高中英语校本教材阅读.doc

英语阅读学习策略理论与实践第一讲学习策略中学生学英语经常遇到阅读方面的一些问题。例如：来不及在规定时间内读完规定的文章。先读文章再答题时往往找不到问题的出处。有的同学因此感到为难，甚至厌倦；有的同学为了解决这些问题下了不少苦功。他们拼命多读文章，或多做阅读练习，有的甚至把一些文章或段落背下来。然而，下的苦功并没有收到相应的回报。这些同学之所以吃力不讨好，是因为他们“只埋头拉车，不抬头看路”只靠硬拼，不讲究策略。只能理解单词、句子的表层意思，常常搞不清楚深层次的意思或者“言外之意”。英语阅读的目的为什么中学生都要上英语阅读课？换句话说，阅读课的教学目的是什么？有的同学认为，阅读课的目的和中学英语课一样，仍然是词汇和语法。持有这种观点的同学把阅读课与精读课综合英语课混为一谈。由于他们对阅读过于精雕细琢，反而降低了阅读速度。过于注重单词与句子，甚至时常中断阅读去追究单词的意思，又使他们“见木不见林”，降低了对全文的理解。那么，阅读课的教学目的是什么呢？根据教学大纲，阅读课的教学目的包括：1、阅读理解能力和阅读速度2、逻辑思维能力3、细读、略读、查阅等阅读技能4、词汇量、语言和文化背景知识我们现在先解决阅读理解能力和阅读速度问题。其余三个内容将在“阅读的方法阅读的首要任务是提高理解能力和阅读速度。因此，不能为了个别单词中断阅读。理解能力和阅读速度是矛盾中对立统一的两个侧面。说它们对立，是因为在学习进程中理解与速度如鱼与熊掌不可兼得。要想在原有的基础上提高速度，往往会导致理解能力下降；而想要更深刻地理解往往又得放慢速度。说它们统一，是因为从学习效果看，理解与速度相辅相成。阅读速度快的人比阅读速度慢的人有更高的理解能力。反之，理解能力高的人比理解能力低的人读得更快。阅读的原理人是怎样进行阅读的呢？有的同学认为：“这还不简单？先看一个词，把这个词读出来，再看下一个词再读出来。一个词一个词地看，一个词一个词地读呗。”其实除了初学者之外，很少有人是看一个词读一个词的。我们可以做一个阅读实验。请一位同学坐在你对面，让他把准备阅读的书拿起来(注意，要竖着拿不能平放)，半遮着脸。从你的平视角度看过去他的眼睛的位置刚好在书页之上。这时请他阅读。当他阅读时请注意他眼睛的移动。你会发现，他的眼睛不是匀速平滑地移动，而是停顿一下，跳跃一下，再停顿一下，再跳跃一下。也就是说，阅读的过程不是看一个词读一个词的，而是看几个词读几个词的。用术语说，就是看一个“组块(chunk)”,读一个“组块”。 组块的大小因能力而异。英语初学者阅读的组块很可能就是一个组块=一个单词。随着阅读能力的提高，组块会扩大为/一个词组/一个短语/一个意群/一个句子乃至“一目十行”。如果我们请阅读水平不同的几位同学来做同样的实验，或者请不同年段的同学来做这个实验，我们可以发现，阅读能力较强的同学与阅读能力较弱的同学相比，能力越强的同学跳跃的幅度越大，跳跃的次数越少。这就证明了阅读能力越强的同学阅读时的组块越大。除了“看一个词读一个词”之外，中学生英语阅读的另一个较严重的误区是：“每词必读”，甚至“每词必深究”。由于他们对阅读过于精雕细琢，反而降低了阅读速度。过于注重单词与句子，甚至时常中断阅读去追究单词的意思，又使他们“见木不见林”，降低了对全文的理解。阅读理解题型及解题一、阅读能力测试的主要要求二、阅读理解常见题型及解题方法1、直接信息题（细节题）2、猜测词义题3、主旨归纳题4、推理判断题三、阅读要素及阅读能力的培养阅读能力测试的主要要求1、掌握所读材料的主旨大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的细节和事实。2、既理解具体事实，也理解抽象概念。3、既理解字面意思，也理解深层含义，包括作者的态度、意图等。4、既理解某句、某段的意思，也理解全篇逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断。5、既能根据材料所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。启示：阅读理解考查的不仅仅是学生的理解能力，还侧重考查学生的逻辑思维能力。学生既要抓住文章的整体，又得吃透其细节；既需理解文章的表层意思，又需领会其深层含义。阅读理解常见题型及解题方法一、直接信息题（细节题） 直接信息题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题材目。其题目设计的方式一般有： 1、以who, what, when, where 等疑问词开头提问短文的具体内容。 2、以true or false 形式，让考生判断文章某一事实或细节。 3、 句意转换理解。 4、就文中具体内容进行简单计算，排序，识图等。 5、以According to the text/From the text 开头，考查某一细节。这类题目的信息一般在文章中可以直接找到，大家只要抓准文中与题目有关的信息词、句、稍加分析，便可得出正确答案。 如： Where did Jack hide himself and his bike ?原文：When he got to his uncles watch factory, Jack got off his bike and hid himself and the bike behind the big tree near the factory.细节题训练1. What? A. in 1835 B. a new car C. the day after tomorrow D. with great speed2. Why? A. last week B. for some ice C. very carefully D. my mother tongue3. Which ? A. at seven oclock B. the forth C. all over the world D. on the floor4. Where ? A. New York B. Greek C. French D. Canadian5. How ? A. 1000 B. with the help of others C. a sharp knife D. careless6. How much ?A. in fifteen minutes B. 3,500 C. five metres long D. the population of the country7. When ? A. all over the world B. in the southern area C. ten days before the test D. once a month8. How hot ? A. slight hot B. terribly hot C. a few hot D. much hot9. How soon ? A. in several weeks B. on Monday morning C. after that D. once a month 选择正确答案：1. The teacher told his students to do the second and the third exercises, but they should leave the first exercise out.How many exercises should the students do ?A. One. B. Two. C. Three. D. Zero.2. Jean and Mary asked Della to go out for a walk, but she didnt want to.Who probably did not go out ? A. Jean. B. Mary. C. Della. D. Jean and Mary3. The answers to the questions which were in part 3 of the English test that we had were rather difficult for most of us.How many parts does the English test have? A. Only three. B. At least three. C. Obviously more than three. D. Only four.二、猜测词义题 根据上下文的说明。1、He was one of 80 middle school students from China attending a month-long “Youth Summit” . The summit was to mark the 25th anniversary(周年) of President Nixons journey to China, which was the turning point in China-U. S. relation. The Youth Summit was aimed at increasing understanding and friendship between young students of the two countries through visits and discussionsThe words “Youth Summit” refer to _. A. visit to the Nixon Library B. the Chinese students visit to the U. S. C. a meeting discussing relations between China and the U. S. D. activities to strengthen the tie between the Chinese and American students.2、A man named Walter Scott had the first “diner” in 1872. It wasnt really a diner. It was only a food cart.根据文中说明，“diner” 不是小餐馆，而是流动小餐车。、根据文中的解释在or, that is, such as, that is to say, in another word, in other words 这些词或词组后面的部分往往用来解释前面某一个难以理解的词、词组或句子，括号、破折号在句中常引出注释性词语，通过这些解释和注释，我们可以推断出词的含义。例如：根据定义或解释猜测词义例1 A calendar is a list of the days ,weeks, months of a particular yearCalendar :日历例 2 He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out of his hat, swallowing fire, and other similar tricks.Prestidigitator :变戏法的人，或魔术师三、根据上下文提供的情景。有时候语境中既没有明确的定义，又没有明确的解释，而是作者制造一种情景，暗示某词所指的性能和特征。比较下面两个句子：1、In spite of the fact the fishermen were wearing souwesters, the storm was so heavy that they were wet through. 2. An east or north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but a souwester usually bring rain.四.根据同等关系猜测词义例1 There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him.defame “诋毁” ，“中伤”或“诽谤”例 2 In the ancient city of Rome , we visited every mansion , church, battle site, theatre and other public halls.mansion 建筑物或场所五、运用同义词关系例如：1.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football. 2. The house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling, however, looked neglected and cheerless.六、运用反义关系。例如： Most women in China -educated and iliterated,urban and rural, the young and old-work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.七.根据生活常识In old days, when girls from rich families were married to their husbands, they expected to bring with themselves a large quantity of dowry.嫁妆八.根据构词法猜测词义例 1 He has renamed the restaurant “Paradise”.re -再，又 rename 重新起名，改名2. Women have equal say in everything.3. The colours of England in the spring are unforgettable.4. The disobediented students were forced to leave school.5. Both the developed and the underdeveloped should try their best to popularize education.Exercise :Choose the correct answers1. “Are you at leisure now ? Id like to have a word with you .” “No , I have not a moments leisure now. I have a lot of work to do . Come to me this evening.” A.free time B.busy time C.time for sleep D.time for work2.A tiger is a fierce animal . If you have not a gun in your hand you dare not go near It, or it will eat you . A.wild B.rude C.brave D.huge3.Joe will be put to death because he killed an old man with a lot of money. It is said that the execution will take place in public.A.beating B.killing C.hunting D.running4.Mr Brown is very old. He is now over 80 years old. Two years ago his white hair began to fall out, soon more and more hair fell out and now he is completely bald.A.white B.hairless C.old D.gold 5. There are different kinds of minerals in the earth. Workers often dig them out for mans use. Salt is an example of minerals.A.a vegetable that grows on the groundB.An animal that lives on the earthC.Solid matter that is formed naturally in the earthD.Water that comes out from under the groundGuess the meaning of the wordScientists predict that there will be 7.3 billion people in the world in the year 2008. 预测Mr. Brown is a gentleman who is always punctual for all his classes, but he arrived over 10 minutes late yesterday morning.守时的，准时的She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading.全神贯注The noise was so faint that it was impossible to be sure what it was or even where it came from. 微弱的In the strong wind, the beggar shivered with the terrible cold.发抖Although people in many countries consider raw meat delicious, we Chinese people seldom eat any meat that is uncooked.生的，未煮熟的Dr. Smith is recognized as one of the founders of ethnology, the study of animal behavior.生态学长句和难句的理解1. Air travel is such an everyday experience these days that we are not surprised (when we read about a politician having talks with the Japanese Prime Minister one day, attending a conference in Australia the following morning and having to be off at midday to sign a trade agreement in Bangkok.) 三、主旨归纳主旨大意题型主要测试读者对短文的全面理解和概括能力。提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意。针对主旨问题的提问一般比较笼统，不涉及具体内容，所以有时不易直接在文中找到答案。 为了要准确而又迅速地找到短文的中心句（表达中心思想的主题句）， 我们首先要明确作者的写作意图和文章的结构。The position of the topic sentence1. At the beginning2. In the middle3. At the end4. No topic sentencetopic sentence 1. On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin. Everyone was astonished to see him. There was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates. He rolled on and on. Suddenly, he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall. Down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces. Nobody forgot Merlins grand entrance for a long time!2. When you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can, the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for a moment, and then it comes down. When a bullet is shot straight up, it will travel much faster and higher than a ball, but it, too, will come down. Whatever goes up must come down. We have always thought this to be true. An airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far and long. Yet it does not stay up forever. Finally, like everything else, the plane must come down.针对短文中心思想或主旨大意提问的方式主要有以下几种： 1.The best title for this article is _ . 2. The passage is about _ . 3. Whats the main idea of this passage ? 4. The main idea (topic, subject) of the passage is about _ . 5. With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned ?6. Which of the following is the main idea of the passage ? 7. This passage chiefly deals with _ . 8. This passage is mainly concerned with _ . 9. Which of the following best sum up the passage ? 10. Which of the following can best express the main idea of the passage ?主旨概括题Some supermarkets have a special way of getting people to come to the bakery counters. Sometimes they spray a “cake smell” into the air. At other times they spray the fresh smell of baking bread. These smells are enough to make peoples mouths water. The customers then race madly to the counter to buy cake, bread, rolls, and other baked goods! The main idea of the passage is _. A. what cake smells like B. why bakeries make money C. how people are attracted to bakery counters D. what bakery counters in supermarkets sell四、推理判断题推理判断题着重考查学生的逻辑思维能力，即要求学生根据文章的逻辑关系进行推理判断。此类题目难度大，设计面广，如人物的性格、心理、故事的结局、寓意、文章的出处、体裁，作者的倾向、态度等。其题目设计的方式一般有：1. We can infer(推断）from the passage that _ . 2.The story suggests(暗示）that _ .3. We can conclude(得出结论）from the passage that _ . 4. Which of the following might happened later ? 5. The passage is probably taken from a _ . 6. The writer of the passage considers it _ . 7. Which of the following best describes(描绘）the character of _ .做这类题目时，大家必须透过文章的字面意思，领悟隐含在字里行间的内涵、哲理，体会作者的言外之意、弦外之音。在进行推理判断时还应注意： 1、抓住文中的关键词句等展开逻辑推理，所选答案必须能从文中找到依据，合乎情理，切忌脱离原文，只凭自已的主观臆断、想象。 2、可以结合常识判断，但决不能以自已的常识代替逻辑推理题目中含“suggest” 的推断题示例They think theyre lucky that theyre living and that its Christmas again. They cant see that we live on a dirty street in a shabby house among people who arent much good. Johnny and the children cant see how pitiful it is that our neighbors have to make happiness out of this filth（污物） and dirt . My children must get out of this. But how? The money that weve saved isnt nearly enough. The McGaretys have money , but they are show-offs with it . The McGarity girl just yesterday stood out there in the street eating from a bag of cookies while a ring of hungry children watched her. I saw those children looking at her and crying in their hearts , and when she couldnt eat any more, she threw the rest down the sewer（阴沟）.Miss Jackson who teaches at the Settlement House isnt rich, but she knows things. She understands people . Her eyes look straight into yours when she talks with you. Everybody else here looks away because theyre ashamed of their lives. Id like to see the children be like Miss Jackson when they grow up. The writer suggests that her family_. A.is rich B.is unhappy C. are satisfied with their life D.long for a change in their life阅读技能及策略阅读过程可分三步。第一步应着重培养以下几种技能与策略：猜测词义：辨认要点和重要信息、话语中的标记词（however, also, therefore 等）、指代词（this, those, that, it 等）；浏览（skimming)：以迅速了解读物要旨，了解作者意图或文章的组织结构，这是一种有选择性的、有针对性的阅读技巧；审读 (scanning)：以快速找出具体信息，如人名、数字等等，准确找出或归纳出句中的主旨大意：推理 (inferring)：依据特定的语篇语境，在理解的基础上，经过逻辑推断，分析体会作者的思想，总结归纳作者的意图，了解文章的内涵和“弦外之音”；预测（predicting)：根据前文出现的信息对可能后继的信息作出预测或根据文章开头提出初步设想，猜测故事的内容和可能会发生的情节。第二步：运用先前获取的知识和经验进行推理，验证开头的假设是否正确。第三步：在深入理解的过程中，不断修正自已的假设。培养良好的阅读心理素质1、充满信心，心情平和，积极主动地与作者沟通，创造性地去理解文章内容。2、不要紧张，排除任何思想和心理负担。3、思想高度集中，尽量保持阅读的速度和理解的准确性，充分运用自已现有的英语水平和相关的知识，发挥主观能动性。1、按意群阅读，扩大视幅。例如： When the Judge had finished/ what he was saying/ Mrs Young opened her handbag she was carrying/ and took out the sewing. Without saying a word/ she chose a needle with a very small eye/ and threaded it at her first try.2、少用或不用词典。 了解英语语言国家的文化背景知识如何提高英语快速阅读能力背诵、默写已学过的词汇和短语，背诵经典文章，培养语感。大量阅读，逐步加快阅读速度研究阅读技巧。快速阅读的步骤n 第一步：迅速阅读问题。注意每一问题的主语，疑问词及重要的谓语，还需要特别注意问句中出现的下列单词：not, unless, without, on the other hand, except, rather than, although, as well, always, never, all 等等。n 第二步：以最快的速度读完全文。不要担心有些地方不能完全理解。第三步：再次快速阅读。通过这一步，已知道一些重点词、事实或有关材料在文中的位置，文章中的特殊信息，如时间、地点、人名、数字等，可以边阅读、边用笔划下来。同时，把较容易的问题确定下来。第四步：带着未解决的问题重新阅读阅读时，脑子务必记住这些问题。对于由中心展开的细节，尤其是不能立即看出来的深层信息，一定要仔细阅读。为了不影响阅读速度，不能回读，不得用手指着文字读，不能中途产生畏难情绪，要坚持读完全文。第五步：收尾、核查。如果经过前四步还有问题，就尽可能在所给的选择项中，排除一些明显不可能的选项，猜估答案，以提高得分率，切忌空选。做快速阅读理题时要注意以下几点一、一般以先易后难为原则。在初选答案时有可能遇到难以断定的选择项，这时要大胆地跳过，继续往下读，不要影响阅读的正常节奏与情绪。随着下文的展开和文章的深入，有可能就会找到解决问题的办法。二、阅读题的选择一定要尊重原文，将答案带入到原文中去比较，并根据上下文、原作者的观点而定，要符合原文的文化背景与习题，注意比较人文差异，切忌主观臆断或凭经验答题。三、答题时一定要看完四个选项，千万不可以认为某个答案正确就仓促做出决定，不看其它选项。四、如果四个选项都没有太大的把握，或在某两个或三个选项间犹豫不决时，最好把题目再读一遍，把握题目要求回答的角度，应避免由于对题目本身理解有误而造成的误选。五、注意通篇各个考查点的内在联系，如果在观点、方式、态度等方面存在不一致或有自相矛盾的选择时，就要重新检查。六、如果已经分析得出了较为满意的选择，就不要轻易修改答案。有时反反复复、犹豫不决，反而会将已答对的题目改错。有时自认为阅读会绕好几个弯，比较“刁钻”，是个“陷阱”，反而会把简单问题复杂化。思考题：考虑一下，你平常在阅读中经常采用哪种阅读策略，哪些是科学的、需要保留的？哪些是不科学的、需要改进的？第二讲 英语阅读提高及突破之十二策略阅读策略一：捕捉标题策略聚焦 “捕捉标题”（skimming for titles）有两重含义，一是指阅读标题文章时，对标题含义准确迅速地理解和把握，也就是通过对标题的理解，大致了解文章的内容和中心思想；二是指在做阅读理解题时，根据文章的内容准确找出符合文章主题思想的最佳标题，通常是指从给定的四个选项中，选出一个能恰当概括文章主题思想的标题。这里重点谈谈如何选出最佳标题。1. 通读全文，掌握大意；2. 阅读时注意主题句；3. 标题不同于主题句，它具有简洁醒目的特点；4. 借助“排除法”和“比较法”选择最佳标题；5. 一定要整体把握，一切从文章本身出发。技能实践快速阅读下面的文章或段落，并完成文后的题目。 A Xu Jinglei is filming a new documentary in Beijing to record the fascinating culture of the citys Hutongs and old houses. “Old buildings are part of history and they will be great to witness its evolution,” said the 32-year-old actress and director. Xu said it would take six months to finish the documentary. Meanwhile, after Xus blog became popular, the star began to use it to raise funds for charity. Alongside her blog entries, she advertises props （道具）used in previous films for sale, to raise money for the blind. Which would be the best title for the passage?A. Hutong history B. A promising film directorC. Hutong is to be filmed for charity D. Xu is raising money for the blind技能点拨 本篇共两段，分别讲述了徐静蕾将拍摄一部关于北京胡同的电影，以及徐利用博客做广告变卖电影道具为盲人捐款。实际上，第一段是该篇的主要内容，而且第一段的核心又是北京的胡同文化将搬上银幕，通过它，观众可以了解更多的胡同历史。所以A最贴近主题，而且简洁醒目，是正确选项。 BThere is a simple economic rule used to determine prices. It is called the law of supply and demand. Supply means the amount of certain goods. Demand stands for the number of people who want those goods. If there are more goods than wanted, the prices of them fall. On the other hand, if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply, then the prices rise. Which title can best express the main idea of the passage?A. Economic rules B. Law of supply and demandC. More goods, lower prices D. Fewer goods, higher prices技能点拨 A选项泛指经济规律，夸大了主题，不可取；相反，C和D只强调了供需的两个单方面现象，犯了以偏概全的错误，也不能作为标题；而选项B“供需规律”抓住了本段的中心思想，而且具有简洁醒目的特点。 阅读策略二： 捕捉段落大意策略聚焦 一篇英语文章通常是由多个段落组成的。只要读懂了每个段落的意思，就读懂了整篇文章。怎样才能既快捷又准确地捕捉段落大意（skimming for the main idea of a paragraph）呢？1. 抓主题句。通常每个段落都有主题句，而且多出现在句首，有时也在句末，间或出现在段落的中间。它是一个段落的提纲，是透视一段内容的窗户，所以找出了主题句，也就掌握了段落大意。2. 抓关键词。有时候，段落中没有明确的主题句，此时可从某些关键词语中概括推断出其大意。关键词对段落具有画龙点睛的作用。3. 综合概括。当文章中既无主题句，又无关键词可依托时，就必须综合分析本段的各个句意和细节，在此基础上概括并推断出段落大意。抓段落大意时，最忌讳的是以偏概全，只根据只言片语，便认定它是本段的中心内容和主题思想。应该全面分析和综合理解整段内容，在诸多信息中权衡孰重孰轻，然后再作定夺。同时要防止舍本逐末，抓了芝麻，丢了西瓜，把无关紧要的细节当作段落大意。技能实践 快速阅读下面的段落或文章，并回答文后的问题。 （A）With the changes in their social roles, womens positions in the family have been improved as well. Husband and wife are now equal in the family. They deal with problems of daily life together, and share happiness with each other. In todays families, women are not usually the ones busy with dinners and washing.Whats the main idea of the passage?_.技能点拨 Husband and wife are now equal in the family。第一句是本段的主题句，其中in the family和impr