第四讲：指代题.ppt

新托福阅读之 指代题 识别单词间指代关系的能力主要考察代词 先行词等语法关系0 2points set题目问法固定 ThewordXinthepassagerefersto 指代题识别 分类精读篇目推荐 第一类 生物学 古生物学 17篇 OG P40 P90Delta P31 P37 P21 5 7 P33 P35 P42 P51 3 4 P86 P94 P128 P130 5 P131 P145 4 6 P183 P186第二类 天文学 地理学 14篇 OG P48 P117Delta P18 P25 P39 P73 1 2 P74 5 6 P82 P92 P111 P158 P165 P182 P192第三类 文学 历史 哲学 16篇 OG P80 P101Delta P22 P24 P27 P52 P54 P56 P77 P114 P117 P132 P146 7 10 P149 P162 P196 题型5 指代题 识别 refersto 题型说明OG45分为词汇指代和代词指代两种类型0 2perset Thesimplestformsofinequalityarebasedonageandsex Forexample oldpeoplemayhaveahighoralowposition womenmayberankedbelowmen Butineverysocietythereisanotherformofinequalitythatranksfamiliesratherthanindividuals Ifalargenumberoffamiliesaresimilartoeachotherineducation income andvalues theyconstituteasocialclass Thewordtheyinthepassagereferstostratifiedsocietiesindividualslargenumberoffamilieseducation income andvalues Pesticidestemporarilyincreasetheproductivityofcrops untilinsectsdevelopgeneticresistancetothem Thewordtheminthepassagereferstopesticidescropsinsectssoils 1 语法原则 单复数一致 人称一致 基本所有题目的选项都符合语法原则 2 前指原则 正确答案必在所考代词之前3 句内原则 正确答案与所考代词通常在同一句内 除非代词位于句首或出现指代传递现象4 语义原则 代入并译成中文 解题四大原则 1 人称代词在托福中经常考察的人称代词是they it they it出现在句首通常指前半句或前一句的主语 Animalsneednaturalperiodicsignalslikesunrisetomaintainacyclewhoseperiodisprecisely24hours Suchanexternalcuenotonlycoordinatesananimal sdailyrhythmswithparticularfeaturesofthelocalsolardaybutalso becauseitnormallydoessodayafterday seemstokeeptheinternalclock speriodclosetothatofEarth srotation ThewordItinthepassagereferstoanexternalcuesuchassunrisethedailyrhythmofananimalthelocalsolardayacyclewhoseperiodisprecisely24hours Withtheadventofprojection theviewer srelationshipwiththeimagewasnolongerprivate asithadbeenwithearlierpeepshowdevicessuchastheKinetoscopeandtheMutoscope whichwasasimilarmachinethatreproducedmotionbymeansofsuccessiveimagesonindividualphotographiccardsinsteadofonstripsofcelluloid Itsuddenlybecamepublic anexperiencethattheviewersharedwithdozens scores andevenhundredsofothers TheadventofprojectionTheviewer srelationshipwiththeimageAsimilarmachineCelluloid Otherstatuesweredesignedtobeplacedwithinanarchitecturalsetting forinstance infrontofthemonumentalentrancegatewaystotemplesknownaspylons orinpillaredcourts wheretheywouldbeplacedagainstorbetweenpillars theirfrontalityworkedperfectlywithinthearchitecturalcontext statuesgatewaystemplespillaredcourts 2 平行结构Some others one another a theone a such notonly butalso Energyistherealcurrencyoftheworld Wedependonenergytogrowourfood tokeepusalive andtowarmandcoolourbodiesandthebuildingswhereweliveandwork Wealsouseittomovepeopleandotherobjectsaswellastochangematterfromonephysicalorchemicalformtoanother Thewordanotherinthepassagereferstocurrencyenergymatterform Atleastonecentralqualityofmusic rhythmicorganization canexistapartfromtheabilityofpeopletohearit Somecomposers suchasScriabin haveemphasizedtheimportantoftherhythmicaspectofmusicbytranslatingtheirworksintorhythmicseriesofcoloredforms Others suchasStravinsky havestressedthesignificanceofseeingmusicperformedbyanorchestraoradancetroupe ThewordOthersinthepassagereferstopeoplecomposersworksforms 3 关系代词that which what 通常就近指代 注意 which前边有插入语时 处理方法为去掉插入语 Withtheadventofprojection theviewer srelationshipwiththeimagewasnolongerprivate asithadbeenwithearlierpeepshowdevicessuchastheKinetoscopeandtheMutoscope whichwasasimilarmachinethatreproducedmotionbymeansofsuccessiveimagesonindividualphotographiccardsinsteadofonstripsofcelluloid 4 指示代词This These Manymillionsofyearsafterfernsevolved butlongbeforetheHawaiianIslandwerebornfromthesea anotherkindoffloraevolvedonEarth theseed bearingplants Thiswasawonderfulbiologicalinvention ThewordThisinthepassagereferstothespreadoffernsandmossesinHawaiithecreationoftheHawaiianIslandstheevolutionoffernsthedevelopmentofplantsthatproduceseeds Fromearlytimespotswereusedinbothreligiousandsecularcontexts TheimperialcourtcommissionedworkandintheYuandynasty A D 1279 1368 animperialceramicfactorywasestablishedatJingdezhen Potsplayedanimportantpartinsomereligiousceremonies Longandoftenlyricaldescriptionsofthedifferenttypesofwareexistthatassistinclassifyingpots althoughthesesometimesconfuseanalreadylargeandcomplicatedpicture religiousceremoniesdescriptionstypesofwarepots 5 词汇指代用一个词 词组或指示性代词 名词性结构来指代前文内容 被指代内容可能是词语 词组甚至是整个句子或中心思想 ThecentralcharacterisEveryman ahumancharacter andthesubjectisdeatharrivingbeforewewantittocome athemethatisuniversaltohumans Thewordthemeinparagraph5referstoperformersplayinganimals objects orideasdeatharrivingbeforewewantittocomebeauty knowledge andstrengthEverymanasacentralcharacter 指代传递 指代词通常首先指前一句的主语 其次是宾语 当前一句的主语也是代词时 则继续向前找 Otherfeatures however showexpertsthatPakicetusisatransitionalformbetweenagroupofextinctflesh eatingmammals themesonychids andcetaceans IthasbeensuggestedthatPakicetusfedonfishinshallowwaterandwasnotyetadaptedforlifeintheopenocean Itprobablybredandgavebirthonland PakicetusFishLifeocean 指代题排除技巧排除同等位置的选项 AorB fromAtoBtoC 列举 Thefinsarestiff smooth andnarrow qualitiesthatalsohelpcutdrag Whennotinuse thefinsaretuckedintospecialgroovesordepressionssothattheylieflushwiththebodyanddonotbreakupitssmoothcontours Thewordtheyinthepassagereferstoqualitiesfinsgroovesdepressions 其他语法关系 Growth reproduction anddailymetabolismallrequireanorganismtoexpendenergy Theexpenditureofenergyisessentiallyaprocessofbudgeting justasfinancesarebudgeted Ifallofone smoneyisspentonclothes theremaybenonelefttobuyfoodorgotothemovies Similarly aplantoranimalcannotsquanderallitsenergyongrowingabigbodyifnonewouldbeleftoverforreproduction forthisisthesurestwaytoextinction ThewordnoneinthepassagereferstoFoodPlantEnergyAnimal 指代传递现象 指代词通常指代前一句主语 宾语 主语修饰语 当前一句主语也是代词时 则继续向前寻找 Whilesuchinterviewscanbehighlyentertaining theyarenotnecessarilyanaccurateindicationofpublicopinion First theyreflecttheopinionsofonlythosepeoplewhoappearatacertainlocation Theword they referstoNorthAmericansnewsshowsinterviewsopinions InSouthwestFranceinthe1940 s playingchildrendiscoveredLascauxGrotto aseriesofnarrowcavechambersthatcontainhugeprehistoricpaintingsofanimals Manyofthesebeastsareaslargeas16feet almost5meters Somefolloweachotherinsolemnparades butothersswirlabout sidewaysandupsidedown Theanimalsarebulls wildhorses reindeer bison andmammothsoutlinedwithcharcoalandpaintedmostlyinreds