建筑电气专业英文翻译.doc

Innovative Products & Processes Consider using the products below to take advantage of their potential to provide one or more of the following in the homes you build: Affordability, Energy Efficiency, Quality & Durability, Environmental Performance, and Safety.创新的产品及流程考虑使用这些产品以发挥它们的潜力，提供给一个或更多的家庭后会形成：市民的购买能力，能源效率，质量和耐用性，环保性和安全性。Combined Heat and Power Systems for Residential Use热电联产系统在住宅中的使用Once available only to large commercial buildings, Combined Heat and Power generation (CHP) systems are now being produced on a scale that is safe, practical, and affordable to homeowners. CHP technologies, sometimes referred to as cogeneration, have provided heat and electrical energy efficiently at commercial and industrial sites for many years. However, after hundreds of successful residential installations in Japan and Europe, several manufacturers are now offering models in the U.S.一旦只适用于大型商业建筑，热电联产系统（CHP）目前已经发展成一个规模，因为它是安全的，实用的，并且购房者负担的起。热电联产的技术，有时也被称为热电联产，多年来在商业和工业用地提供高效率的热量和电能。然而，经过在日本和欧洲成功安装数百个住宅，一些制造商目前在美国提供这些设计。A CHP system uses fuel such as natural gas to produce heat and electricity simultaneously. The electricity can be used for any household device such as lights and appliances. Simultaneously, the heat produced can be used for water heating and/or space heating. About 10% of the fuel used is lost as exhaust, much like a high efficiency furnace.热电联产系统使用的燃料，如天然气和电力的同时产生热量的燃料。这些电能可用于任何家庭设备，如照明系统和电器。同时，产生的热量可以用于加热水和对空间加热。约有10使用的燃料丢失了，很像一个高效的火炉。The engines used in the CHP units for producing electricity can be internal combustion or Stirling (also called external combustion) engines. Other types of generation technologies, such as fuel cells, have not reached the commercialization stage. Micro-CHP, as residential-sized CHP systems are usually called, run on propane, natural gas, or even (in the case of Stirling engines) concentrated solar energy or biomass. The byproduct of electricity generation is waste heatand plenty of it. One 6-kW unit provides 10 gpm of hot water at 140 to 150F. This waste heat can be used to heat an entire home, water for domestic use, for swimming pools and spas, or even as an energy source for heat-driven (absorption) cooling systems.热电联产单元发电时所使用的发动机可以是内部的燃烧发动机和斯特林（也称为外部燃烧）发动机。其他类型，如燃料电池发电技术，都没有达到商业化阶段。微型热电联产，作为住宅大小的热电联产系统通常称为：运行依靠丙烷，天然气，甚至（在斯特林发动机的情况下）集中太阳能或生物量的系统。发电的副产品是大量的余热。一个6千瓦的单位提供了10 gpm、140至150 F的热水。这余热可用于加热一整个家庭，对生活用水，游泳池和温泉，甚至作为热驱动（吸收能量来源）冷却系统。CHP systems are extremely efficient, offering combined heat and power generating efficiency of about 90%, compared to about 30 to 40% for electricity from a central power station.Micro-CHP units range in capacity from about 1 kW to 6 kW and are about the size of a major appliance. Installation may be performed initially by specialists and, after the technology matures, by an experienced plumber, electrician, or HVAC technician. Units come as grid-tied systems which connect to utility power as backup or as stand-alone systems for remote residences.热电联产系统是非常有效的，提供热电联产，发电效率约90，约30至40，相比从中央发电站只有约30至40。微型热电联产单位在能力范围从大约1千瓦到6千瓦，是对一个主要产品的规模。安装可能最初由专家执行，并在技术成熟后，可由经验丰富的管道工，电工，或空调技术员。组织来为电网并列系统，连接实用程序，用于远程备份或住宅作为独立系统的权力。One unit with a new, small capacity engine simultaneously produces 1.2 kilowatts of electric power and 11,000 Btus of heat in the form of hot water. The system is combined with a high efficiency, natural gas-fueled warm air furnace or boiler for supplemental space heating.The small engines tend to burn very cleanly - exceeding all emissions requirements for CO2 and NOx. One unit claims to produce less CO and nitrous oxides than a single burner on a kitchen gas range.The primary challenge for getting the highest efficiency and best economic return on CHP is to fully utilize all of the thermal energy produced when generating electricity. As the technology develops, various operating regimes will be tested to optimize the energy available based on variables such as the loads in the home, the climate and the season.一个新的小容量发动机应用热电联产可同时生产1.2万千瓦电力和单位1.1英热的热能以热水形式存在。该系统具有较高的效率，天然气为燃料的热空气炉或锅炉作为补充空间加热使用。小型发动机燃烧往往很干净 - 二氧化碳和氮氧化物超过所有排放的要求。一个单位声称比上单一一个厨房煤气灶燃烧器能制造更少的一氧化碳和氮氧化物。为获得最高效率和最佳的经济回报，热电联产系统的主要挑战是要充分利用发电时产生的全部热能。随着技术的发展，多种环境将被测试，以优化能源可以用变量的基础，例如在家庭中的负载，气候和季节。Compact Fluorescent LightingCFLs are four times more efficient and last up to 10 times longer than typical incandescents紧凑型荧光灯紧凑型荧光灯是典型白炽灯4倍的效率和长达10倍以上的寿命We are living in a new era when it comes to lighting our homes. No longer is it enough for fixtures to be beautiful and illuminate our spaces. Now, we also expect them to use energy as efficiently as possible to help conserve the limited supply of available energy. In some areas of the country, energy efficient lighting is now required in new and remodeled homes. 我们生活在一个新的时代，它涉及到我们的家庭照明。它不再满足于用固定装置照亮我们美丽的空间。现在，我们也希望他们能够尽可能高效地使用能源，以帮助保护现在有限的能源供应。在一些地区，节能照明现在要求安装在新的已经改造的家园中。Compact fluorescent lamps are simply miniature versions of full-size fluorescent lights. They use an arc discharge through a phosphor-lined tube instead of heating a resistance filament which is used in incandescent light bulbs. A CFL consists of a lamp, lamp holder, and ballast. The ballast provides the electrical control to strike and maintain the arc. Historically, fluorescent lightings bluish hue has turned people away from using the energy-efficient lighting in living spaces. However, the warm tones of newer compact fluorescent lighting make it almost indistinguishable from incandescent lighting. 紧凑型荧光灯是全尺寸荧光灯的微型版本。他们用使用荧光粉内衬管-电弧放电来代替白炽灯灯泡中使用的加热电阻丝。一个节能灯由一盏灯，灯座和镇流器组成。镇流器提供了电气直接控制和维持电弧。从历史上看，荧光灯照明的浅蓝色色调已远离人们居住空间所使用节能照明。但是，较新的紧凑型荧光灯照明的暖色调使人几乎无法和白炽灯照明区分。Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFLs) are up to four times more efficient (using 50 to 80 percent less energy) and last up to 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs. A 22-watt CFL has about the same light output as a 100-watt incandescent. . 紧凑型荧光灯（节能灯）均达到白炽灯泡4倍以上效率（使用50至80少百分之能源）和长达10倍以上的寿命。一个22瓦的节能灯已差不多是100瓦白炽灯的光输出。 To optimize the value of CFLs, it is best to use them in areas that are lit for relatively extended periods of time (15 minutes or longer). This could include the outdoor fixtures, the kitchen, family room, and bedroom. Switching a CFL on and off too frequently will shorten its life. 为了节能灯的价值，最好把它使用在比较长时间的时间（15分钟或更长时间）点亮他们得地区。这可能包括户外灯具，厨房，家庭室，卧室。对节能灯开和关太频繁会缩短其使用寿命。CFLs contain small amounts of mercury, so they should not be placed in regular disposal in order to keep their contents from seeping into a landfill. They should be taken to a qualified disposal facility. These sites can be found through local or regional waste management resources. 节能灯含有少量水银，所以他们不能按照固定调遣，以避免从垃圾填埋场渗出。他们应该被带到一个合格的处理设施。这些网站可以通过当地或区域的废物管理资源找到。Electrical RacewaysSimplify wiring and reduce wall penetrations电气滚道简化布线，减少穿透墙Running wires through wall cavities can be a messy and cumbersome task, especially when remodeling. Electrical raceways can make the job a little easier. Electrical raceways are mounted on interior walls and encase electrical and communication wires. Raceways permit wires to be run along interior walls instead of through wall cavities. Electrical raceways can simplify the task of wiring and reduce wall penetrations that can compromise a buildings thermal performance.贯穿壁腔电线可以是一个混乱和麻烦的工作，尤其是当重塑的时候。电气滚道可以使工作更容易一些。电气滚道是安装在内墙和电线包住电力和通讯电缆。滚道允许电缆沿内墙壁穿来代替穿墙腔。电气滚道可以简化布线工作，减少穿透墙壁，以致危及建筑物的热性能。Commonly used in commercial buildings, electrical raceways are now available for residential applications. As home wiring increases in complexity, new residential products are emerging that may make residential electrical raceways more common.常用于商业楼宇，电气滚道现在允许住宅申请。如家居布线的复杂性增加，新的住宅产品正在形成，可能使普通住宅电气滚道更普及。The PVC electrical baseboard raceways for residential use come in white or wood-laminate versions to blend into decor. Corners can be mitered and snap-on elbows are used to enhance appearance. The raceways mount to any kind of surface.为住宅用途的PVC电气基板滚道为白色或木材层压版本融入装饰。可斜接角球和单元上肘部用于提高外观。滚道贴装在任何一种表面。A two-compartment design separates electric wiring and low-voltage cable such as phone, data and coaxial. Device plates can be installed anywhere along the raceway to accommodate power receptacles, phone jacks, and outlets for cabling.两舱分离的设计，例如手机电线和低压电缆，数据和同轴。板装置可以沿跑道安装在任何地方，以适应电力插座，电话插座，为布线和插座。Emergency Power Backup SystemsContinued access to electrical service during power outages应急电源备份系统电力电气中断期间可继续访问When bad weather or other conditions interrupt power service, homeowners can find themselves unable to heat or cool their homes or run necessary appliances and lights. While fireplaces can provide some heat and flashlights or lanterns can provide light, many appliances will remain unusable until power from the grid is restored. This situation can be serious if critical applications such as medical devices, telephone, home office computers, sump pumps, or refrigeration are threatened. Emergency backup systems currently available on the market make it possible for homeowners to have continued access to electrical service during power outages. These systems are typically based either on fossil-fuel-powered generators or on battery-based storage systems. While the goal of both approaches is the same - to produce backup power - they each have advantages and disadvantages. For emergency backup power during typical power outages, battery-based systems represent a fairly simple and silent alternative.当恶劣天气或其他条件的电力服务中断，业主会发现自己无法加热或冷却其住所或运行经营所需的设备和灯光。虽然壁炉可以提供一些热量和手电筒或灯笼可以提供亮光，但是许多产品将在电网的电源恢复前无法使用。这种情况可能非常严重，如果关键的应用，如医疗设备，电话，家庭办公电脑，污水泵，制冷或受到威胁。目前市场上出现的电力服务的紧急备份系统可使房主停电期间继续获得电力。这些系统通常是基于化石燃料发电机或电池为基础的存储系统。虽然两种方法的目标是相同的 - 生产备用电源 - 它们各有优点和缺点。对于典型的停电期间紧急备用电源，电池为基础的系统代表了一个相当简单的和无声的选择。The two basic components of battery-based storage systems are an inverter/charger and a set of DC batteries. The inverter/charger converts AC power from the grid to DC to charge the batteries. When power from the grid is lost, the inverter converts the DC battery power to AC for use in the home.这两个电池的存储系统的基本组成部分是一个充电器和逆变器的直流电池集。该逆变器/充电器转换远离电网的交流电源，直流电池充电。当从电网电源断开，变频器的直流电池电源转换为交流电在家庭中使用。The length of time that a battery-based storage system can provide emergency power to the home depends on its overall capacity and the type and number of appliances connected to the backup system. Battery-based systems are not designed to provide power over an extended length of time. For example, product literature by a producer of backup power systems, indicates that a typically configured 2000-4000 watt system can provide typical priority household appliance loads for 2 to 12 hours. However, power conservation can extend operating time considerably longer. Additionally, fossil fuel-fired generators or photovoltaic equipment can be integrated into some systems to replenish or supplement the batteries when power is not available from the grid, or to help the batteries support the homes load.很长一段时间，一种不用电池的存储系统可以提供紧急电源给家庭供电，取决于其能力和整体的类型和连接到备份系统设备数量。电池系统不是设计为提供更长的时间。例如，由备用电源系统生产商的产品说明书，表示一个典型的配置 2000-4000瓦的系统可提供优先家电负载应用2至12小时。不过，节电可以延长工作时间。此外，化石燃料的燃煤发电机或光电设备可以集成到一些系统中，以补充或补充的电池当电力不会从电网，或帮助电池支持家庭的负载可用。These systems are well suited to maintaining service to furnaces, entertainment and home office electronics, lighting, microwave ovens, and refrigerators. Other appliances, such as electric heaters, electric water heaters, stoves, and air conditioners would place a large demand on the system, and quickly deplete the batteries. Therefore, they are not good candidates for battery-based backup power.这些系统非常适合维护火炉，娱乐和家庭办公电子，照明，微波炉，冰箱。其他电器，如电加热器，电热水器，炉灶，空调将建立一个系统上的大量需求，并快速消耗电池。因此，他们不是以电池为基础的备份电源良好候选人。Potential owners need to identify which appliances will be supported by backup power and determine the load needed to accommodate them. The capacity of the system can then be sized to fit the needs identified by the owner潜在业主需要确定哪些设备将配备备用电源，并确定他们的需要，以适应负荷的支持。该系统的能力可以调整大小以适应由业主确定的需求Fuel CellsConverts the energy of hydrogen into electrical energy without the need for combustion燃料电池电能转换而不需要燃烧氢能Combined Heat and Power systems (CHP) describes a group of technologies that produce electricity and heat. Conventional approaches include, for example, a diesel engine with waste heat recovery. However, newer, more environmental technologies are fast developing. Smaller CHP units located in a building or home and using waste heat from generating electricity will be more efficient than generating electricity at a central plant where losses are high and the waste heat cannot be used. Producing electricity in your own home may not be that far away.热电联产系统（热电联产）描述了一组技术，就是生产电力和热力。传统的方法包括，例如，柴油发动机的余热回收。然而，更新，更环保的技术正在迅速发展。热电联产在规模较小的建筑物或家里，利用余热发电将比中央发电厂那种效率低以及余热不能利用的发电更有效率。在自己家里生产的电力可能不是那么遥远。Fuel cell technology is under development that could permit a freezer chest-sized fuel cell to power an entire home. Fuel cells produce electricity through a chemical reaction rather than burning the fuel, and therefore have very low emissions. In residential applications, fuel cells are expected to eventually compete with current electricity generation, depending on costs of natural gas and electricity in a given region.燃料电池技术正在开发中可能允许冷冻胸部大小的燃料电池为整个家庭提供动力。燃料电池发电是通过化学反应产生电力，而不是燃烧燃料，因此具有非常低排放。在住宅应用，燃料电池最终将与目前的发电竞争，取决于在一特定区域天然气和电力消耗的成本。While fuel cells are not yet commercially available for residential use, they are available for large-scale power production, and may be commercially available for residential use within the next five years.虽然燃料电池尚未用于商业住宅用途，但人们已经用它为大规模生产提供电力，并可能在未来5年用于商业住宅使用。A fuel cell is a device that converts the energy of fuel into electrical energy without the need for combustion. A conventional power plant produces electricity by burning a fossil fuel that turns a generator. Fuel cells produce electricity by using hydrogen in a chemical process, in a similar way as a battery. Since hydrogen is almost always found combined with other elements, fuels such as natural gas, methane, propane, ethanol, gasoline, or other fuels are used to extract hydrogen for use in the fuel cell. When fossil fuels are used to produce hydrogen, other byproducts are produced, such as CO2 and in some cases small amounts of NOx, SOx, and particulate matter. These byproducts are much less than those produced by burning these fuels to produce electricity. Fuel cells are much less polluting and about twice as efficient as typical steam-turbine electricity production. Once the hydrogen is obtained, the fuel cells only by-products are heat and water.燃料电池是一种装置，可以将燃料能转换成电能，不需要燃烧能源。一个常规电厂发电使用化石燃料燃烧，使一台发电机运转。燃料电池利用氢的化学过程发电，和一个电池类似。由于氢几乎总是与其他元素结合发现，燃料，如天然气，甲烷，丙烷，乙醇，汽油或其他燃料用来提取在氢在燃料电池中使用。当化石燃料用来生产氢气，其他副产品便产生，诸如二氧化碳和氮氧化物在某些情况下，硫氧化物，以及少量颗粒物。这些副产品比燃烧燃料发电产生的要少得多。燃料电池有着更少的污染，并是典型的蒸汽涡轮机发电量的两倍效率。一旦获得氢，燃料电池唯一的副产品是热量和水。A fuel cell consists of two electrodes separated by a membrane. Hydrogen passes over one electrode and oxygen over the other. The electrode surface has a catalyst that splits the hydrogen gas into protons and electrons. The protons only can pass through the membrane and react with the oxygen and electrons on the other side to make water. The electrons cannot pass through the membrane and, in the process of bypassing the membrane, produce electricity for use in the home.燃料电池的组成是两个电极由一膜隔开。氢电极通过一个电极，其他的氧气通过另一个。该电极表面有一个催化剂，分裂成质子和电子的氢气。唯一的质子穿过膜可以与氧，以及另一边电子反应，制造出水。该电子不能穿过细胞膜，并在绕过膜过程，生产用于家用的电力。A 5 to 7 kW residential fuel cell prototype is about the size of a freezer chest and can provide enough electricity for a typical 2,000 square foot home. Waste heat from the fuel cell could be used to produce hot water or space heat for a home, thereby increasing the overall efficiency of the fuel cell system.5至7千瓦的住宅燃料电池原型是关于一个冰箱大小，可以提供一个典型的2000平方英尺的家足够的电力。废燃料电池热可用于生产家用热水和空间热，从而提高燃料电池系统的整体效率。Fuel cells not only offer an efficient means of generating electricity from fossil fuels, but also have very low emissions. Up to 70 percent of the energy obtained from fuel can be converted to usable electric power and heat (compared with about 35 percent from a central power plant).燃料电池不仅提供了一个化石燃料发电的有效手段，但也有非常低排放。截至从燃料中获得的能源70%可转换为可用的电力和热（相比中央发电厂约为35%）。Information-Age Wiring for Home Automation SystemsHome automation systems can control a homes systems (e.g., wiring, appliances) from a single control center.信息化时代的家庭自动化系统布线家庭自动化系统，可以由一个单一的控制中心控制家里的系统（如，布线，家电）。Technology has advanced to Star Trek levels, and some enterprising builders are offering home automation systems to technology-inclined buyers. These systems can monitor whos at the front door over the television set, buy electricity from the cheapest source, or turn the coffee pot on via the Internet.工业技术已经发展到星际旅行阶段，一些有胆量的建设者正在为倾斜技术的买家提供家庭自动化系统。这些系统可以通过电视机监视谁在大门前，买最便宜的电源，或通过因特网把咖啡壶打开。Home automation systems can control a homes systems (e.g. sensors, wiring, appliances) from a single control center. The control center is the point where, similar to an electric service panel, communication lines are brought inside and from which they are distributed to the rest of the home. Unlike electrical wiring, however, each multimedia outlet has dedicated cables that run from the central hub to the outlet and back again. The cables, multimedia outlets, and control center that make up the framework of a home automation system are referred to as structured wiring. Wireless (radio frequency) systems are on the horizon that do not require this type of structured wiring. 家庭自动化系统可以由一个单一的控制中心控制家里的系统（如传感器，配线，电器）。该控制中心的地方，类似于电力服务面板，从里面把通信线路分发到家中基座。与电缆不同，而是，每个多媒体插座有专用电缆运行从中央枢纽的出去后再回来。电缆，多媒体插座和控制中心，被称为结构布线，它组成了一个家庭自动化系统的框架。无线（射频）系统是在地面上不需要这种类型的结构化布线。Available systems offer varying degrees of functionality and interconnection of home systems such as lights, appliances, computer networks, TVs, VCRs, and digital satellite connections. Interconnection of home systems allow a variety of systems control including in-home local area networks, TV monitoring of security or baby room cameras, and programmable cont