerrestrialStock lowentropy Terrestrialflow highentropy Consumptionandwelfare itisthecapitalstockfromwhichwederivesatisfactions notfromtheadditionstoit production orthesubtractionsfromit consumption thatconsumption farfrombeingdesideratum isadeplorablepropertyofthecapitalstockwhichnecessitatestheequallydeplorableactivitiesofproduction andthattheobjectiveofeconomicpolicyshouldnotbetomaximiseit i e toenableustomaintainourcapitalstockwithaslittleconsumptionorproductionaspossible Boulding Daly1996 15 04 2020 Ecologicaleconomics 23 Pointofdeparture Theglobalethicaltrilemma 15 04 2020 EcologicalEconomics 24 Figure1 1theglobalethicalTRILEMMAPicktwo ignorethethird MassconsumptionProsperityGlobalsocial Eco efficientdemocracycapitalismGlobalEcologicaljusticesustainabilityRed greenplanetarism 15 04 2020 EcologicalEconomics 25 Thecornersofthetrianglecorrespondtothethreecomponentsoftenincludedinthedefinitionsofsustainabledevelopment theecological theeconomicandthesocialdimensions Inpracticeitisimpossibletoreachallthree 15 04 2020 EcologicalEconomics 26 Prosperity Rostowsstage theory economicgrowthitliketheflightofanairplane Thegoal andfinalstagewas theageofhighmass consumption WhenRostowwrotethis 1960 noattentionwaspaidtothenaturalenvironmentEconomicgrowthisstillthestandardforsuccessglobally 15 04 2020 EcologicalEconomics 27 Justice Onepossibledefinitioncouldbebasedoncapabilities A Sen Aregimewillbedeemedjustifandtothedegreethatitpromotesharmonizationofcapabilitiestoachievefunctioningsatalevelthatissufficient universallyattainableandsustainable DeMartino s 144 15 04 2020 EcologicalEconomics 28 Theworldishardlyjusttoday Income comparedintermsofmarketexchangerates MER amongtherespectivecurrencies ismorethan70timeshigher Income comparedintermsofpurchasingpowerparityexchangerates isreckonedasmorethan10timeshigher Consumptionofanimalfoodis7timeshigher Releaseofcarbondioxideis22timeshigher Consumptionofelectricityis35timeshigher Consumptionofpaperis89timeshigher 15 04 2020 EcologicalEconomics 29 Ecologicalsustainability Sustainability insomesense tobediscussedinchapter5 becomeafundamentalvaluecomparabletolibertyorjustice Onewayofmeasuringecol SustainabilityistheecologicalfootprintWhichshowsthehumanpressureonecosystems 15 04 2020 EcologicalEconomics 30 Figure1 2globalecologicalovershootfromthe1960stothe2050s 15 04 2020 EcologicalEconomics 31 Figure1 2showshowtheglobalecologicalfootprinthasincreasedsincethe1960sandhowitisexpectedtogrowifhumankindcontinuestoincreaseitsconsumptionofnaturalresources ArapidreductionwouldbenecessarytobringdowntheglobalfootprinttoalevelthatisconsistentwithEarth slimitedbiocapacity 15 04 2020 EcologicalEconomics 32 Picktwo ignorethethird Theethicaltrilemmaderivesfromthedifficultytoachieveallthreegoalssimultaneously Itisrelativelyeasytopickoneofthecornersandtofindoutwhatwouldberequiredtoachievethatspecificgoal Youcanreadbooksonhowtopromoteeconomicgrowth howtoreduceinequitiesorhowtoavoidenvironmentaldegradation butitismuchhardertofindworksthattreatallthree evenjusttwo ofthegoalsatthesametime 15 04 2020 EcologicalEconomics 33 Thedominatingpolicytodayisperhapstheonethatstressesgrowth i e thetopofthetriangle Figure1 1 AcombinationofProsperityandJusticecouldbeastandard global socialdemocraticview Whereasmostenvironmentaleconomistsaresituatedonthesideof eco efficientcapitalism ecologicaleconomiststendtohaveapenchanttowards red greenplanetarism 15 04 2020 EcologicalEconomics 34 Thebiganddifficulttaskwouldbetotakeallthecornersintoconsideration Wewillcomebacktothisprobleminthelastchapter module ofthiscourse 15 04 2020 EcologicalEconomics 35 Lecture2 economicgrowthandhumandevelopment 36 Ecologicaleconomics2011 UniPID THEIPATEQUATION I PxAxTwhere IstandsforenvironmentalimpactPstandsforpopulationAstandsforconsumptionpercapitaoraffluenceTstandsforthroughput naturalresourses usedperunitofconsumption itislargelydependentonthetechnologyusedintheproductionofgoodsandservices 37 Ecologicaleconomics2011 UniPID Forexamplelikeabove WorldpopulationxGDPpercapitaxTonnesofnaturalresources GlobalGDPGDP GrossDomesticProduct isthevalueinmonetarytermsofthegoodsandservicesproducedinacountry ItisalsoroughlyequaltotheGNI theGrossNationalIncome ofthecountry GNIcomprisesthetotalvalueproducedwithinacountry i e itsGDP togetherwithitsincomesreceivedfromlesspaymentsmadetoothercountries OnagloballevelGDPisexactlyequaltoGNI Ecologicaleconomics2011 UniPID 38 Table2 1Lifeexpectancy 1000 2003 yearsatbirthforbothsexescombined Ecologicaleconomics2011 UniPID 39 2 2 Population millions 1 2030 Ecologicaleconomics2011 UniPID 40 LevelsofpercapitaGDP 1990 Ecologicaleconomics2011 UniPID 41 Sixtypesofcapital Naturalcapitalisphysicalassetsprovidedbynature naturalresourcesandamenitiesthatdeliverservicestotheeconomy Theyaregenerallyreproducednaturally withouthumaninterference butsincehumansnowadaysareabletoremakenatureonamassivescale naturalcapitalcanbedegradedanddestroyed butalsoenhancedandcreated Ecologicaleconomics2011 UniPID 42 2 Manufacturedcapitalcorrespondstothe realcapital oftheclassicaleconomists Itconsistsofman madeequipment buildingsandinfrastructuresthatareusedforproductivepurposes Manufacturedcapitalwearsoutandmustbereplacedbyinvestmentsinnewtools machinery vehicles buildings etc Ecologicaleconomics2011 UniPID 43 3 Humancapitalconsistsofthemotivations skillsandknowledgeoftheworkers Investmentinhumancapitalinvolvesupbringing education trainingandexperience Ecologicaleconomics2011 UniPID 44 4 Intellectualcapitalisthepoolofknowledgeandideasaccumulatedinculturalartefacts suchasbooksandcomputermemories Discoveries innovations recipes scientificresults fictionandplays compositionsandpicturescanbestoredandreused Evenifthematerialsencodingtheideasmaywearout theideasinfactdepreciatelessthemoretheyareused Intellectualcapitalisoftenmergedwithhumancapital buttherearegoodreasonstoseparatethetwo Oneisthatthereproductionofintellectualcapitalispracticallydelinkedfromtheuseofscarcenaturalresources andthereforeofgreatinterestfromanecologicalpointofview Ecologicaleconomics2011 UniPID 45 5 Socialcapitalisembeddedinthecultureandinstitutionsofasociety Trust mutualunderstanding andsharedvaluesarecrucialforeconomiccooperation Activitiessuchaspolitics legislationandgovernancecanimprovesocialcapital Culturalnorms customsandinstitutionsdonotwearout buttheymaybecomeobsoleteanddysfunctionalastimeschanges Ecologicaleconomics2011 UniPID 46 6 Financialcapital alsocalledfictivecapitalincontrastto realcapital isfundsofpurchasingpowernecessaryforfacilitatingtransactionsandinvestmentsinacapitalisteconomy Sincefinancialcapitalconsistsofsymbolicassets suchasloans currencies stocks futuresandderivatives astronomicalamountscanbetransactedcheaplyandalmostinstantly Ecologicaleconomics2011 UniPID 47 Energy entropy andecologicalfootprint Accordingtotheentropylaw 2ndlawoftermodynamicstheorderintheuniversetendstodecreas theuseofnon renauvablenaturalresourcesmakestheorderincreasesuchawhenoilipumpedupandmadeunusefulwhenuseddifferentenginesHoweever solarenergyis fromhumanperspective renewable thanksmostlytophostynthesis seeslides21and22inlecture1 Ecologicaleconomics2011 UniPID 48 andecologicalfootprint Ecologicalfootprint EF isameasureoftheuseofrenewableresources EFisameasureexpressedinthelandandwater inhectares toproducewhattheeconomyconsumesandrequiresfortoabsorbwaste UsingourIPATequationwecanmeasuretheglobalenvironmentalimpactintermsofecologicalfootprintsinthefollowingway Impact PopulationxGDP capitaxEF GDPSinceweliveinafullworldtheEF GDPrelationshouldbedimished Ecologicaleconomics2011 UniPID 49 Strongandweaksustainability Howsubstitublearenaturalresourcestomanmadecapitalresources WEAKSUSTAINABILIYisthestandardassumptionofmainstreameconomics NaturalresourcesaresubstitutablebymanmaderesourcesSTRONGSUSTAINABILITYistheassumptionofecologicaleconomics therearecriticallimitsofthenaturalresourcesthatshouldnotbeexceed andcannotberecoveredbybuilt artifical systems Ecologicaleconomics2011 UniPID 50 Decouplingandthereboundeffect Howmuchcanthroughputbereducedinrelationtoconsumptionbytechnologicalimprovements Isitpossibletodecoupletheuseofenergyandothernaturalresourcesfromtheproductionofgoodsandservices Ecologicaleconomics2011 UniPID 51 Decouplingandthereboundeffect cont Optimisticview EnvironmentalKuznetsCurve EKC astheeconomyreachesacertainlevelofindustrialmaturity moreeffortswillbedirectedtowardsthealleviationofenvironmentalproblems Pessimisticview IfIcansavemoneybyusingelectricalequipmentthatrequirelessenergy butspendthisextramoneyonacheapflight onecanhardlysaythatIhavecontributedtodecoupling Ecologicaleconomics2011 UniPID 52 Ecologicaleconomicsisoneimportantpartofanongoingrevolutionineconomicsthatdeemphasizestraditionaleconomicgrowth andlookforaneconomicsconcernedwiththequalityoflife careandsustainability Otherimportantcontributionshavebeenmadebysocialeconomists feministeconomists institutionaleconomistsandbehavioraleconomists Ecologicaleconomics2011 UniPID 53 Caring happinessandsustainability Mostcaringworkhasnotbeenincludedinthemeasurementofeconomicproductionandwellbeing despitethefactthatitconstitutesalargepartofallworkandlife Anotherimportantfindingisthatforalreadyrichsocietiesprosperity inabroadsenseoftheterm nolongerislinkedtohigherincomesandconsumption Variablessuchaslifeexpectancy childmortality levelofeducationandsubjectivelifesatisfactionarerelatedtoincomeuptolevelsbelow15000 20000dollarpercapita butabovethisthresholdtheserelationshipsareblurred Easterlinparadox Ecologicaleconomics2011 UniPID 54 Howthemarketmechanism pricesystemworksaccordingtotheoryBasedonchapter4ofErikssonandandersson Environmentaleconomics 55 Howmarketswork Figure4 1 Price kilos12 000SupplyP 2500DemandQ 1000kilos 56 Howmarketswork cont 57 InFigure4 1thedownward slopingline Demand describesthebehaviorofthefishbuyers thehigherthepricethelessthebuyerswanttobuyandconversely Thebehaviorofthesellers suppliers isdescribedbythesupplycurveline Thehighertheprice themorethesellerswanttosell themoreintensivelythefishiscaught Thus expressedintherelationbetweenpriceandbought soldfish thewishesofthebuyers sellersaretheopposite Onlyatonepoint say attheprice5 000yenandthequantitysold500kilosdothesellersandbuyersagree Atthisequilibriumprice oftenshortenedasP theconsumers marginalwillingnesstopaycorrespondstothemarginalcost theadditionincostcausedbytheincreaseofthelastentityofthegoods e g wages materials fueletc ofselling Itshouldbenotedthattheexamplehereisnotquiterealisticbutjustintendedtogivethebroadoutlines Forinstanceinreality thebiggerthetunathehigherpriceperkilogram AtthefirstTunaactionatTsukijifishmarketinTokioin2008thepricefortunawas22000yen 202dollars perkilo whichmeantapriceof 55700forthefishof276kilogram Howmarketswork cont 58 ThismeansthatthequantityQ soldatpriceP givesthebestpossibleeconomicresultforthemarketasawhole Inotherwords itisnotpossibletochangetheallocationofgoodsinawaythatsomepeoplewouldfareaswellasbeforewhilesomeatthesametimewouldbebetteroff thisiscalledParetooptimum namedaftertheSwisseconomistWilfredoPareto Theassumptionsforperfectcompetition 59 However notethatthisresultistrueonlyiftheassumptionsthatthemodelrestsonaretrue TheseassumptionsareThenumberofconsumersandproducersisverylargeThegoodsarehomogenous noproductdiversificationoradvertising Allactorsonthemarkethavefullinformationaboutalltherelevantfeaturesofthemarket suchaspricesetc Freeentryandexit nocostsforestablishinginamarketorgoingoutfromit Assumptions cont 60 Howcommonarethesecharacteristicsintherealworld Thinkaboutit Actually theseassumptionsarerequirementsthatmakepossiblerationalbehavioronthemarketThisassumptionsarehardlyeverfulfilledonanymarket atleastnotall Still thismodelisconsideredusefultoanalyzetherealeconomy Becauseevenifallpeoplearenotrationalallthetime onemaybelievethatmostpeoplebehaverationallymostofthetime sufficientrationality 61 Figure4 2 Themarketequilibrium Excesssupply Marketequilibrium 62 Thecentralfeatureofamarketasillustratedbyfigure4 2isitstendencytowardsequilibrium whichisdepictedbypointofintersection E withequilibriumpriceP andequilibriumquantityQ atwhichsellerswishtosellasmuchasbuyerswanttobuy Tounderstandthistendency assumethatthepriceishigher asP Whathappensnow AtP wecandrawahorizontallineandbythatseewhatthecorrespondingdemandandsupplyisfromtheintersections Wecansee withoutknowingtheexactQ scale thatsupply S line isrelativelymuchbiggerthandemand D line Thisdifference distance wecallexcesssupply Marketequilibrium cont 63 Understandingthiswenowmayask whathappensonthemarketundertheseconditions Inotherwords whathappensif thepriceissohighthat buyerswanttobuylessthanthesellerswanttosell Itmighthelptoconcretizethesituationabit whathappensonafishmarketwhennotallcaughtfishcanbesold Asallgoodstheybegintopileupinstock However theproblemwithfishisthatthequalitywillquicklybegintodeteriorate Itcanbekeptincoldorfrozen butthequalitystillkeepsdeteriorating soactuallyitseconomicvalueals