国际谈判前需要做哪些准备.doc

.国际谈判前需要做哪些准备（一）选配参加谈判的人员参加商务谈判的人员需要具备多方面的基础知识，并善于综合运用各种知识。一般他说，他们应具备下列条件：1、必须熟悉我国对外经济贸易方面的方针政策，并了解国家关于对外经济贸易方面的具体政策措施。2、必须掌握洽商交易过程中可能涉及的各种商务知识，如商品知识、市场知识、金融知识和运输、保险等方面的知识。3、必须熟悉我国颁布的有关涉外法律、法令与规则，并了解有关国际贸易、国际技术转让和国际运输等方面的法律、惯例以及有关国家的政策措施、法规和管理制度等方面的知识。4、应当熟练地掌握外语，并能用外语直接洽谈交易。5、具有较高的政治、心理素质和策略水平，并善于机动灵活地处理洽商过程中出现的各种问题。（二）选择目标市场 在选择国外目标市场时，应当注意以下两个问题：1在考虑贯彻国家对外贸易方针政策和国别（地区）政策的同时，应尽量考虑经济效益问题，力争做到在政治上和经济上都体现平等互利。2应根据购销意图，合理选择国外销售市场和采购市场。（三）选择交易对象 （四）制定商务谈判的方案领导者谈判操作主要是根据组织的需要来确定目标。谈判操作都是以目标的实现为导向的。这一目标体系通常有三个层次：第一目标即基本目标，这是谈判必须达到的利益标准，它的实现决定着谈判的价值；第二目标即一般目标，这是要争取达到的利益目标，通常是不到万不得已时不予放弃；第三目标即理想目标，这是不影响整体利益的目标，在必要时可以酌情放弃。显然，第一目标是达成谈判协议的最起码要求，也是三个目标中最基本的一个，它的选定一定要拿准。 领导者应设法了解对手的各种情况，摸清谈判对方的底细，包括对方的目的、意图、策略及相关的各种材料。情报的积累和分析易使领导者在谈判中胸有成竹、占据优势。 商务谈判计划书的要素 I “会听” 要尽量鼓励对方多说，向对方说：“yes”，“please go on”，并提问题请对方回答，使对方多谈他们的情况。 II 巧提问题 用开放式的问题来了解进口商的需求，使进口商自由畅谈。“can you tell me more about your campany?”“what do you think of our proposal?” 对外商的回答，把重点和关键问题记下来以备后用。 进口商常常会问：“can not you do better than that?” 对此不要让步，而应反问：“what is meant by better?”或“better than what?”使进口商说明他们究竟在哪些方面不满意。进口商：“your competitor is offering better terms.” III 使用条件问句 用更具试探性的条件问句进一步了解对方的具体情况，以修改我们的发盘。 典型的条件问句有“whatif”，和“ifthen”这两个句型。 如：“what would you do if we agree to a two-year contract?” 及“if we modif your specifications, would you consider a larger order?” （1）互作让步。只有当对方接受我方条件时，我方的发盘才成立。 （2）获取信息。 （3）寻求共同点。如果对方拒绝，可以另换其它条件，作出新的发盘。 （4）代替“no”。“would you be willing to meet the extra cost if we meet your additional requirements？”如果对方不愿支付额外费用，就拒绝了自己的要求，不会因此而失去对方的合作。 IV 避免跨国文化交流产生的歧义 商务谈判大多用英语进行，要尽量用简单、清楚、明确的英语。 *易引起对方反感，如这些带有不信任色彩，从而不愿积极与我们合作。 “to tell you the truth”，“ill be honest with you”，“i will do my best”“its none of my business but”。 为了避免误会，可用释义法确保沟通顺利进行。 如，“we would accept price if you could modify your specifications” 我们可以说：“if i understand you correctly,what you are really saying is that you agree to accept our price if we improve our product as you request” 最后，为确保沟通顺利的另一个方法是在谈判结束前作一个小结，把到现在为止达成的协议重述一遍并要求对方予以认可。 V 做好谈判前的准备 谈判前，要对对方的情况作充分的调查了解，分析他们的强弱项，分析哪些问题是可以谈的，哪些问题是没有商量余地的； 还要分析对于对方来说，什么问题是重要的，以及这笔生意对于对方重要到什么程度等等。同时也要分析我们的情况。 假设我们将与一位大公司的采购经理谈判，首先我们就应自问以下问题： 要谈的主要问题是什么？ 有哪些敏感的问题不要去碰？ 应该先谈什么？ 我们了解对方哪些问题？ 自从最后一笔生意，对方又发生了哪些变化？ 如果谈的是续订单，以前与对方做生意有哪些经验教训要记住？ 与我们竞争这份订单的企业有哪些强项？ 我们能否改进我们的工作？ 对方可能会反对哪些问题？ 在哪些方面我们可让步？我们希望对方作哪些工作？ 对方会有哪些需求？他们的谈判战略会是怎样的？ 列出一份问题单，要问的问题都要事先想好。4. Three Targets of International Business Negotiation For a successful agreement, participants need to know negotiation principles and tactics. There are two principles in international business negotiations. First, at the beginning of the negotiation, the negotiators should know well their desired results and not be willfully manipulated by their counterparts. Only with a definite purpose will the negotiators grasp the key to the negotiation and realize their expected purpose. Second, negotiators need to put forward what they expect, take a firm stand and make clear their position. In international business negotiations, price is usually the key point because it directly concerns the economic benefits to both sides. Both sides seek a desired result. To get the expected result or achieve a certain purpose, the negotiators, should calculate carefully and decide three different targets: 1) the best target; 2) the intermediate target; 3) the acceptable target 4.1 The best target is to achieve all desired results. You should know well whether your first quotation is high or low if it is generally accepted by your counterpart. Usually both sides have a few bargains before acceptance. In the beginning, make a high offer and negotiate for the best target. Generally speaking, persons who firmly maintain the desired objectives to the end can obtain the best deal. 4.2 The intermediate target is fair for both sides, although slightly lower than the best target. Dont begin negotiating at too low of a price. Your quotation is to be a little lower each time. Do it step by step. Each time you reduce the price, you should remain serious about the desired results. Under this situation, your counterpart may well accept your quotation as the best possible price. It is likely that you may reach an agreement at this price. Please keep in mind that taking a serious and firm attitude is the key to avoiding further price reductions and unnecessary expenses. This will result in increased profits. If you meet with negotiators who always bargain using harsh language, do not be angry. This indicates that they want to buy your products. You should be patient and friendly, using soft words and moderate speaking speed and tone, knowing well what not to say, what to say and when to say. When you feel in danger of going into a deadlocked negotiation, it is suggested to request a break or rest. Then readjust your plan and continue the negotiation. 4.3 The acceptable target is the minimum level both sides can bear. It should not be exposed to your counterpart at the beginning of the negotiation. Your counterpart may not believe it and although the price is the lowest, he may reject your quotation. On the other hand, even if the agreement is reached at the minimum acceptable price, your counterpart may not have a satisfactory sense of having brought your price down In brief, the purpose of the negotiation is to arrive at an agreement to both sides advantage. The successful results of the negotiations depend on the determined objectives, perseverance and the language expressed by the negotiators. They should do their best to use soft words, speak euphemistically, use less flowery language, have a sense of humor and create a harmonious atmosphere. Basic Rules of International Business Negotiation Interdependence Concealment and Openness Different Negotiating Situations Bargaining Mix and Creativity Proposal Exchange Winner or Loser 5.1 Interdependence “One palm cannot clap”. This is true of everyday life, and is also no exception to conducting a business negotiation, in which both sides are locked together on account of their goals. A seller cannot exist unless he has a buyer，which determines this relationship between them. 5.2 Concealment and openness In many business negotiations, both parties may conceal their real intentions and goals to better their chances of best deal possible. As this is an open secret, smooth communication and good mutual understanding will to some degree become difficult, which does easily lead to misunderstanding. To achieve more satisfactory results, both parties will have to decide how open and honest they should be about personal preferences and needs, and to what extent they should trust the other side. 5.3 Different Negotiating Situations Both parties must change as required of them by situations. If either of them fails to find out which type of negotiation is necessary in a particular situation, the odds (chances) are he will fail. 5.4 Bargaining Mix and Creativity How to make both “sides” meet in negotiations without causing much loss to either, which may bring both out of the win-lose mix and help accomplish their objective, requires creativity. And the discovery of this is based on the environment where negotiators feel cooperative and dedicated to seeking the best solution possible instead of meeting but one sides needs. 5.5 Proposal Exchange The heart of negotiation is the exchange of offers and proposals. There is an unstated assumption in negotiation that both sides will show their exchange of offers to the process of finding a solution by making concessions to the other sides offer. And through th