2018届高三英语一轮总复习专题1.5NelsonMandela_amodernhero句型语法含解析.docx

专题1.5 Nelson Mandela-a modern hero【学以致用】三、重点句型剖析1.【教材原句】The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress，until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.(P34)近三十年来，通过大量的法律来阻止我们的权利和进步，致使今天我们到了几乎没有任何权利的地步。（1）【句式分析】see在此处的主语为物，意为“见证；目睹”，是一种拟人的用法，可使语言变得生动。see，find等动词表示某地或某时“经历、发生、目睹”了某事，可以使用一个无生命的名词作主语的句式。The city has seen many changes.城市历经了许多变化。They came to the corner which had seen many accidents.他们来到了那个发生过许多次事故的拐角处。即学即练The year 1949_the founding of the Peoples Republic of China.AsawBwatched Cobserved DnoticedThe dusk (find) a little girl crying in the street.黄昏时，一个小女孩在街上哭。【答案】found（2）【句式分析】当先行词是stage，situation，case，point，position等时，定语从句常用where或in which来引导。You could get into a situation where you have to decide immediately.你可能会遇到一种情况，使你不得不立刻作出决定。 即学即练 Today，well discuss a number of cases beginners of English fail to use the language properly.今天，我们将讨论一些关于英语初学者不能适当使用英语的情况。We just hope to reach a point both sides will sit down and talk together.我们只是希望达到双方能坐下来一起谈判的地步。 【答案】where where2.【教材原句】However，this was a time when one had got to have a passbook to live in Johannesburg.但是，那个时候你要想住在约翰内斯堡就非得要有身份证不可。【句式分析】this was a time when.有一段时期，a time此处表示“一段时间”，所以与不定冠词连用。when引导定语从句，不能换成which。因为when在从句中作状语，而which在从句中作主语或宾语。【归纳拓展】This/That is/was a time when.这/那是一个的时期There was a time when. 曾有一段时间 This was a time when black people were treated unfairly.这是一个黑人遭受不公平待遇的时期。There was a time when women were not allowed to go to school.曾经有一段时间，妇女不被允许去上学。即学即练（1）This was a time the two countries were at war.那个时候这两个国家正在进行一场战争。【答案】when（2）There was_time_I hated to go to school.Aa；thatBa；when Cthe；that Dthe；when3.【教材原句】.only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.只有到这个时候，我们才决定用暴力反抗暴力。【句式分析】当“only状语/状语从句”置于句首时，句子要部分倒装，即把助动词、系动词或情态动词提到主语的前面 Only in this way can you settle the problem on time.只有这样我们才能按时解决这个问题。即学即练（1）Only when I left my parents for Italy how much I loved them.只有当我离开父母去意大利时，我才意识到我多么爱他们！（2）Only after Mary read her composition the second time the spelling mistake.只有在玛丽把作文读了两遍之后，她才注意到拼写错误。（3）Only then how foolish I was.只有那时我才意识到我是多么的傻啊！【名师点津】若only修饰主语，即使在句首也不用倒装。Only she can finish the work in an hour.只有她能在一小时内完成这个工作。4.【教材原句】He taught us during the lunch breaks and the evenings when we should have been asleep.他在午餐后的休息时间以及晚上我们本来该睡觉的时间教我们学习。【句式分析】should have done 意为“本应该做而未做”。表示站在现在的角度上评说过去的事情。其否定式为：shouldnt have done，意为“本不应该做某事而做了” I should have left London before 9，but I didnt.我本该在9点以前离开伦敦，但是我没有。即学即练（1）In my opinion，she (come) earlier.在我看来，她应当更早一点儿来。（2）He that to his brother.他不该对他弟弟说那些话。【答案】（1）should have come（2）shouldnt have said5.【教材原句】They were not cleverer than me，but they did pass their exams.他们并不比我更聪明，却通过了考试。【句式分析】句中did起强调作用，强调谓语动词pass，意为“的确；确实”。do的强调用法常用于一般现在时或一般过去时的肯定陈述句及祈使句中。do表示强调时时态与句子的时态一致。 I did tell you the news, but you have forgotten it.我的确告诉你消息了，但你忘了。即学即练（1）He the boy a toy car as a reward for his help.他确实给了那个男孩一辆玩具车作为对他提供的帮助的奖赏。（2） when you cross the road!过马路时千万要小心！（3）She (do) go to school every day.她确实是每天都去上学。 6.【教材原句】I felt bad the first time I talked to a group. 第一次给旅行团作讲解时，我的心情很糟糕。【句式分析】the first time连词，意为“第一次”，引导时间状语从句。类似用法还有every/each time每次就；每当；next time.下次等。 “This/It is/was the first timethat从句，从句要用完成时(现在完成时/过去完成时) I thought her kind and honest the first time I saw her.我第一次看见她时觉得她诚实善良。即学即练（1）I fell in love with you I saw you.第一次看到你，我就爱上了你。（2） , do remember to bring your son here.下次你来的时候一定记得把你儿子带来。（3）It is the first time that she (play) a part in a film.这是她第一次在电影中扮演角色。【答案】（1）the first time （2）Next time you come （3） has played【明辨异同】for the first time, the first time, its the first time that .for the first time介词短语，意为“第一次”，在句中作状语the first time名词短语，意为“第一次”，可用作连词，引导状语从句its the first time that .固定句型，意为“这是第一次”，that从句要用完成时。此外，it也可用this 或 that替换即学即练用for the first time, the first time和its the first time that .填空（4）I fell in love with you I saw you.我第一次见到你时就爱上了你。（5） I have visited the city.这是我第一次参观这座城市。（6）At the beginning of school, the two students met .在开学的时候，那两名学生第一次见面。四、重点语法突破定语从句在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。一、关系代词引导的定语从句1who，whom，whose引导的定语从句（1）who或whom均可指代人，但who在从句中作主语或宾语，whom在从句中作宾语；两者在引导限制性定语从句时常可用that替换。作主语时，who/that不可省略；作宾语时，whom/who/that可以省略。Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同校同学成了好朋友。I have many friends to whom Im going to send post cards.我有很多我打算给寄贺卡的朋友。（2）whose表所属关系，一般指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。指物时相当于of which；指人时相当于of whom。(2016全国卷)I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect other students.我在班上有一位意想不到的助教，他的创造性经常感染其他的学生。2that，which引导的定语从句（1）which指物，在从句中可以作主语、宾语，也可作定语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物均可，在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语，作宾语时可以省略。She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。(2016天津高考)Every day I practiced reading and writing，which I used to avoid as much as possible.每天我都练习过去尽量避免去做的阅读和写作。（2）限制性定语从句中，关系代词只用that不用which的情况：先行词为不定代词anything，nothing，something，everything，all，some，none，little，few，the one等时。I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone elses fault.我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。先行词被the only，the very，the last，the same，any，every，each，few，little，no，some，all等修饰时。The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert.这顿饭只有甜点是我真正爱吃的。先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。They will never forget the things and persons that theyve seen or heard of during their long journey.他们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。（3）关系代词只用which而不用that的情况：关系词引导非限制性定语从句时。The boy was away from home for a week，which worried his parents very much.这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。关系代词前有介词时。We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before.我们生活在一个信息比以前更容易获得的时代。3as引导的定语从句（1）as可以引导限制性定语从句，常用于“so/such/the same先行词as.”结构中。Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.像在我们车间使用的机器是中国制造的。【误区警示】which引导定语从句代指前面整句话的内容时只能位于主句之后。He kept lying to me，which annoyed me greatly.他总是对我说谎，这事使我很恼火。（2）as也可以引导非限制性定语从句，定语从句说明整个句子，可放在主句之前、之中或之后。常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：as the saying goes，as is said above，as is mentioned above，as often happens，as is often the case，as is reported in the newspaper等。“You cant judge a book by its cover，”as the old saying goes.正如老话所说的那样：“人不可貌相。”二、关系副词引导的定语从句定语从句除了由关系代词引导外，还可由关系副词when，where，why引导。它们在从句中作状语。1关系副词where引导的定语从句当定语从句所修饰的先行词是表示地点的名词（place，factory，house，village等），且在定语从句中充当地点状语时，用where引导定语从句，相当于“介词in/at/on.which”。(2016天津卷)I went to a special school where I got plenty of extra help.我去了一所特殊学校，在那里我得到了足够的额外帮助。This is the factory where/in which he works.这是他工作的工厂。（1）若表示地点的先行词在从句中不作地点状语时，不可用where来引导定语从句，若作主语或宾语时，应用which或that来引导定语从句。His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.（关系代词which/that在从句中作主语）他爸爸在一家制造无线电零件的工厂工作。The school (which/that) we visited yesterday is newly built.（关系代词which/that在从句中作宾语）我们昨天参观的那所学校是新建的。（2）一些特殊名词后用where引导定语从句。如果定语从句前面的先行词是point，situation，condition，stage和case等，且在从句中作状语时，应用where来引导定语从句。We have come to the point where we have to face such a problem.我们已到了必须面对这样一个问题的地步了。The country is in the situation where a war will break out at any time.这个国家处在随时会爆发战争的局势中。2关系副词when引导的定语从句当定语从句所修饰的先行词是表示时间的名词（time，day，hour，year等），且在定语从句中充当时间状语时，用when引导，相当于“介词in/at/on/during.which”结构。I will never forget the day when/on which an earthquake struck Wenchuan, Sichuan Province.我永远也不会忘记四川省汶川发生地震的那一天。【误区警示】当先行词是时间名词时，既可以用when引导定语从句，也可以用that/which引导定语从句，关键要看先行词在定语从句中做何种成分。when是关系副词，在从句中只能作状语。关系词如在从句中作主语或宾语要用关系代词which或that，作宾语时常常省略关系代词。比较：Do you remember the days which/that we spent together? （关系词在从句中作spent的宾语）你还记得我们一起度过的那些日子吗？Do you remember the days when/during which we worked together?（关系词在从句中作状语）你还记得我们一起工作的日子吗？3关系副词why引导的定语从句当定语从句所修饰的先行词是表示原因的名词，且在定语从句中充当原因状语时，用when引导，相当于“介词forwhich”结构。Do you know the reason why/for which he didnt attend the meeting?你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？【名师点津】若先行词reason在从句中不作状语，而作主语或宾语时，应用that或which来引导定语从句。This is the reason (which/that) our teacher gave us for doing it.（关系代词在从句中作宾语）这就是我们老师给我们的做此事的理由。He gave me a reason that/which was reasonable.（关系代词在从句中作主语）他给了我一个合情合理的理由。非限制性定语从句中，用for which表示原因而不用why。I had told them the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting.我把理由告诉了他们，为此我没有去开会。三、介词关系代词引导的定语从句介词+关系代词引导的定语从句是一种非常常见但也比较复杂的定语从句结构。 1介词和关系代词的确定若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词whose名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：（1）根据先行词的搭配习惯；I still remember the day on which I first came to this school.我仍然记得我第一次来这所学校的那一天。 Do you remember the year in which you first visited Beijing？你记得你第一次参观北京的那一年吗？（2）根据从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯；Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。(be devoted to“献身，致力于”)（3）表“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，用of。I have about 10 books，half of which were written by Mo Yan.我有大约10本书，其中一半是莫言写的。The old woman has two sons，both of whom are policemen.这位老太太有两个儿子，两个儿子都是警察。2“介词+关系代词”的常见结构:（1）介词+ which / whomThis is the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 这就是那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家。Humor was a means by which the American writer would win popular acceptance. 幽默是美国作家迎合群众的一种手段。 （2）名词+ of + which / whomPlease pass me the book the cover of which is blue. 请把那本蓝色封面的书递给我。 He caught sight of a small house of a single story, the window of which was lighted up. 他看见一所小平房的窗子里有灯光。（3）数词+ of + which / whomIn our school there are about 200 teachers, 30% of whom are women. 我校大约有200位教师, 其中30%是女性。She has three story books, two of which are in English. 她有三本故事书, 其中两本是英文的。（4）代词+ of + which / whomIn the basket I find many apples, some of which (= of which some) have gone bad. 我发现篮子里有好多苹果, 有些已经坏了。There are fifty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities. 我们班有50个学生, 其中大多数来自大城市。（5）最高级+ of + which / whomChina has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中国有数千座岛屿, 其中最大的是台湾岛。 （6）介词+ which +名词He usually returns home at 10:00, at which hour his father locks all the doors and windows. 他通常十点钟回家, 这时候他爸爸已锁好所有的门窗。 I stayed in Japan only a few months, during which time I went through a series of hardship. 我仅在日本待过几个月,期间我度过了一段艰难时光。3“介词where”引导的定语从句有时“介词where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees.（from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window）他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。四、定语从句的特殊用法1.“不定代词或数词of关系代词”结构“不定代词或数词of关系代词”常在定语从句中作主语，说明整体中的一部分。China has a lot of islands，one of which is Taiwan.There are a lot of students here，none of whom like the film.2“名词of which”结构“名词of which”常代替“whose名词”在定语从句中作定语。I saw some trees，the leaves of which(whose leaves) were black with disease.He mentioned a book，the title of which(whose title) Ive forgotten.3.分隔式定语从句 分隔式定语从句是指先行词与关系代(副)词分隔。Great changes around us take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attent